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Dulles International Airport

Coordinates: 38°56′40″N 077°27′21″W / 38.94444°N 77.45583°W / 38.94444; -77.45583
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This article is about the airport. For the metro station, see Dulles International Airport station.

Washington Dulles International Airport
Dulles International Airport's main Saarinen terminal at dusk.
Summary
Airport typePublic
OwnerUnited States federal government
OperatorMetropolitan Washington Airports Authority
ServesWashington, D.C. metropolitan area
LocationDulles, Virginia, U.S.
OpenedNovember 17, 1962; 62 years ago (1962-11-17)
Hub for
Time zoneEST (UTC−05:00)
 • Summer (DST)EDT (UTC−04:00)
Elevation AMSL312 ft / 95 m
Coordinates38°56′40″N 077°27′21″W / 38.94444°N 77.45583°W / 38.94444; -77.45583
Websiteflydulles.com
Maps
FAA airport diagram
FAA airport diagram
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
01L/19R 2,865 9,400 Concrete
01C/19C 3,505 11,500 Concrete
01R/19L 3,505 11,500 Concrete
12/30 3,201 10,501 Concrete
12R/30L 3,200 10,500 Planned
Statistics (2023)
Aircraft operations251,823
Total passengers25,135,288
Total cargo (tons)213,162
Source: Federal Aviation Administration,[2] Passenger traffic[3]

Washington Dulles International Airport (/ˈdʌlɪs/ DUL-iss) (IATA: IAD, ICAO: KIAD, FAA LID: IAD) is an international airport in Loudoun County and Fairfax County in Northern Virginia, United States,[4] 26 miles (42 km) west of downtown Washington, D.C.[5]

The airport, which opened in 1962, is named after John Foster Dulles, an influential United States Secretary of State during the Cold War who briefly represented New York in the United States Senate.[6][7] The airport's main terminal is a well-known landmark designed by Eero Saarinen, who also designed the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport. Operated by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority, Dulles occupies 13,000 acres (20.3 sq mi; 52.6 km2),[2][8] straddling the Loudoun–Fairfax line.[9] IAD ranks fifth in the US in terms of land area, after Denver International Airport, Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Southwest Florida International Airport, and Orlando International Airport. Most of the airport is in the unincorporated community of Dulles in Loudoun County, with a small portion in the unincorporated community of Chantilly in Fairfax County.

Along with Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA) and Baltimore/Washington International Airport (BWI), Dulles is one of three major airports serving the Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area. As of 2021, it is the second-busiest airport in the Washington–Baltimore metropolitan area behind Reagan National Airport and the 28th-busiest airport in the United States.[10] Dulles has the most international passenger traffic of any airport in the Mid-Atlantic outside the New York metropolitan area, including approximately 90% of the international passenger traffic in the Baltimore–Washington region.[11] It had more than 20 million passenger enplanements every year from 2004 to 2019, with 24 million enplanements in 2019.[12][13] An average of 60,000 passengers pass through Dulles daily to and from more than 139 destinations around the world.[12][14][15]

Increased domestic travel from Reagan National Airport has eroded some of Dulles's domestic routes.[10] Dulles overtook Reagan in total enplanements in 2019.[16] In 2018, however, Dulles surpassed Reagan in yearly passenger boardings after having fewer passengers since 2015.[17] Furthermore, it still ranks behind BWI in total annual passenger boardings.[18]

Dulles is a hub for United Airlines and is frequently used by airlines that United has codeshare agreements with, mostly composed of Star Alliance members like Turkish Airlines and Lufthansa.

History

Origins

Before World War II, Hoover Field was the main commercial airport serving Washington, on the site now occupied by the Pentagon and its parking lots. It was replaced by Washington National Airport in 1941, a short distance southeast. After the war, in 1948, the Civil Aeronautics Administration began to consider sites for a second major airport to serve the nation's capital.[19] Congress passed the Washington Airport Act in 1950 to provide funding for a new airport in the region.[20] The initial CAA proposal in 1951 called for the airport to be built in Fairfax County near what is now Burke Lake Park, but protests from residents, as well as the rapid expansion of Washington's suburbs during the time, led to reconsideration of this plan.[21] One competing plan called for the airport to be built in the Pender area of Fairfax County, while another called for the conversion of Andrews Air Force Base in Prince George's County, Maryland, into a commercial airport.[19]

The current site was selected by President Eisenhower in 1958;[21] the Dulles name was chosen by Eisenhower's aviation advisor Pete Quesada, who later served as the first head of the Federal Aviation Administration. As a result of the site selection, the unincorporated, largely African-American community of Willard, which once stood in the airport's current footprint, was demolished, and 87 property owners had their holdings condemned.[19]

Dulles was also built over a lesser-known airport named Blue Ridge Airport, chartered in 1938 by the U.S. The airport was Loudoun County's first official airport, consisting of two grass intersecting runways in the shape of an "X". The location of the former Blue Ridge Airport sits where the Dulles Air Freight complex and Washington Dulles Airport Marriott now sit today.[22][better source needed]

