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{{Short description|Species of virus}}
{{virusbox
| parent = Cripavirus
| species = Cricket paralysis virus
}}
'''Cricket paralysis virus''' (CrPV) is a paralytic disease affecting [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s. It was initially discovered in Australian field crickets (''[[Teleogryllus commodus]]'' and ''[[Teleogryllus oceanicus]]'') by Carl Reinganum and his colleagues at the Victorian Plant Research Institute ([[Burnley, Victoria|Burnley]], [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]). The disease spread rapidly through a breeding colony as well as through a laboratory population causing about 95% mortality. This was the first recorded isolate of the virus<ref>Reinganum, C., O'Loughlin, G. T. and Hogan, T. W. (1970) "A nonoccluded virus of theoccations of dina oceanicus and T. commodus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)" ''Journal of Invertebrate Pathology'' 16(2): 214–220.</ref> and is generally referred to as CrPVvic to distinguish it from subsequent isolates.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

==Description==
[[File:OPSR.Dic.Fig2.Dicistroviridae.v4.png|thumb|Genome of cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) from family ''Dicistroviridea'']]
The spheroidal, non-enveloped virus particles of CrPV are about 27&nbsp;nm diameter in negatively-stained electron micrographs and contain a single piece of positive-sense ssRNA. The virion is composed of four [[capsid proteins]] with molecular masses generally reported to be 33, 31 and 30 [[wikt:kilodaltons|kilodaltons]] with a minor [[Vp4 protease|VP4 protein]] of about 8 kDa. The particles resemble those of the mammalian [[picornaviruses]] but CrPV virions sediment at a faster rate (167 [[Svedberg|S]]) than [[poliovirus]] particles (158 S) in sucrose rate-zonal gradients and, in [[isopycnic]] neutral cesium chloride gradients, CrPV particles are denser than those of poliovirus (1.368&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> vs 1.340&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup> respectively).<ref name="C&S2008">Christian, P.D. and Scotti, P.D. (2008) "Dicistroviridae". ''Encyclopedia of Virology'' 3rd Edition, Elsevier, London.</ref><ref name="AVR">Scotti, P.D., Longworth, J.F., Plus, N., Croizier, G., and Reinganum,  C. (1981). "The biology and ecology of strains of an insect small RNA virus complex". ''Advances in Virus Research'' 26: 117–141.</ref><ref>Scotti, P.D. (1985). "The estimation of virus density in isopycnic cesium chloride gradients". ''Journal of Virological Methods'' 12: 149–160.</ref>

==Range==
CrPV has been detected in a number of insect species from at least five different orders of the class Insecta, in both natural and laboratory populations, and is usually identified by standard [[serological]] methods. The infections include not only the Australian cricket species but the New Zealand cricket, ''[[Pteronemobius nigrovus]]'', as well as the European house cricket, ''[[Acheta domesticus]]''.<ref name="AVR" /> CrPV does not appear to infect locusts. It is a commonly detected virus in honeybees as an inapparent infection.<ref>Anderson, D. L. and  Gibbs,  A. J. (1988). "Inapparent virus infections and their interactions in pupae of the honey bee (Apis mellifera, Linnaeus) in Australia". ''Journal of General Virology''. 69: 1617–1625</ref>

The strain CrPVbrk was isolated from the cricket ''A. domesticus'' {{c.|1980}}, following a major population collapse at a cricket rearing farm in Georgia in the US.<ref name="AVR" /> A related virus from Arkansas, US, initially called ''[[Pseudoplusia includens]]'' virus and redesignated CrPVark, was recorded in the mid-1980s.<ref>Chao, YuChan, Young, S. Y. III and Kim, K. S. (1986) "Characterization of a picornavirus isolated from Pseudoplusia includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)" ''Journal of Invertebrate Pathology'' 47:247–257.</ref> The brk and ark strains are closely related serologically but appear to be very distantly related to the other CrPV isolates so, despite their physical and chemical similarities, it remains speculative that these two American isolates are actually strains of CrPV.<ref>Christian, P.C. and Scotti, P.D. (1994) "A Suggested Taxonomy and Nomenclature for the Cricket Paralysis Virus and Drosophila C Virus Complex". ''Journal of Invertebrate Pathology'' 63:157–162.</ref>

Reported detections and/or isolations of CrPV have been made in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, the United Kingdom and Indonesia. CrPV has one of the widest host-ranges of any virus, insect or not.<ref name="AVR" /> The potential for the use of CrPV as a biological control agent for insects has been suggested. In laboratory experiments CrPVbrk proved to be extremely infectious and pathogenic for adult ''[[Ceratitis capitata]]'' ([[Mediterranean fruit fly]]).<ref>Plus, N. and Scotti, P.D. (1984). "The biological properties of eight different isolates of cricket paralysis virus". ''Annales de Virologie (Institut Pasteur)'' 135 E, 257–268.</ref> Detailed studies have also been made on the use of a CrPV strain to control the European [[olive fruit fly]] (''Dacus oleae'').<ref>Manousis, T. and Moore, N.F. (1987). "Cricket paralysis virus, a potential control agent for the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleo Gmel". ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology'' 53:142–148.</ref>

