View source for German cruiser Admiral Hipper

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{{Short description|Lead ship of titular class of heavy cruisers}}
{{Other ships|German ship Hipper}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{| {{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image = File:Bundesarchiv DVM 10 Bild-23-63-24, Schwerer Kreuzer "Admiral Hipper".jpg
|Ship image size=300px
| Ship caption = {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} in 1939
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header =
| Ship country = [[Nazi Germany]]
| Ship flag = {{shipboxflag|Nazi Germany|naval}}
| Ship name = {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}
| Ship namesake = Admiral [[Franz von Hipper]]
| Ship builder = [[Blohm & Voss]], [[Hamburg]]
| Ship laid down = 6 July 1935
| Ship launched = 6 February 1937
| Ship commissioned = 29 April 1939
| Ship fate = Scuttled, 3 May 1945, raised and scrapped in 1948–1952
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header =
| Header caption =
| Ship class = {{sclass|Admiral Hipper|cruiser}}
| Ship displacement| Ship displacement =
* [[Normal displacement|Normal]]: {{cvt|16170|MT|LT|lk=on}}
* [[Full load]]: {{cvt|18200|LT|order=flip}}
| Ship length = {{convert|202.8|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|overall]]
| Ship beam = {{convert| 21.3|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| Ship draft = Full load: {{convert|7.2|m|abbr=on}}
| Ship propulsion =
* 3 × Blohm & Voss [[steam turbine]]s
* 3 × [[propeller]]s
| Ship power =
* {{cvt|132000|shp|MW|lk=on}}
| Ship speed = {{convert|32|kn|lk=in}}
| Ship range =
| Ship complement =
* 42 officers
* 1,340 enlisted
| Ship armament =
* 8 × [[20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun|{{cvt|20.3|cm|0}} guns]]
* 12 × [[10.5 cm FlaK 38|{{cvt|10.5|cm}} SK C/33 guns]]
* 12 × [[3.7 cm SK C/30|{{cvt|3.7|cm}} SK C/30 guns]]
* 8 × [[2 cm FlaK 30|{{cvt|2|cm}} C/30 guns]]
* 12 × {{cvt|53.3|cm|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s
| Ship armor =
* [[Belt armor|Belt]]: {{convert| 70|to|80|mm|abbr=on}}
* [[Deck (ship)|Armor deck]]: {{convert| 20|to|50|mm|abbr=on}}
* [[gun turret|Turret]] faces: {{convert|105|mm|abbr=on}}
| Ship aircraft = 3 Arado Ar 196
| Ship aircraft facilities = 1 [[Aircraft catapult#Interwar and World War II|catapult]]
| Ship notes =
}}
|}

'''{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}''' was the [[lead ship]] of the {{sclass|Admiral Hipper|cruiser|4}} of [[heavy cruiser]]s which served with [[Nazi Germany]]'s {{lang|de|[[Kriegsmarine]]}} during [[World War II]]. The ship was laid down at the [[Blohm & Voss]] shipyard in [[Hamburg]] in July 1935 and launched in February 1937; {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} entered service shortly before the outbreak of war, in April 1939. The ship was named after [[Admiral]] [[Franz von Hipper]], commander of the German [[battlecruiser]] [[Squadron (naval)|squadron]] during the [[Battle of Jutland]] in 1916 and later commander-in-chief of the German [[High Seas Fleet]]. She was armed with a main battery of eight {{cvt|20.3|cm|0}} guns and, although nominally under the {{convert|10000|LT|adj=on|0}} limit set by the [[Anglo-German Naval Agreement]], actually [[ship displacement|displaced]] over {{convert|16000|LT|-1}}.

{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} saw a significant amount of action during the war, notably in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]]. She also led the assault on [[Trondheim]] during [[Operation Weserübung]]; while en route to her objective, she sank the British destroyer {{HMS|Glowworm|H92|6}}. In December 1940, she broke out into the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to operate against Allied merchant shipping. This operation ended without significant success, but in February 1941, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} sortied again, sinking several merchant vessels before eventually returning to [[Germany]] via the [[Denmark Strait]]. The ship was then transferred to northern [[Norway]] to participate in operations against convoys to the [[Soviet Union]], culminating in the [[Battle of the Barents Sea]] on 31 December 1942, in which she sank the destroyer {{HMS|Achates|H12|2}} and the minesweeper {{HMS|Bramble|J11|2}}, but was in turn damaged and forced to withdraw by the light cruisers {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|6}} and {{HMS|Jamaica|44|2}}.