Design and construction

Dulles Airport in April 1970, showing the main terminal's original size

The civil engineering firm Ammann and Whitney was named lead contractor. The airport was dedicated by President John F. Kennedy and Eisenhower on November 17, 1962.[6][7][23] As originally opened, the airport had three long runways (current day runways 1C/19C, 1R/19L, and 12/30) and one shorter one (where current taxiway Q is located). Its original name, Dulles International Airport, was changed in 1984 to Washington Dulles International Airport.[24]

The main terminal was designed in 1958 by famed Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen, and it is highly regarded for its graceful beauty, suggestive of flight. The terminal was built without any concourses and gates as all aircraft were parked at remote sites. Passengers were bussed to their aircraft by way of mobile lounges that raised up to the aircraft level, some are still in use today. The first midfield terminal that included gates and jetbridges was constructed in 1985 when New York Air and other airlines began hub operations at Dulles.[25] In the 1990s, the main terminal at Dulles was reconfigured to allow more space between the front of the building and the ticket counters. Additions at both ends of the main terminal more than doubled the structure's length. The original terminal at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport in Taoyuan, Taiwan, was modeled after the Saarinen terminal at Dulles.[26][27]

The design included a landscaped man-made lake to collect rainwater, a low-rise hotel, and a row of office buildings along the north side of the main parking lot. The design also included a two-level road in front of the terminal to separate arrival and departure traffic and a federally owned limited access highway connecting the terminal to the Capital Beltway (I-495) about 17 miles (27 km) to the east. (Eventually, the highway system grew to include a parallel toll road to handle commuter traffic and an extension to connect to I-66). The access road had a wide median strip to allow the construction of a passenger rail line, which opened as an extension of the Washington Metro's Silver Line on November 15, 2022.[28]

Notable operations and milestones

First Lady Pat Nixon ushered in the era of jumbo jets by christening the first Boeing 747 at Dulles, January 15, 1970.
  • The first scheduled flight at Dulles was an Eastern Air Lines Super Electra from Newark International Airport in New Jersey on November 19, 1962.[9]
  • Dulles was initially considered a white elephant, being far out of town with few flights;[29] in 1965 Dulles averaged 89 airline operations a day while National Airport (now Reagan) averaged 600 despite not allowing jets.[30] (Dulles got its first transatlantic nonstop in June 1964.) Airport operations grew along with Virginia suburbs and the Dulles Technology Corridor; perimeter and slot restrictions at National forced long-distance flights to use Dulles. In 1969, Dulles had 2.01 million passengers while National had 9.9 million.[31]
  • The era of widebody jets began on January 15, 1970, when First Lady Pat Nixon christened a Pan Am Boeing 747-100 at Dulles in the presence of Pan Am chairman Najeeb Halaby.[32] Rather than a traditional champagne bottle, red, white, and blue water was sprayed on the aircraft.[33] Pan Am's first Boeing 747 flight was from New York JFK to London Heathrow Airport.
  • On December 26, 1973, President Richard Nixon flew from Dulles to Los Angeles on board a United Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-10 commercial flight instead of on Air Force One. This was due to a nationwide fuel shortage caused at the time by the Arab oil embargo.[34]
  • On May 24, 1976, supersonic flights between the U.S. and Europe began with the arrival of a British Airways Concorde from London Heathrow and an Air France Concorde from Paris Charles De Gaulle.[35][36][37] The two were lined nose-to-nose at Dulles for photos.
  • On June 12, 1983, the Space Shuttle Enterprise arrived at Dulles atop a modified Boeing 747 after touring Europe and before returning to Edwards Air Force Base. Two years later Enterprise returned and was placed in a storage hangar near Runway 12/30 to await construction of a planned expansion to the National Air and Space Museum. Enterprise left Dulles on April 27, 2012, for its new home at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York City.[38]
  • On June 1, 1985, New York Air began a small hub operation at Dulles with 35 daily flights to eight cities in Florida and the northeast U.S. Colgan Airways became a feeder carrier for New York Air with additional service to smaller cities known as New York Air Connection. On February 1, 1987, New York Air was merged into Continental Airlines and the hub operation continued until 1989.[39]
  • On October 10, 1985, Presidential Airways began a hub operations at Dulles. Presidential soon began a series of code-shares, first with Pan Am from mid-1986 through early 1988, then as Continental Express on behalf of Continental Airlines from mid-1987 thru mid-1988 and finally as United Express on behalf of United Airlines from mid 1988 until Presidential ceased operations on December 5, 1989.[40]
  • On May 1, 1986, United Airlines began service on 16 new domestic routes creating a hub status at Dulles. Many more domestic routes and new overseas routes would later be added. Air Wisconsin and Presidential Airways (above) soon became feeder carriers for United operating as United Express.[41]
  • In 1990 a United States Senate joint resolution to change Dulles's name to Washington Eisenhower was proposed by Senator Bob Dole, but it didn't pass.[42]
  • When the SR-71 was retired by the military in 1990, one was flown from its birthplace at United States Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California, to Dulles, setting a coast-to-coast speed record at an average 2,124 mph (3,418 km/h). The trip took 64 minutes. The aircraft was placed in a storage building, and is now displayed at the Smithsonian's adjacent Udvar-Hazy Air and Space Museum.[43]
  • The first flight of the Boeing 777-200 in commercial service, a United Airlines flight from London Heathrow, landed at Dulles in 1995.[44]
  • The 2004 launch of low-cost carrier Independence Air propelled IAD from being the 24th-busiest airport in the United States to fourth, and one of the top 30 busiest in the world. Independence Air ceased operations in January 2006, and its space in Concourse A was taken five months later by United Express.[45]
  • Southwest Airlines began service at Dulles in fall 2006.
  • Significant growth required the airport to halt the operations of its original control tower in 2007 for a taller control tower located away from the main terminal. The original tower still exists, though it is no longer used to control the airport's traffic.
Dulles' old air traffic control tower, which halted operations in 2007
Dulles' old air traffic control tower, which halted operations in 2007
The current air traffic control tower dwarfs the original one.
The current air traffic control tower dwarfs the original one.
A mobile lounge

