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'''''Mapusaurus''''' ({{lit|Earth lizard}}) was a giant [[carcharodontosaurid]] [[carnosauria]]n dinosaur from [[Argentina]] during the [[Turonian]] age of the [[Late Cretaceous]].in 2024
'''''Mapusaurus''''' ({{lit|Earth lizard}}) was a giant [[carcharodontosaurid]] [[carnosauria]]n dinosaur from [[Argentina]] during the [[Turonian]] age of the [[Late Cretaceous]].


== Discovery ==
== Discovery ==

Revision as of 13:13, 6 November 2024

Mapusaurus
Temporal range: Turonian
↓
Reconstructed skeletons of an adult and a juvenile (left)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Family: †Carcharodontosauridae
Subfamily: †Carcharodontosaurinae
Tribe: †Giganotosaurini
Genus: †Mapusaurus
Coria & Currie, 2006
Type species
†Mapusaurus roseae
Coria & Currie, 2006

Mapusaurus (lit. 'Earth lizard') was a giant carcharodontosaurid carnosaurian dinosaur from Argentina during the Turonian age of the Late Cretaceous.

Discovery

Reconstructed skull

Mapusaurus was excavated between 1997 and 2001, by the Argentinian-Canadian Dinosaur Project, from an exposure of the Huincul Formation (late Cenomanian-Turonian[1]) at Cañadón del Gato. It was described and named by paleontologists Rodolfo Coria and Phil Currie in 2006.[2]

The name Mapusaurus is derived from the Mapuche word Mapu, meaning 'of the Land' or 'of the Earth' and the Greek sauros, meaning 'lizard'. The type species, Mapusaurus roseae, is named for both the rose-colored rocks, in which the fossils were found and for Rose Letwin, who sponsored the expeditions which recovered these fossils.[2]

The designated holotype for the genus and type species, Mapusaurus roseae, is an isolated right nasal (MCF-PVPH-108.1, Museo Carmen Funes, Paleontología de Vertebrados, Plaza Huincul, Neuquén). Twelve paratypes have been designated, based on additional isolated skeletal elements. Taken together, the many individual elements recovered from the Mapusaurus bone bed represent most of the skeleton.[2]

Description

Size of a few specimens compared to a human

Mapusaurus was a large theropod, but slightly smaller in size than its close relative Giganotosaurus, with the largest specimen measuring around 10.2–12.2 metres (33–40 ft) long and weighing up to 3–6 metric tons (3.3–6.6 short tons).[2][3][4][5]

It has been determined that Mapusaurus was diagnosed on autapomorphies, or unique traits, in regions of the skeleton that Giganotosaurus does not preserve. Mapusaurus only differs from Giganotosaurus in lacking a second opening on the middle quadrate, and in some details of the topology of the nasal rugosities.[6]

Paleobiology

Restoration

The fossil remains of Mapusaurus were discovered in a bone bed containing at least seven to possibly up to nine individuals of various growth stages.[2][7][8] Coria and Currie speculated that this may represent a long term, possibly coincidental accumulation of carcasses (some sort of predator trap) and may provide clues about Mapusaurus behavior.[2] Other known theropod bone beds and fossil graveyards include those of dromaeosaurids Deinonychus and Utahraptor,[9][10] those of Allosaurus from the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry of Utah,[11] and those of tyrannosaurids Teratophoneus, Albertosaurus and Daspletosaurus.[12]

Mapusaurus bones with pathologies

Paleontologist Rodolfo Coria, of the Museo Carmen Funes, contrary to his published article, repeated in a press-conference earlier suggestions that this congregation of fossil bones may indicate that Mapusaurus like Giganotosaurus also hunted in groups and worked together to take down large prey, such as the immense sauropod Argentinosaurus.[13] If so, this would be the first substantive evidence of gregarious behavior by large theropods other than Tyrannosaurus rex, although whether they might have hunted in organized packs (as wolves and lions do) or simply attacked in a mob, is unknown. The authors interpreted the depositional environment of the Huincul Formation at the Cañadón del Gato locality as a freshwater paleochannel deposit, "laid down by an ephemeral or seasonal stream in a region with arid or semi-arid climate".[2] This bone bed is especially interesting, in light of the overall scarcity of fossilized bone within the Huincul Formation. An ontogenetic study by Canale et al. (2014)[8] found that Mapusaurus displayed heterochrony, an evolutionary condition in which the animals may retain an ancestral characteristic during one stage of their life, but lose it as they develop. In Mapusaurus, the maxillary fenestrae are present in younger individuals, but gradually disappear as they mature.

