User:Cynst76/sandbox

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After looking through many wikipedia pages on the topic and terms that we talked about in class, I came to a conclusion to what topic I would like to contribute to. I am interested in adding more information to the Norplant wikipedia page. It seems like there's not much specific information on that topic so I want to add onto what they already have. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norplant

Nov. 20, 2013

There are also rare instances of stroke and heart attack. Some people experience pain and infection at the area where Norplant was inserted.

• peer review: Michaela Holland. Hi I checked your Norplant page and your addiyions are still up there! YAY. I think you should 1. Hyperlink the words stroke and heart attack just put two brackets arond it like this stroke heart attack or just click the chain looking button on the top left of the edit bar. You also seem a little low on things to add to Wikipedia, maybe talk about the complications of removal, the finances, insurance policy, and doctor's not being trained in removal. 3. Last just hperlink your reference on the page concerning Dorthy Robert's article we read in class. I am sure you can find it on J stor and hyperlink it externally through the button I mentioned before! Great job!

Nov. 21, 2013

These side effects are irreversible once the hormones are inserted into the body.

Nov. 26, 2013

Using the example of marketing Norplant, Roberts describes how racial controversy is linked to experimenting Norplant on women with different ethnicity.

Nov. 29, 2013

Although the idea of Norplant helped reduce teen pregnancy within a period of 5 years, it created a racial segregation when Norplant started marketing to the poor black women. It states that "Proposals designed to reduce the number of children born to poor parents are an attempt to fend off this threat to white people's welfare, a threat that is specifically Black" (Roberts, 112). Due to this statement in Robert's book, it shows the privilege and inequality between race and class ranking in the society. This refers to the hierarchy of gender.

Dec. 3, 2013

Anne Fausto-Sterling, a biologist, historian, and gender studies professor, focus her point of view for sex and gender on nature versus nurture and the biological explanations versus the social explanations. Fausto-Sterling believed that sex is not always dimorphic which challenges what is said to be the norm. Biologically, sex describes the anatomy characteristics of the body while culturally, the masculinity and femininity comes into effect with psychological factors. With doctor’s perspective that intersex don’t belong, this complication links to cultural and social conceptions of the Intersexual Rights Movement, stating the infants will have to go through a measuring tool called the Phall-O-Metric, which measures phallus size to identify if the infant will have to go through surgery.[29] Sex can also be identified biologically by the X and Y chromosomes. With unique pairs of X and Y chromosomes, the infant will have to go through surgery due to the social and cultural aspect of gender in the society to become the “standard” male or female.

Bonnie Spanier is a biologist who studied feminism. In Bonnie Spanier’s point of view, she compares how the media and science affect sex and gender. Spanier characterized sex determination as “abnormal, ambiguous, or intersexed.” [30] She describes how scientists make assumptions of sexual orientation and gender identity due to masculinity. Because scientists believe masculinity are more of the norm than the femininity, the society is shaped towards how the male functions. Since most scientists in the days are male, the facts about male and female are shaped around a bias factor. Facts in the scientific field are made and changed by the environment (nature versus nurture). According to Spanier, scientific observations make up what we see sex and gender as. In the article published in 1982, it states that “corpus callosum was larger in human females than males.” [31] Feminist perspectives on sex and gender are always different than the scientists that are male. Female and male are shaped differently in the society which gives us bias ideas in social and political perspectives. In the 1993 issue of the Time magazine, scientists come up with a different observation stating “biological determinism of sex differences in behavior and cognition reflect and reinforce prejudices about gender.” [32] In the field of science, sex is determined with biological factors while gender shapes what an infant becomes. Due to bias thoughts between masculinity and femininity, the society in sex and gender is shaped by behaviors of the humans.

Dec. 4, 2013

A quote from Chapter 3 states that "Norplant was the ideal contraceptive."[11] While Norplant is thought of as a science at the time, the "ideal" in Norplant is socially constructed. Based on the construction of society in the 18th century, Norplant belonged to the objectivity, which is the period of encyclopedia. Since the people who contribute to this knowledge are wealthy white men, the controversy in Norplant begins with the stereotypical population in the society. While scientists are in authority to give Norplant to their patients, the population is controlled by government. This leads to the controversy in different ethnic groups based on the hierarchy in the society.

I created this section on Dec. 4, 2013

Dec. 4, 2013

Londa Schiebinger splits the book into three sections: Women in Science, Gender in the Cultures of Science, and Gender in the Substance of Science. Throughout the book, she describes the factors that led to the inequality between male and female in the science field. In addition, she gave examples of different types of women in the society. An important idea brought up in the book was the private versus the public, while private refers to women and public refers to men. Another important point she brought up was that the idea of including women in the science field does not mean that the science field will change into a feminist view point. The construction of gender and science is a cycle. In the 17th century, there was a decrease in science, but soon after the Age of Enlightenment, there was an increase in science. Contradictions through different examples of women with achievements shows how nature and the society can influence gender and science. Schiebinger not only addresses the gender in the context of science, she also describes the feminism is changed through the history and culture.

I created this section under Controversy.

Dec. 7, 2013

Although Norplant is used to prevent teenage pregnancy and poor women, it also affects other issues. It is stated that Norplant does not protect from AIDS and STDs. Researchers claimed that "almost one-quarter of the implant acceptors in our sample may be at increased risk of contracting an STD." Douglas Besharov, a scholar of the Social Welfare Studies at the American Enterprise Institute, believed that since Norplant prevented pregnancy, this created an increase in teen sex which also leads to an increase in STDs. Norplant has positive and negative effects. The idea of Norplant is to reduce pregnancy and sexual activities in the society, but the increase of sexual activities after inserting Norplant created a risk in STDs. As a result, Norplant can reduce abortions in the society, but it can also increase health risks.