By 1985 the original design, featuring mobile lounges to meet each plane, was no longer well-suited to Dulles's role as a hub airport. Instead, midfield concourses were constructed to allow passengers to walk between connecting flights without visiting the main terminal. Mobile lounges were still used for international flights and to transport passengers between the midfield concourses and the main terminal; Concourse C/D was the first to be built, followed by Concourse A/B. A tunnel (consisting of a passenger walkway and moving sidewalks) that links the main terminal and Concourse B was opened in 2004.[60] The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) began a renovation program for the airport including a new security mezzanine with more room for lines.[61]

A new train system, dubbed AeroTrain and developed by Mitsubishi, began in 2010 to transport passengers between the concourses and the main terminal.[62] The system, which uses rubber tires and travels along a fixed underground guideway,[62] is similar to the people mover systems at Singapore Changi Airport,[62] Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport, and Denver International Airport. The train is intended to replace the mobile lounges, which many passengers found crowded and inconvenient. The initial phase includes the main terminal station, a permanent Concourse A station, a permanent Concourse B station, a permanent midfield concourse station (with access to the current temporary C concourse via a tunnel with moving walkways), and a maintenance facility.[62] Mobile lounges continue to service Concourse D from both the main terminal and Concourse A. Even after AeroTrain is built out and the replacement Concourses C and D are built, the mobile lounges and plane mates will still continue to be used, to transport international arriving passengers to the International Arrivals Building, as well as transport passengers to aircraft parked on hardstands without direct access to jet bridges. Dulles has stated that the wait time for a train does not exceed four minutes, compared to the average 15-minute wait and travel time for mobile lounges.[citation needed]

Under the development plan, future phases would see the addition of several new midfield concourses and a new south terminal.[63] A fourth runway (parallel to the existing runways 1 and 19 L&R) opened in 2008,[64] and development plans include a fifth runway to parallel the existing runway 12–30.[65] If this runway is built, the current runway will be re-designated as 12L-30R while the new runway will be designated 12R-30L. An expansion of the B concourse, used by many low-cost airlines as well as international arrivals, has been completed, and the building housing Concourses C and D will eventually be knocked down to make room for a more ergonomic building. Because Concourses C and D are temporary concourses, the only way to get to those concourses is via moving walkway from the Concourse C station, which is built in the location of the future gates and Concourse D by mobile lounge from the main terminal.[66][67]

Inside the main terminal at night showing the escalators leading to baggage claim and arrivals

In the short term, United Airlines has constructed a 20,000 square foot (1,900 m2) buildout on Concourse C between gate C18 and the AeroTrain entrance for use as a Polaris Lounge for international passengers.[68] Further expansion plans include a new three-story 550,000 square foot (51,000 m2) south concourse building above the AeroTrain station for Concourse C,[67] to replace Concourse A regional gates built in 1999.[69]

Decades-old rules set by Congress that limit the number of takeoffs and landings, as well as distance of routes, at Reagan Airport were intended in part to keep more flights at Dulles. Those rules have been weakened by Congress over the years, however, causing Dulles to lose 200,000 passengers to Reagan between 2011 and 2013.[10]

In 2023, construction started on a 100 MW solar power facility, battery and bus charging equipment.[70] It would include the largest airport-based solar and battery development in the U.S. as part of an agreement with Dominion Energy. The solar panels would cover more than 835 acres (338 ha) on land, equivalent to the consumption of more than 37,000 Northern Virginia homes during peak production.[71]