Classification

Comparison of two Mapusaurus roseae skulls

Cladistic analysis carried out by Coria and Currie definitively showed that Mapusaurus is nested within the clade Carcharodontosauridae. The authors noted that the structure of the femur suggests a closer relationship with Giganotosaurus than either taxon shares with Carcharodontosaurus. They created a new monophyletic taxon based on this relationship, the subfamily Giganotosaurinae, defined as all carcharodontosaurids closer to Giganotosaurus and Mapusaurus than to Carcharodontosaurus. They tentatively included the genus Tyrannotitan in this new subfamily, pending publication of more detailed descriptions of the known specimens of that form.[2]

In their 2022 description of the large carcharodontosaurine Meraxes, Canale et al. recovered the following relationships for Mapusaurus and the Giganotosaurini.[14]

In his 2024 review of theropod relationships, Cau recovered similar results, with Tyrannotitan as the sister taxon to the clade formed by Mapusaurus and Giganotosaurus. His results are displayed in the cladogram below:[15]

Carcharodontosauridae
Neovenator

Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis (holotype maxilla)

Acrocanthosaurus

Eocarcharia (referred maxilla)

Meraxes

Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis (referred cranial material)

Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (neotype)

Carcharodontosaurus saharicus (described by Stromer in 1931)

Paleoecology

Silhouettes of dinosaurs from the Huincul Formation as size comparison
Size comparison of several dinosaurs from the Huincul Formation, Mapusaurus in red

As previously mentioned, the Huincul Formation is thought to represent an arid environment with ephemeral or seasonal streams. The age of this formation is estimated at 97 to 93.5 MYA.[16] The dinosaur record is considered sparse here. Mapusaurus shared its environment with the sauropods Argentinosaurus (one of the largest sauropods, if not the largest), Choconsaurus, Chucarosaurus and Cathartesaura. Two other giant carcharodontosaurids, Meraxes and Taurovenator, were found in the same formation, but in older rocks than Mapusaurus, so they likely were not coevals.[17][18] The abelisaurid theropods Skorpiovenator and Ilokelesia also lived in the region.[19]

Fossilized pollen indicates a wide variety of plants was present in the Huincul Formation. A study of the El Zampal section of the formation found hornworts, liverworts, ferns, Selaginellales, possible Noeggerathiales, gymnosperms (including gnetophytes and conifers), and angiosperms (flowering plants), in addition to several pollen grains of unknown affinities.[20] The Huincul Formation is among the richest Patagonian vertebrate associations, preserving fish including dipnoans and gar, chelid turtles, squamates, sphenodonts, neosuchian crocodilians, and a wide variety of dinosaurs.[21][22] Vertebrates are most commonly found in the lower, and therefore older, part of the formation.[23]