Disappointed by the failure to sink merchant ships in that battle, [[Adolf Hitler]] ordered the majority of the surface warships [[ship breaking|scrapped]], though Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]] was able to persuade Hitler to retain the surface fleet. As a result, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was returned to Germany and decommissioned for repairs. The ship was never restored to operational status, however, and on 3 May 1945, [[Royal Air Force]] bombers severely damaged her while she was in [[Kiel]], Germany. Her crew [[scuttled]] the ship at her [[moorings]], and in July 1945, she was raised and towed to [[Heikendorf|Heikendorfer Bay]]. She was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1948–1952; her bell is currently on display at the [[Laboe Naval Memorial]] near Kiel.

== Design ==
{{main|Admiral Hipper-class cruiser}}

[[File:Admiral Hipper ONI.jpg|thumb|left|Recognition drawing of an {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}-class cruiser]]

The {{sclass|Admiral Hipper|cruiser|4}} of [[heavy cruiser]]s was ordered in the context of German naval rearmament after the [[Nazi Party]] [[machtergreifung|came to power in 1933]] and repudiated the disarmament clauses of the [[Treaty of Versailles]]. In 1935, Germany signed the [[Anglo–German Naval Agreement]] with Great Britain, which provided a legal basis for German naval rearmament; the treaty specified that Germany would be able to build five {{convert|10000|LT|adj=on|0|lk=on}} "[[treaty cruiser]]s".{{sfn|Williamson|pp=4–5}} The {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}s were nominally within the 10,000-ton limit, though they significantly exceeded the figure.{{sfn|Koop & Schmolke|p=9}}

{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was {{convert|202.8|m|ft|sp=us}} [[long overall]] and had a beam of {{convert|21.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a maximum draft of {{convert|7.2|m|ft|abbr=on}}. After the installation of a clipper bow during fitting out, her overall length increased to {{convert|205.9|m|ft|sp=us}}. The ship had a design displacement of {{convert|16170|MT|abbr=on}} and a full load displacement of {{convert|18200|LT|abbr=on}}. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was powered by three sets of geared [[steam turbine]]s, which were supplied with steam by twelve ultra-high pressure oil-fired [[boiler]]s. The ship's top speed was {{convert|32|kn|lk=in}}, at {{convert|132000|shp|lk=in}}.{{sfn|Gröner|p=65}} Her standard complement consisted of 42 officers and 1,340 enlisted men.{{sfn|Gröner|p=66}}

{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s primary armament was eight [[20.3 cm SK C/34 naval gun|{{convert|20.3|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} SK L/60]] guns mounted in four twin [[gun turret]]s, placed in [[superfire|superfiring pairs]] forward and aft.{{efn|name=gun nomenclature}} Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of twelve {{convert|10.5|cm|abbr=on}} L/65 guns, twelve {{convert|3.7|cm|abbr=on}} guns, and eight {{convert|2|cm|abbr=on}} guns. She had four triple {{convert|53.3|cm|abbr=on}} torpedo launchers, all on the main deck next to the four range finders for the anti-aircraft guns.{{sfn|Koop & Schmolke|p=22}}

{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s [[armored belt]] was {{convert|70|to|80|mm|abbr=on}} thick; her upper deck was {{convert|12|to|30|mm|abbr=on}} thick while the main armored deck was {{convert|20|to|50|mm|abbr=on}} thick. The main battery turrets had {{convert|105|mm|abbr=on}} thick faces and 70&nbsp;mm thick sides.{{sfn|Gröner|p=65}} The heaviest armor with {{convert|150|mm|abbr=on}} thickness was applied to the vertical surfaces of the conning tower, while the horizontal surfaces were limited to {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Breyer||p=10}}

