If you're lucky enough to have SQL Server 2012 or higher, you can use dm_exec_describe_first_result_set_for_object
I have just edited the sql provided by gotqn. Thanks gotqn.
This creates a global temp table with name same as procedure name. The temp table can later be used as required. Just don't forget to drop it before re-executing.
declare @procname nvarchar(255) = 'myProcedure',
@sql nvarchar(max)
set @sql = 'create table ##' + @procname + ' ('
begin
select @sql = @sql + '[' + r.name + '] ' + r.system_type_name + ','
from sys.procedures AS p
cross apply sys.dm_exec_describe_first_result_set_for_object(p.object_id, 0) AS r
where p.name = @procname
set @sql = substring(@sql,1,len(@sql)-1) + ')'
execute (@sql)
execute('insert ##' + @procname + ' exec ' + @procname)
end