References

  1. ^ Canale, Juan I.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Gallina, Pablo A.; Mitchell, Jonathan; Smith, Nathan D.; Cullen, Thomas M.; Shinya, Akiko; Haluza, Alejandro; Gianechini, Federico A.; Makovicky, Peter J. (July 2022). "New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction". Current Biology. 32 (14): 3195–3202.e5. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3195C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057. PMID 35803271. S2CID 250343124.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Coria, R. A.; Currie, P. J. (2006). "A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina" (PDF). Geodiversitas. 28 (1): 71–118. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.624.2450. ISSN 1280-9659.
  3. ^ Holtz, T. (2015). Paleontologists: Searching for Dinosaur Bones. Enslow Publishing, LLC. p. 54. ISBN 978-0766069640.
  4. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2024). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (3rd ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 116. ISBN 9780691231570.
  5. ^ Holtz, Thomas R. (2021). "Theropod guild structure and the tyrannosaurid niche assimilation hypothesis: implications for predatory dinosaur macroecology and ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 58 (9): 778−795. doi:10.1139/cjes-2020-0174. hdl:1903/28566.
  6. ^ Carrano, Matthew T.; Benson, Roger B. J.; Sampson, Scott D. (June 1, 2012). "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (2): 211–300. Bibcode:2012JSPal..10..211C. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 85354215.
  7. ^ Eddy, Drew R.; Clarke, Julia A. (March 21, 2011). "New Information on the Cranial Anatomy of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of Allosauroidea (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". PLOS ONE. 6 (3): e17932. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...617932E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017932. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3061882. PMID 21445312.
  8. ^ a b Canale, Juan Ignacio; Novas, Fernando Emilio; Salgado, Leonardo; Coria, Rodolfo Aníbal (December 1, 2015). "Cranial ontogenetic variation in Mapusaurus roseae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and the probable role of heterochrony in carcharodontosaurid evolution". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 89 (4): 983–993. Bibcode:2015PalZ...89..983C. doi:10.1007/s12542-014-0251-3. hdl:11336/19258. ISSN 0031-0220. S2CID 133485236.
  9. ^ Maxwell, W. D.; Ostrom, J.H. (1995). "Taphonomy and paleobiological implications of Tenontosaurus–Deinonychus associations". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 15 (4): 707–712. Bibcode:1995JVPal..15..707M. doi:10.1080/02724634.1995.10011256. (abstract Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine)
  10. ^ Kirkland, J.I.; Simpson, E.L.; DeBlieux, D.D.; Madsen, S.K.; Bogner, E.; Tibert, N.E. (September 1, 2016). "Depositional constraints on the Lower Cretaceous stikes quarry dinosaur site: Upper yellow cat member, cedar mountain formation, Utah". PALAIOS. 31 (9): 421–439. Bibcode:2016Palai..31..421K. doi:10.2110/palo.2016.041. S2CID 132388318.
  11. ^ Hunt, Adrian P; Lucas, Spencer G.; Krainer, Karl; Spielmann, Justin (2006). "The taphonomy of the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Utah: a re-evaluation". In Foster, John R.; Lucas, Spencer G. (eds.). Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 36. Albuquerque, New Mexico: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. pp. 57–65.
  12. ^ Titus, Alan L.; Knoll, Katja; Sertich, Joseph J. W.; Yamamura, Daigo; Suarez, Celina A.; Glasspool, Ian J.; Ginouves, Jonathan E.; Lukacic, Abigail K.; Roberts, Eric M. (April 19, 2021). "Geology and taphonomy of a unique tyrannosaurid bonebed from the upper Campanian Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah: implications for tyrannosaurid gregariousness". PeerJ. 9: e11013. doi:10.7717/peerj.11013. PMC 8061582. PMID 33976955.
  13. ^ "Details Revealed About Huge Dinosaurs". ABC News US. Associated Press. 2006.[dead link‍]
  14. ^ Canale, Juan I.; Apesteguía, Sebastián; Gallina, Pablo A.; Mitchell, Jonathan; Smith, Nathan D.; Cullen, Thomas M.; Shinya, Akiko; Haluza, Alejandro; Gianechini, Federico A.; Makovicky, Peter J. (July 2022). "New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction". Current Biology. 32 (14): 3195–3202.e5. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3195C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057. PMID 35803271.
  15. ^ Cau, Andrea (2024). "A Unified Framework for Predatory Dinosaur Macroevolution" (PDF). Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 63 (1): 1-19. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2024.08.
  16. ^ Huincul Formation at Fossilworks.org
  17. ^ Canale, J.I.; Apesteguía, S.; Gallina, P.A.; Mitchell, J.; Smith, N.D.; Cullen, T.M.; Shinya, A.; Haluza, A.; Gianechini, F.A.; Makovicky, P.J. (July 7, 2022). "New giant carnivorous dinosaur reveals convergent evolutionary trends in theropod arm reduction". Current Biology. 32 (14): 3195–3202.e5. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E3195C. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.057. PMID 35803271.
  18. ^ Motta, Matías J.; Aranciaga Rolando, Alexis M.; Rozadilla, Sebastián; Agnolín, Federico E.; Chimento, Nicolás R.; Egli, Federico Brissón; Novas, Fernando E. (June 2016). "New theropod fauna from the Upper Cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of northwestern Patagonia, Argentina". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 71: 231–253 – via ResearchGate.
  19. ^ Sánchez, Maria Lidia; Heredia, Susana; Calvo, Jorge O. (2006). "Paleoambientes sedimentarios del Cretácico Superior de la Formación Plottier (Grupo Neuquén), Departamento Confluencia, Neuquén" [Sedimentary paleoenvironments in the Upper Cretaceous Plottier Formation (Neuquen Group), Confluencia, Neuquén]. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 61 (1): 3–18 – via ResearchGate.
  20. ^ Vallati, P. (2001). "Middle cretaceous microflora from the Huincul Formation ("Dinosaurian Beds") in the Neuquén Basin, Patagonia, Argentina". Palynology. 25 (1): 179–197. Bibcode:2001Paly...25..179V. doi:10.2113/0250179.
  21. ^ Motta, M.J.; Aranciaga Rolando, A.M.; Rozadilla, S.; Agnolín, F.E.; Chimento, N.R.; Egli, F.B.; Novas, F.E. (2016). "New theropod fauna from the upper cretaceous (Huincul Formation) of Northwestern Patagonia, Argentina". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 71: 231–253.
  22. ^ Motta, M.J.; Brissón Egli, F.; Aranciaga Rolando, A.M.; Rozadilla, S.; Gentil, A. R.; Lio, G.; Cerroni, M.; Garcia Marsà, J.; Agnolín, F. L.; D'Angelo, J. S.; Álvarez-Herrera, G. P.; Alsina, C.H.; Novas, F.E. (2019). "New vertebrate remains from the Huincul Formation (Cenomanian–Turonian;Upper Cretaceous) in Río Negro, Argentina". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (1): R26. doi:10.5710/PEAPA.15.04.2019.295. hdl:11336/161858. S2CID 127726069. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
  23. ^ Bellardini, F.; Filippi, L.S. (2018). "New evidence of saurischian dinosaurs from the upper member of the Huincul Formation (Cenomanian) of Neuquén Province, Patagonia, Argentina". Reunión de Comunicaciones de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina: 10.
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