The initial design of {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} included an aircraft hangar for one aircraft. During building, the requirements were changed and an aircraft hangar was constructed for two floatplanes that could be stored side by side. The wider aircraft hangar forced the rearrangement of the middle pair of 10.5&nbsp;cm guns from the superstructure deck to the upper deck, which restricted their [[arc of fire]] towards the rear.{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=301}} The ship was equipped with three [[Arado Ar 196]] seaplanes and one [[Aircraft catapult#Interwar and World War II|catapult]].{{sfn|Gröner|p=66}} In 1941 the aircraft hangar was reduced with place for just one Arado and in total only two Arado floatplanes were carried.{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=283}}

== Service history ==
[[File:El crucero alemán Admiral Hipper en el astillero.jpg|thumb|{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} during [[fitting-out]] in 1937]]

{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was ordered by the {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}} from the [[Blohm & Voss]] shipyard in [[Hamburg]].{{sfn|Gröner|p=65}} Her keel was laid on 6 July 1935,{{sfn|Williamson|p=12}} under construction number 501.{{sfn|Gröner|p=65}} The ship was launched on 6 February 1937, and was completed on 29 April 1939, the day she was commissioned into the German fleet.{{sfn|Gröner|p=67}} The Commander-in-Chief of the {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}}, {{lang|de|[[Großadmiral]]}} (Grand Admiral) [[Erich Raeder]], who had been [[Franz von Hipper]]'s chief of staff during [[World War I]], gave the christening speech and his wife Erika Raeder performed the christening.{{sfn|Koop & Schmolke|p=58}}{{sfn|Philbin|p=27}} As built, the ship had a straight [[Stem (ship)|stem]], though after her launch this was replaced with a [[clipper]] bow. A raked funnel cap was also installed.{{sfn|Williamson|pp=10–11}}

{{lang|de|[[Kapitän zur See]]}} (Captain at Sea) [[Hellmuth Heye]] was given command of the ship at her commissioning.{{sfn|Williamson|p=10}} After her commissioning in April 1939, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} steamed into the [[Baltic Sea]] to conduct training maneuvers. The ship also made port calls to various Baltic ports, including cities in [[Estonia]] and [[Sweden]]. In August, the ship conducted live fire drills in the Baltic. At the outbreak of [[World War II]] in September 1939, the ship was still conducting gunnery trials. She was briefly used to patrol the Baltic, but she did not see combat, and was quickly returned to training exercises.{{sfn|Williamson|p=12}} In November 1939, the ship returned to the Blohm & Voss dockyard for modifications; these included the replacement of the straight stem with a clipper bow and the installation of the funnel cap.{{sfn|Williamson|p=11}}

Sea trials in the Baltic resumed in January 1940, but severe ice restrained the ship to port. On 17 February, the Kriegsmarine pronounced the ship fully operational, and on the following day, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} began her first major wartime patrol {{sfn|Williamson|p=13}} during [[Operation Nordmark]]. She joined the [[battleship]]s {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}} and the [[destroyer]]s {{ship|German destroyer|Z20 Karl Galster||2}} and {{ship|German destroyer|Z21 Wilhelm Heidkamp||2}} in a sortie into the North Sea off [[Bergen]], Norway. A third destroyer, {{ship|German destroyer|Z9 Wolfgang Zenker||2}}, was forced to turn back after sustaining damage from ice. The ships operated under the command of Admiral [[Wilhelm Marschall]].{{sfn|Rohwer|p=15}} The ships attempted to locate British merchant shipping, but failed and returned to port on 20 February.{{sfn|Williamson|p=13}}

=== Operation Weserübung ===
{{main|Operation Weserübung}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101II-MW-5607-32, Unternehmen "Weserübung", "Admiral Hipper".jpg|thumb|upright|left|{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} loading mountain troops in [[Cuxhaven]]]]