==American outbreaks==
In 2011, a "cricket paralysis virus" was reported to be involved in other catastrophic collapses in American cricket rearing facilities. A similar report from the UK and European cricket breeders, however, refers to a "cricket paralysis virus" but has identified the causative agent as a small DNA-containing virus, ''Acheta domesticus'' [[densovirus]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ictvdb.org/Ictv/fs_parvo.htm |title=00.050. Parvoviridae - ICTVdB Index of Viruses |access-date=2011-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013045204/http://www.ictvdb.org/Ictv/fs_parvo.htm |archive-date=2010-10-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> thus, the North American outbreaks are probably not due to the small RNA virus taxonomically referred to as CrPV.<ref name="ictvdb.org">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ictvdb.org/Ictv/fs_dicis.htm |title=00.101. Dicistroviridae - ICTVdB Index of Viruses |access-date=2011-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013045436/http://www.ictvdb.org/Ictv/fs_dicis.htm |archive-date=2010-10-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name ="Cricket disease">{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2010/08/insect_virus_creeps_into_north.html|title=Insect virus creeps into North America, shuts down Portage commercial cricket grower|work=Mlive.com|date=2010-08-15}}</ref> Over 60 million crickets died as a result of the outbreak.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20110112/ap_on_re_us/us_food_and_farm_cricket_crisis|title=Virus kills hordes of crickets raised for reptiles|work=Yahoo! News}}</ref> Whatever the causative virus, switching to a different species for American breeders is more difficult than it is in Europe, as ''Acheta domesticus'' is currently the only cricket approved for commercial distribution, and any new proposals are scrutinized through a permitting process.<ref name="Cricket disease"/>

==Studies==
CrPV has been shown to replicate in continuously cultured cell lines derived from the fruit fly ''[[Drosophila melanogaster]]'' and other insect cell lines. This ability enabled detailed studies on the replication strategy of the virus. The fact that a demonstrable [[cytopathic effect]] was also produced in these cultured cell infections led to the development of sensitive titration assay methods similar to those employed in studies of mammalian picornaviruses. In the 1990s large-scale production of the virus in cell suspension cultures of ''Drosophila'' or ''[[Trichoplusia ni]]'' cells made x-ray [[crystallographic]] studies feasible. CrPV was the first insect virus to have its crystal structure determined.<ref name="STRUCTURE PAPER">Tate, J. Liljas, L., Scotti, P., Christian, P., Lin, T. and Johnson, J.E. (1999). "The crystal structure of cricket paralysis virus: the first view of a new virus family". ''Nature Structural Biology'', 6, 765–774.</ref>

Early studies conducted in the 1970s and 1980s showed the occurrence of post-translational processing of a large [[polyprotein]] produced during the course of infection of ''Drosophila'' cells with CrPV. This was reminiscent of the post-translational cleavages occurring when mammalian cells are infected with vertebrate picornaviruses such as poliovirus. However, the relative amounts of the resultant proteins resulting from the cleavages were puzzlingly unequal with CrPV in contrast to the equimolar levels produced by picornaviruses. Thus, despite some of the physical and genomic translation similarities that CrPV shared with mammalian picornaviruses, classifying CrPV as an insect "picornavirus" was justifiably contentious.{{cn|date=June 2021}}

In the later 1990s the elucidation of the crystal structure of CrPV showed that while the conformation of its capsid proteins closely resembled those of picornaviruses, detailed analysis of the complete CrPV genome exposed critical differences. Picornavirus genomes contain only a single [[open reading frame]] (ORF) which is translated into a single polyprotein, but CrPV, as well as several other related insect viruses, is translated from two ORFs each driven by a respective [[internal ribosome entry site]] (IRES). Also the capsid proteins are encoded at the 3' end of the CrPV genome, the opposite of that for picornaviruses as well being differently ordered within the genome. These crucial characteristics led to the formation of the family ''[[Dicistroviridae]]'' by the [[International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses]] (ICTV). CrPV is in the genus ''[[Cripavirus]]'' within this family.<ref name="C&S2008" /><ref name="ictvdb.org"/><ref name="STRUCTURE PAPER" /><ref>Jan, E. "Divergent IRES elements in invertebrates" (2006) ''Virus Research'' 119:16–28</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Cripavirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES)|CrPV IRES]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|doi=10.1038/nsmb.1810 |title=Cricket paralysis virus antagonizes Argonaute 2 to modulate antiviral defense in Drosophila |date=2010 |last1=Nayak |first1=Arabinda |last2=Berry |first2=Bassam |last3=Tassetto |first3=Michel |last4=Kunitomi |first4=Mark |last5=Acevedo |first5=Ashley |last6=Deng |first6=Changhui |last7=Krutchinsky |first7=Andrew |last8=Gross |first8=John |last9=Antoniewski |first9=Christophe |last10=Andino |first10=Raul |journal=Nature Structural & Molecular Biology |volume=17 |issue=5 |pages=547–554 |pmid=20400949 |pmc=3815677 }}
* {{cite journal|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283602010999 |doi=10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01099-9 |title=Factorless Ribosome Assembly on the Internal Ribosome Entry Site of Cricket Paralysis Virus |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |date=13 December 2002 |volume=324 |issue=5 |pages=889–902 |last1=Jan |first1=Eric |last2=Sarnow |first2=Peter |pmid=12470947 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5185050}}

[[Category:Dicistroviridae]]
[[Category:Epidemics]]
[[Category:Insect viral diseases]]
[[Category:Crickets]]

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