In 2024, IAD was ranked as the 11th best airport in the world by AirHelp, a passenger rights tech company that assists passengers with flight disruptions. Data was compiled for 239 of the world's busiest airports in 69 countries. Data was compiled from May 1, 2023, to April 30, 2024. Criteria was based on on-time performance, customer opinion, and food and shops. Dulles ranking was an overall 8.22 out of 10.[72]

Meaning of IAD

Dulles originally used airport code DIA, the initials of Dulles International Airport. When handwritten, it was often misread as DCA, the code for Washington National Airport, so in 1968 Dulles's code was changed to IAD.[73]

Terminals

Main Terminal AeroTrain station

The airport's terminal complex consists of a main terminal (which includes four of the original gates, "Z" gates), and two parallel midfield terminal buildings: Concourses A/B and C/D. The entire terminal complex has 139 total gates: 123 gates with jetways and 16 hardstand locations[74] from which passengers can board or disembark using the airport's plane mate vehicles.[9]

Inter-terminal transportation

Conceived in early planning sessions in 1959, Dulles is one of a few remaining airports to utilize mobile lounges (also known as "plane mates" or "people movers"), now only used for transport to the International Arrivals Building as well as transport for Concourse D. They have all been given names based on the postal abbreviations of 50 states, e.g., VA, MD, AK.[75]

The Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority has partially phased out the mobile lounge system for inter-terminal passenger movements with the AeroTrain, an underground people mover that currently operates to all of the concourses except concourse D, with a passenger tunnel remaining to concourses A and B. However, the Aerotrain to concourse C stops at a terminal north of the actual concourse, leaving a significant walk from the terminal to concourse after disembarking. Plane mates remain in use to disembark international passengers and carry them to the International Arrivals Building, as well as to transport passengers to and from aircraft on the hard stands that are called H gates (i.e., those parked remotely on the apron without access to jet bridges).[76][77]

Main terminal

The terminal ceiling is suspended in a catenary curve above the check-in area.

Dulles's main terminal houses ticketing on the upper level, baggage claim and U.S. Customs and Border Protection on the lower level, and annexes for the International Arrivals Building for international passenger processing, as well as the four Z gates (used by Air Canada and United Express), H gates, various information kiosks and other support facilities. The main terminal was recognized by the American Institute of Architects in 1966 for its design concept; its roof is a suspended catenary providing a wide enclosed area unimpeded by any columns.[citation needed]

The main terminal was extended in 1996 to 1,240 feet (380 m)—Saarinen's original design length—which was slightly more than double its originally constructed length of 600 feet (180 m).[74] On September 22, 2009, an expansion to include the 41,400 square feet (3,850 m2) International Arrivals Building opened for customs and immigration processing with a capacity to process 2,400 passengers per hour.[78]

Also in September 2009, a 121,700 square feet (11,310 m2) central security checkpoint was added on a new security mezzanine level of the main terminal. This checkpoint replaced previous checkpoints that were located behind the ticketing areas.[79] Travelers enrolled in TSA PreCheck and CLEAR still use this area to clear security.[80] A separate security checkpoint is available on the baggage claim level for staff only, and previously had access for all passengers as the Dulles Diamond area. Both public security checkpoints connect to escalators to the AeroTrain, which links the main terminal with the A and B concourse and links to a tunnel connecting to the C concourse.

Midfield terminals

All airlines aside from certain express flights operate out of two linear satellite terminals. Each terminal is divided into two concourses, with the north terminal containing Concourses A and B, and the south terminal containing Concourses C and D.[81]

Concourses A and B

Concourses A & B
Concourses A & B
The interior of Concourse C and D, where United Airlines' hub operation is based
The interior of Concourse C and D, where United Airlines' hub operation is based

Concourses A and B are located in the midfield terminal building closer to the main terminal. They are utilized by all non-United flights as well as a limited number of United Express flights. Concourse A has 47 gates, located in the eastern half of the north midfield terminal. It consists of a permanent ground-level set of gates designed for small planes and United Express flights, and several former Concourse B gates.[82] The concourse is primarily used for international flights. Air France and KLM have a lounge opposite gate A19, Etihad Airways operates a First and Business Class lounge across from gate A15, and Virgin Atlantic has a Clubhouse lounge adjacent to gate A31. Concourse A's AeroTrain station is located between gates A6 and A14.[81]

Concourse B has 28 gates, located in the western half of the terminal. It is the first of the permanent elevated midfield concourses. Originally constructed in 1998 and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill and Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum, the B concourse contained 20 gates. In 2003, 4 additional gates were added to concourse B, followed by a 15-gate expansion in 2008.[83] In addition to the AeroTrain station located between gates B51 and B62, Concourse B also has an underground walkway to connect it to the main terminal. Concourse B is used by some international carriers, and is also utilized by almost all non-United domestic and Canada flights. The facility also includes a British Airways Galleries lounge adjacent to the AeroTrain station, a Lufthansa lounge between gates B49 and B51, and a Turkish Airlines lounge near gate B43.[84]

Concourses C and D

Concourses C and D are located in the south midfield terminal, and are used for United Airlines flights, including all mainline flights and most United Express regional flights (save for a few that use Concourse A).