Following her return from the North Sea sortie, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was assigned to the forces tasked with the invasion of Norway, codenamed Operation Weserübung.{{sfn|Williamson|p=13}} The ship was assigned as the [[flagship]] of Group 2, along with the destroyers {{ship|German destroyer|Z5 Paul Jakobi||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z6 Theodor Riedel||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt||2}}, and {{ship|German destroyer|Z8 Bruno Heinemann||2}}. ''KzS'' Heye was given command of Group 2 during the operation.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=18}} The five ships carried a total of 1,700 [[Wehrmacht]] [[List of German divisions in World War II#Mountain divisions|mountain troops]], whose objective was the port of [[Trondheim]]; the ships loaded the troops in [[Cuxhaven]].{{sfn|Williamson|p=13}}{{sfn|Mann & Jörgensen|p=38}} The ships steamed to the [[Schillig]] [[roadstead]] outside [[Wilhelmshaven]], where they joined Group 1, consisting of ten destroyers, and the battleships {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} under the command of Vice Admiral [[Günther Lütjens]],{{Sfn|Bredemeier||p=38}} which were assigned to cover Groups 1 and 2. The ships steamed out of the roadstead at midnight on the night of 6–7 April 1940.{{sfn|Dildy|p=30}}

Between 14:25 and 14:48 on 7 April, the ships were unsuccessfully attacked West of the [[Skagerrak]] by twelve bombers. By evening the weather had deteriorated and several of the destroyers were unable to maintain the high ( 27 knots ) speed and remained behind the main force. On 8 April at 09:15 one of the trailing destroyers, the {{ship|German destroyer|Z11 Bernd von Arnim||2}}, signaled that it had engaged a British destroyer, and at 09:22 Lütjens ordered the {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} to investigate.{{Sfn|Bredemeier|pp=40-41}}{{sfn|Mann & Jörgensen|p=42}}{{Sfn|Brennecke|pp=45-52}} Upon arriving on the scene, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was initially misidentified by the British destroyer {{HMS|Glowworm|H92|6}} as a friendly vessel, which allowed the German ship to close the distance and fire first. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} rained fire on ''Glowworm'', scoring several hits. ''Glowworm'' attempted to flee, but when it became apparent she could not break away from the pursuing cruiser, she turned toward {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} and fired a spread of torpedoes, all of which missed. The British destroyer scored one hit on {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s starboard bow before a rudder malfunction set the ship on a collision course with the German cruiser.{{sfn|Williamson|p=14}} The collision with ''Glowworm'' tore off a {{convert|40|m|adj=on|sp=us}} section of {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s armored belt on the starboard side, as well as the ship's starboard torpedo launcher.{{sfn|Dildy|p=33}} Minor flooding caused a four degree list to starboard, though the ship was able to continue with the mission.{{sfn|Mann & Jörgensen|p=42}} ''Glowworm''{{'}}s boilers exploded shortly after the collision, causing her to sink quickly. Forty survivors were picked up by the German ship.{{sfn|Williamson|p=13}} At 11:14 {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} broke off the rescue operation{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=62}} and set course toward Trondheim{{sfn|Williamson|p=14}} with her four destroyers, whilst Group 1 set course for Narvik. {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} took a position South of the [[Lofoten]] in the [[Vestfjorden]] to cover both landings.{{Sfn|Brennecke|p=63}} The British destroyer had survived long enough to send a wireless message to [[Royal Navy]] headquarters, which allowed the battlecruiser {{HMS|Renown|1916|2}} time to move into position to engage {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}}, though the German battleships used their superior speed to break off contact.{{sfn|Mann & Jörgensen|pp=42–43}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-757-0038N-11A, Norwegen, Schwerer Kreuzer.jpg|thumb|upright|right|{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} landing troops in Trondheim]]

Group 2 was sighted at 14:50 by a [[Short Sunderland]], and signal intelligence indicated enemy ships were operating nearby. In order to clarify the situation, at 17:50 {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} launched an Arado seaplane in the direction of Trondheim. The Arado reported no activity in the approaches to Trondheim and then made an emergency landing in [[Eide]], since the weather was too bad to land at {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} in open sea.{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=68}} After trying to purchase fuel from locals, the aircrew were detained and handed over to the police. The [[Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service]] captured the Arado, which was painted in Norwegian colors and used by the Norwegians until 18 April when it was evacuated to Britain.{{sfn|Sivertsen|pp=105, 115–122}}

When steaming at maximum speed through the long and narrow [[Trondheim Fjord]] towards Trondheim, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} successfully passed herself off as a British warship long enough to get past the Norwegian coastal artillery batteries. After the ships forced the most narrow part of the fjord between 04:04 and 04:14, one Norwegian battery belatedly opened fire but to no effect. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} responded with two salvoes from the rear turrets. The two remaining Arado seaplanes were flown off to scout and check for suitable places for airplane and seaplane bases. One of the airplanes also attacked a coastal battery with bombs. The cruiser entered the harbor and anchored at 05:25 to debark the mountain troops.{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=65-74}} A German tanker which was scheduled to refuel Group 2 at Trondheim failed to show up, and the ships had to remain in harbor because of fuel shortage. On 10 April an Arado seaplane from {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} brought orders from Lütjens to attempt a breakout and return to Germany together with the two battleships on the following night. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} left Trondheim at 21:30, escorted by {{lang|de|Friedrich Eckoldt}}. The two ships first steamed Northwest to clear the Norwegian coast. On 11 April, at 02:50, {{lang|de|Friedrich Eckoldt}} returned to Trondheim due to bad weather and lack of fuel. This same bad weather allowed {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} to take a short, direct route to Germany. The ship joined {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} at 08:00 on 12 April, and they reached Wilhelmshaven at 22:00, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} with only 125 out of 3005 [[cubic meter]]s of fuel remaining.{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=75-91}}{{Sfn|Bredemeier||pp=58-62}} {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} went into drydock where it was discovered the ship had been damaged more severely by the collision with ''Glowworm'' than had previously been thought. Nevertheless, repairs were completed in the span of two weeks.{{sfn|Williamson|p=14}}

=== Operation Juno ===
{{Main|Operation Juno}}

Marschall organized a mission to seize [[Harstad]] in Northern Norway in early June 1940; {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}, the battleships {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}}, and the four destroyers {{ship|German destroyer|Z7 Hermann Schoemann||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z10 Hans Lody||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z15 Erich Steinbrinck||2}} and {{lang|de|Z20 Karl Galster}} were tasked with the operation.{{sfn|Williamson|p=14}} The ships departed from Kiel on 4 June. Three days later, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} and the four destroyers refueled from the supply ship {{lang|de|[[German ship Dithmarschen|Dithmarschen]]}}.{{Sfn|Brennecke|p=94}} The plan was to attack the British base at Harstadt in the morning of 9 June, but shortly after midnight of 8 June the plan was changed: a reconnaissance plane reported no ships in Harstadt and since the German ships also detected highly increased convoy radio transmissions, Marschall deduced that the British were evacuating Harstadt. Instead of raiding Harstadt, Marschall decided to operate against the evacuation convoy.{{Sfn|Brennecke|p=97}} While in search of the convoy, the German force first encountered the tanker ''Oil Pioneer'' at 06:45 on 8 June, which was escorted by the trawler [[HMT Juniper|HMT ''Juniper'']]. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} sank ''Juniper'' with gunfire and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} sank ''Oil Pioneer''. At 10:52, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} encountered and sank the empty troopship ''Orama.''{{Sfn|Rohwer|pp=22, 26}}{{Sfn|Brennecke|p=100}} Despite launching their Ar 196 reconnaissance planes, the German ships failed to find the convoy, and at 13:00, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} and the four destroyers returned to Trondheim to cover and protect the German forces there, whilst the battleships refueled from {{lang|de|Dithmarschen}} and continued the operation.{{sfn|Williamson|p=13}}{{Sfn|Brennecke|pp=103–104}} Towards the evening {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} found a British force consisting of the British [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Glorious||6}} and two escorting destroyers, {{HMS|Ardent|H41|2}} and {{HMS|Acasta|H09|2}}. All three British ships were sunk but {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} was heavily damaged by a torpedo hit and both German battleships returned to Trondheim on 9 June as well.{{Sfn|Bredemeier||pp=68-80}}

[[File:HMS Ark Royal planes.jpg|thumb|six Blackburn Skuas from 800 Naval Air Squadron lined up on the deck of ''Ark Royal'']]