These concourses were constructed in 1983 as temporary facilities and designed by Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum. The two concourses have 22 gates each, numbered C1–C28 and D1–D32, with odd-numbered gates on the north side of the building and even numbered gates on the south side. Concourse C composes the eastern half of the terminal and Concourse D composes the western half.[85][86] The C/D concourses were given a facelift in 2006 that included light-fixture upgrades, new paint finishes, new ceiling grids and tiles, heating and air conditioning replacement, and complete restroom renovations.[86]

Planned Tier 2 concourse

While all gates in Concourses C/D can be utilized for both domestic and international departures, all United international arrivals are conducted at gates C1-C14. These gates contain two exit configurations depending on the arriving flight. Domestic passengers and international passengers from airports with U.S. customs pre-clearance exit directly into the concourse, while international arrivals from airports without border pre-clearance are redirected down a sterile corridor to U.S. Customs & Immigration. Passengers arriving from international destinations who are ending their journey at Dulles are then transported by mobile lounge to the International Arrivals Building, while passengers making onward connections are directed to a separate customs facility located on the ground floor of Concourse C. After being screened by TSA at a dedicated security checkpoint within the facility, these passengers then take escalators that deposit them in Concourse C near gate C7.[87]

A new and permanent C/D concourse (also called "Tier 2") is planned as part of the D2 Dulles Development Project. The new building is to include a three-level structure with 44 airline gates and similar amenities to Concourse B.[86] The concourse plan includes a dedicated mezzanine corridor with moving sidewalks to serve international passengers. The design and construction of the new C/D concourse has not been scheduled.[86] When built, it is planned that both terminals will be connected to the main terminal and other concourses via the AeroTrain. To that extent, the AeroTrain station at Concourse C was built at the location where the future Concourse C/D structure is proposed to be built, and is connected to the existing Concourse C via an underground walkway.[67] In April 2022, the Airport Authority published plans for a 14 gate Concourse E to be built atop the AeroTrain station with the purpose of replacing outdoor boarding areas at Concourse A. Construction is expected to cost between $500 million and $800 million and the airport is seeking $230 million grants from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill.[88] Construction on the concourse began in August 2024, and it is expected to open in 2026.[89]

Airline lounges

Since many major domestic and international airlines have a large presence at Washington Dulles, there are many airline lounges within the airport:

  • Air France / KLM: Air France/KLM Lounge, A Concourse across from gate A22.[90]
  • British Airways: BA Lounge for First class and Business class passengers (with Concorde Dining offered for First class passengers), located opposite the Concourse B Transit station.[91]
  • Capital One opened its second ever airport lounge at Dulles. It is operated by a third-party hospitality company and was opened on September 7, 2023, located in the main terminal just beyond the TSA PreCheck checkpoint.[92]
  • Etihad Airways: First and Business class lounge located adjacent to gate A14; managed by Chase and available to Chase Sapphire Reserve holders.[93]
  • Lufthansa: Senator Lounge and Business Lounge, B Concourse at gate B51.[90]
  • Turkish Airlines: Concourse B, near gate B41.[84]
  • United Airlines: Two United Clubs in Concourse C (at gates C7 and C17), and one in Concourse D at gate D8.[94] There is also a Polaris Lounge located directly across from gate C17.[95]
  • Virgin Atlantic: Clubhouse, Concourse A across from gate A32.[96]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

AirlinesDestinationsRefs
Aer Lingus Dublin [97]
Aeroméxico Mexico City [98]
Air Canada Seasonal: Vancouver[99] [100]
Air Canada Express Montréal–Trudeau, Toronto–Pearson [100]
Air Chinaa Beijing–Capital [101]
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle [102]
Air India Delhi [103]
Alaska Airlines Los Angeles, San Diego,[104] San Francisco, Seattle/Tacoma [105]
Allegiant Air Asheville (begins June 20, 2025),[106] Destin/Fort Walton Beach (begins May 23, 2025),[106] Jacksonville (FL), Knoxville (begins May 23, 2025),[107] Punta Gorda (FL),[108][better source needed] Sarasota, Savannah (begins May 22, 2025)[106] [109]
All Nippon Airways Tokyo–Haneda [110]
American Airlines Dallas/Fort Worth [111]
American Eagle Charlotte [111]
Austrian Airlines Vienna [112]
Avelo Airlines New Haven[113] [114]
Avianca Bogotá [115]
Avianca Costa Rica Guatemala City
Seasonal: San José (CR)[citation needed] 		[116]
Avianca El Salvador San Salvador [115]
Breeze Airways Ogdensburg,[117] Provo,[117] South Bend,[117] Vero Beach[117] [118]
British Airways London–Heathrow [119]
Brussels Airlines Seasonal: Brussels[120] [121]
Copa Airlines Panama City–Tocumen [122]
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Salt Lake City, Seattle/Tacoma
Seasonal: Detroit[citation needed] 		[123]
Delta Connection Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul, New York–JFK [123]
Egyptair Cairo [124]
Emirates Dubai–International [125]
Ethiopian Airlinesb Addis Ababa, Lomé [126]
Etihad Airways Abu Dhabi [127]
Frontier Airlines Atlanta,[128] Orlando,[128] Tampa (begins December 17, 2024)[129] [130]
Iberia Madrid [131]
Icelandair Reykjavík–Keflavík [132]
ITA Airways Seasonal: Rome–Fiumicino[133] [134]
KLM Amsterdam [135]
Korean Air Seoul–Incheon [136]
Lufthansa Frankfurt, Munich [137]
Play Reykjavík–Keflavík [138]
Porter Airlines Toronto–Billy Bishop [139]
Qatar Airways Doha [140]
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca [141]
Royal Jordanian Amman–Queen Alia (begins March 23, 2025)[142] [143]
Saudia Jeddah, Riyadh [144]
Scandinavian Airlines Copenhagen [145]
Southern Airways Express Bradford (PA), DuBois (PA), Lancaster (PA), Williamsport (PA)[146] [147]
Southwest Airlines Denver, Phoenix–Sky Harbor[148][better source needed] [149]
Sun Country Airlines Seasonal: Minneapolis/St. Paul[150] [151]
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich[152] [153]
TAP Air Portugal Lisbon [154]
Turkish Airlines Istanbul [155]
United Airlines Accra, Amsterdam, Aruba, Atlanta, Austin, Barbados, Boston, Brussels, Cancún, Cape Town, Charleston (SC), Charlotte, Chicago–O'Hare, Cleveland, Dakar–Diass (begins May 23, 2025),[156] Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Detroit, Dublin, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Frankfurt, Geneva, Guatemala City, Hartford, Honolulu, Houston–Intercontinental, Jacksonville (FL), Lagos, Las Vegas, London–Heathrow, Los Angeles, Mexico City, Miami, Munich, Nashville, Newark, New Orleans, New York–LaGuardia, Norfolk, Orlando, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Phoenix–Sky Harbor, Pittsburgh, Portland (OR), Providenciales, Punta Cana, Raleigh/Durham, Rome–Fiumicino, Sacramento, St. Thomas, Salt Lake City (resumes December 19, 2024),[157] San Antonio, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan, São Paulo–Guarulhos, Seattle/Tacoma, Tampa, Tel Aviv (suspended), Tokyo–Haneda, Zürich
Seasonal: Anchorage,[158] Athens,[159] Barcelona, Bozeman,[160] Calgary, Columbus–Glenn, Edinburgh, Grand Cayman, Hayden/Steamboat Springs,[citation needed] Indianapolis, Key West, Lisbon, Madrid, Montego Bay, Nassau, Nice (begins May 24, 2025),[161] Palm Springs (begins December 19, 2024),[162] St. Maarten, San José (CR),[163][better source needed] San Salvador, Sarasota, Vancouver,[158] Venice (begins May 22, 2025)[161] 		[164][better source needed]
United Express Albany, Buffalo, Burlington (VT), Charleston (SC), Charlotte, Charlottesville (VA), Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbia (SC), Columbus–Glenn, Dayton, Detroit, Greensboro,[165] Greenville/Spartanburg,[165] Harrisburg,[166] Hartford, Huntsville, Indianapolis, Johnstown (PA), Kansas City, Knoxville, Louisville, Manchester (NH) (begins March 30, 2025),[167] Minneapolis/St. Paul, Mobile–Regional,[168] Montréal–Trudeau, Morgantown (WV),[169] Nashville, Newark, New York–LaGuardia, Norfolk, Ottawa, Philadelphia,[166] Pittsburgh, Portland (ME), Providence, Raleigh/Durham, Richmond, Roanoke, Rochester (NY), St. Louis, Savannah, South Bend,[170] State College,[166] Syracuse, Toronto–Pearson, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton[166]
Seasonal: Bozeman, Jacksonville (FL),[citation needed] Key West, Myrtle Beach,[citation needed] New Orleans, Traverse City,[citation needed] West Palm Beach 		[171]
Virgin Atlantic London–Heathrow [172]
Volaris El Salvador San Salvador [173]
WestJet Seasonal: Calgary[citation needed] [174]
Notes:
  • ^a : Air China's flight from Washington–Dulles to Beijing makes a technical stop at Los Angeles. Air China does not sell tickets solely from Washington and Los Angeles. The flight from Beijing to Washington–Dulles is nonstop.
  • ^b : Some Ethiopian Airlines flights from Addis Ababa to Dulles stop at Rome–Fiumicino for refueling.[175] The same flight from Dulles to Addis Ababa is nonstop.

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
FedEx Express Greensboro, Harrisburg, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Memphis, Newark, New York–JFK, Philadelphia
FedEx Feeder Newark
UPS Airlines Louisville, Richmond

Statistics

Top destinations

Busiest domestic routes to and from IAD (January 2023 – December 2023)[176]
Rank Airport Passengers Carriers
1 Denver, Colorado 527,000 Southwest, United
2 San Francisco, California 479,000 Alaska, United
3 Los Angeles, California 441,000 Alaska, United
4 Atlanta, Georgia 387,000 Delta, Southwest, United
5 Seattle/Tacoma, Washington 305,000 Alaska, Delta, United
6 Houston–Intercontinental, Texas 252,000 United
7 Chicago–O'Hare, Illinois 235,000 United
8 Orlando, Florida 229,000 United
9 Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas 229,000 American, United
10 San Diego, California 222,000 Alaska, United
Busiest international routes from IAD (2023)[177]
Rank Airport Passengers Carriers
1 London–Heathrow, United Kingdom 810,478 British Airways, United Airlines, Virgin Atlantic
2 Frankfurt, Germany 633,846 Lufthansa, United Airlines
3 San Salvador, El Salvador 541,803 Avianca El Salvador, United Airlines, Volaris Costa Rica, Volaris El Salvador
4 Paris–Charles de Gaulle, France 517,587 Air France, United Airlines
5 Istanbul, Turkey 318,963 Turkish Airlines
6 Dublin, Republic of Ireland 298,876 Aer Lingus, United Airlines
7 Dubai–International, United Arab Emirates 274,563 Emirates
8 Panama City–Tocumen, Panama 272,871 Copa Airlines
9 Munich, Germany 266,956 Lufthansa, United Airlines
10 Brussels, Belgium 263,307 Brussels Airlines, United Airlines

Airline market share

Largest airlines at IAD (CY 2020)[178]
Rank Airline Enplanements Percent of market share
1 United Airlines 2,899,449 70.42%
2 Delta Air Lines 212,151 5.12%
3 American Airlines 142,382 3.44%
4 Southwest Airlines 85,013 2.05%
5 Alaska Airlines 63,659 2.05%

Annual traffic

Annual passenger traffic at IAD airport. See Wikidata query.
Annual passenger traffic at IAD
1979–present[12][179][180]
Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers Year Passengers
1979 3,525,054 1989 10,399,091 1999 19,797,329 2009 23,213,341 2019 24,817,677
1980 2,624,398 1990 10,438,089 2000 20,104,693 2010 23,741,603 2020 8,333,460
1981 2,324,585 1991 10,962,328 2001 18,002,319 2011 23,211,856 2021 15,006,955
1982 2,609,933 1992 11,530,829 2002 17,235,163 2012 22,561,521 2022 21,376,896
1983 3,019,789 1993 10,987,191 2003 16,950,381 2013 21,947,065 2023 25,135,288
1984 3,555,771 1994 11,690,786 2004 22,868,852 2014 21,572,233 2024
1985 5,237,277 1995 12,443,657 2005 27,052,118 2015 21,650,546 2025
1986 9,131,895 1996 12,894,028 2006 23,020,362 2016 21,969,094 2026
1987 10,950,211 1997 13,757,861 2007 24,737,528 2017 22,892,504 2027
1988 9,686,637 1998 15,746,342 2008 23,876,780 2018 24,060,709 2028

Ground transportation

Roads

Washington Dulles is accessible via the Dulles Access Road/Dulles Greenway (State Route 267) and State Route 28. The Access Road is a toll-free, limited access highway owned by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) to facilitate car access to Washington Dulles from the Capital Beltway and Interstate 66.[181] After it opened, non-airport traffic between Washington and Reston became so heavy that a parallel set of toll lanes were added on the same right-of-way to accommodate non-airport traffic (Dulles Toll Road). The airport-only lanes are both less congested and toll-free. As of November 1, 2008, MWAA assumed responsibility from the Virginia Department of Transportation both for operating the Dulles Toll Road and for the construction of the Silver Line down its median. Route 28, which runs north–south along the eastern edge of the airport, has been upgraded to a limited access highway, with the interchanges financed through a property tax surcharge on nearby business properties. The Dulles Toll Road (VA-267) is extended to the south of Leesburg as the Dulles Greenway.

Public transportation

The Dulles Airport Station of the Washington Metro is part of the system's Silver Line.

Washington Metro service is available to Dulles via a station on the Silver Line.[182] Service began operation on November 15, 2022.[183]

Fairfax Connector bus routes 981 and 983 serve Washington Dulles, connecting to the Herndon–Monroe park & ride lot in Herndon, the Reston Town Center transit in Reston, the Wiehle–Reston East Metro station, and the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center Air and Space Museum.[citation needed] Formerly, the Metrobus 5A route served at the airport.

Megabus provides service from Dulles to Charlottesville and Blacksburg.

Washington Flyer has a monopoly to operate cabs from Washington Dulles Airport.[184] Uber and Lyft are popular modes of transport to and from the airport, and MWAA receives a $4 fee per trip, which is included in the quoted fare.[185]

Accidents and incidents

Control tower view of IAD in 1961
  • On October 1, 1965, a single-engine private aircraft crashed on approach to Dulles Airport in a field in Chantilly, killing four.[186]
  • There were three deaths during a nine-day air show held at Washington Dulles in conjunction with Transpo '72 (officially called the U.S. International Transportation Exposition, a $10 million event sponsored by the U.S. Department of Transportation, and attended by over one million visitors from around the world).
    • On May 29, 1972, the third day of the show, the pilot of a Kite Rider (a variety of hang glider) was killed in a crash. This was to be the first of the three air deaths during the Air Show.[187][188]
    • On June 3, 1972, a second death occurred at the Transpo '72 Air Show, during a sport plane pylon race. At 2:40 pm, during the second lap and near a turn about pylon 3, a trailing aircraft's (LOWERS R-1 N66AN) wing and propeller hit the right wing tip of a leading aircraft (CASSUTT BARTH N7017). The right wing immediately sheared off the fuselage, and the damaged aircraft crashed almost instantly, killing the 29-year-old pilot, Hugh C. Alexander. He was a professional Air Racer with over 10,200 hours.[189][190]
    • On June 4, 1972, during the last day of the 9-day Transpo '72 Air Show, the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds experienced their first fatal crash at an air show. Major Joe Howard flying Thunderbird 3 was killed when his F-4E-32-MC Phantom II, 66-0321, lost power during a vertical maneuver. The pilot broke out of formation just after he completed a wedge roll and was ascending at around 2,500 feet (760 m) AGL. The aircraft staggered and descended in a flat attitude with little forward speed. Although Major Howard ejected as the aircraft fell back to earth from about 1,500 feet (460 m) tail first, and descended under a good canopy, winds blew him into the fireball ascending from the blazing crash site. The parachute melted and the pilot plummeted 200 feet (61 m), sustaining fatal injuries.[191]
  • On December 1, 1974, while diverting to Washington Dulles, TWA Flight 514 crashed onto the western slope of Mount Weather.[192] All 85 passengers and seven crew members were killed on impact.
  • Air France Concorde incidents of 1979:
    • On June 14, 1979, the number 5 and 6 tires on an Air France Concorde blew out during takeoff. Shrapnel thrown from the tires and rims damaged number 2 engine, punctured three fuel tanks, severed several hydraulic lines and electrical wires, in addition to tearing a large hole on the top of the wing, over the wheel well area.[193]
    • On July 21, 1979, one month after the above tire incident, another Air France Concorde blew several of its landing gear tires during takeoff. After that second incident the "French director general of civil aviation issued an air worthiness directive and Air France issued a Technical Information Update, each calling for revised procedures. These included required inspection of each wheel/tire for condition, pressure and temperature prior to each take-off. In addition, crews were advised that landing gear should not be raised when a wheel/tire problem is suspected."[193]
  • On November 15, 1979 American Airlines Flight 444 diverted to Dulles Airport instead of its scheduled destination of Washington National Airport due to the detonation of a small bomb. The bomb detonated incompletely in the cargo hold of the aircraft and resulted in 12 passengers being treated for smoke inhalation. It was later determined this was the third bombing perpetrated by Theodore John Kaczynski aka "The Unabomber." Ultimately it was the involvement of the aircraft in his bombing targets that resulted in the FBI becoming involved with the investigation and search for the "Unabomber."[citation needed]
  • On July 20, 1988, a Fairways Corp. de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter stalled and crashed after takeoff. The sole occupant, the pilot, was killed.[194]
  • On June 18, 1994, a Learjet 25 operated by Mexican carrier TAESA crashed in trees while approaching the airport from the south. 12 people died.[195] The passengers were planning to attend the 1994 FIFA World Cup soccer games being staged in Washington, D.C.
  • On September 11, 2001, American Airlines Flight 77 took off from Dulles Airport out of Gate D26 bound for Los Angeles. It was deliberately crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37 am EDT by al-Qaeda terrorists, killing everyone on board. Now, an American flag flies over Gate D26.[196][failed verification]
  • January 19, 2024, Southern Airways Express Flight 246 made a hard emergency landing on the Loudoun County Parkway and struck a guardrail just after takeoff from Dulles International Airport. All 7 people survived without casualties.[197]

Dulles has been a popular filming location, particularly in its early years when it had relatively low traffic levels in relation to its size and its elaborate design.

  • The airport featured extensively in the Airport film franchise - in all but the first film of the series. In particular, both Airport 1975 and Airport '79 contain scenes shot both inside and outside the main terminal building in its pre-extended state. Also shown is the mobile lounge system operating in its original form when the lounges directly docked with aircraft on the apron. Airport '77 contains a night-time view of the terminal with a Boeing 747 taking off in the foreground.
  • Die Hard 2 was set at Dulles, but in fact contains no footage actually shot at the airport.[198]

See also

Notes

References

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