On 10 June, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} left Trondheim with the four destroyers in a second attempt to attack evacuating convoys but they returned to Trondheim the next day, having failed to locate any British vessels.{{Sfn|Brennecke|p=105}}{{Sfn|Rohwer|p=27|}} On 13 June, fifteen [[Blackburn Skua]]s from [[800 Naval Air Squadron]] and [[803 Naval Air Squadron]] took off from the British aircraft carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}} to attack the German ships at Trondheim. The bombers hit {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} with a dud bomb and lost eight of their number to fighters and anti-aircraft guns.{{Sfn|Rohwer|p=27|}} The anti-aircraft gunners of {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} shot down one of the attacking British bombers.{{sfn|Williamson|p=13}} In order to cover the return of the damaged {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} to Germany, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} left Trondheim on 20 June for a raid towards the Iceland-Faeroes passage, but {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} was torpedoed and damaged by the submarine {{HMS|Clyde|N12|2}} and both ships returned to Trondheim the same day{{Sfn|Rohwer||p=29}}{{Sfn|Breyer||p=26}}

On 25 July, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} steamed out on a commerce raiding patrol in the area between [[Spitzbergen]] and [[Tromsø]]; the cruise lasted until 9 August.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=34}} The Arado seaplanes could find a few ships, but these were all neutrals. No British ships were found. On 31 July one of the Arados was lost in an accident. The next day, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} encountered the Finnish freighter ''Ester Thorden'', which was found to be carrying {{convert|1.75|MT|abbr=on}} of gold. The ship was seized and sent to occupied Norway with a prize crew.{{sfn|Williamson|p=15}} On 5 August {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} received orders to return immediately to Germany. The cruiser first replenished from {{lang|de|Dithmarschen}} before heading for the Norwegian coast. On 10 August {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} arrived in Wilhelmshaven.{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=110-115}}

=== Operation Nordseetour ===
{{Main|Operation Nordseetour}}

The overhaul in Wilhelmshaven was completed on 9 September and with a new commanding officer, [[Wilhelm Meisel]], the cruiser made ready to participate in [[Operation Sea Lion]], the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s role would have been a diversionary foray into the North Sea, [[Operation Herbstreise]] or "Autumn Journey", with the aim of luring the British Home Fleet away from the intended invasion routes in the English Channel. Following the postponement of that operation, on 24 September the ship left Wilhelmshaven on a mission to break out into the Atlantic Ocean to raid merchant traffic.{{sfn|Koop & Schmolke|p=46}} The engine oil feed system caught fire and was severely damaged. The fire forced the crew to shut down the ship's propulsion system until the blaze could be brought under control; this rendered {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} motionless for several hours on the open sea. British reconnaissance failed to locate the ship, and after the fire was extinguished, she returned to Hamburg's Blohm & Voss shipyard, where repairs lasted slightly over a week.{{sfn|Williamson|p=15}}

[[File:Admiral Hipper cruiser in dry dock at Brest 1941.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} in dry dock in [[Brest, France|Brest]], photographed by a [[No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit RAF|PRU]] [[Spitfire]] in 1941]]

The ship made a second attempt to break out into the Atlantic, designated [[Operation Nordseetour]]. On 30 November {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}, escorted by five [[torpedo boat]]s, left Germany for Bergen in Norway, where she refueled from the tanker {{Lang|de|Wollin}} on 1 December. The German cruiser then proceeded towards a position South of [[Jan Mayen]], where she refueled several times from the tanker {{Lang|de|Adria}} whilst waiting for convenient bad weather to break through the [[Denmark Strait]] into the North Atlantic. During a gale on the night of 6 December, she navigated the Denmark Strait undetected.{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=126-128}} After a refueling by the tanker ''[[Friedrich Breme]]'' on 12 December, Meisel started searching for the convoy HX 94, which according to {{lang|de|[[B-Dienst]]}} intelligence was nearby. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} encountered a few independent sailing vessels but as his orders were to attack only convoys, Meisel did not attack and remained undetected. In deteriorating weather, the convoy was not found. Between refueling twice from the {{lang|de|Friedrich Breme}} on 16 and 20 December, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} searched for the convoys SC 15 and HX 95 but again nothing was found because of bad weather. Finally Meisel decided to leave the North Atlantic convoy lanes and operate on the shipping lanes between the United Kingdom and [[West Africa]], where the B-Dienst had reported the convoys SL 58 and SLS 58. An Arado floatplane was launched to search for the convoys, but the plane went missing and nothing was found. On 23 December the {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} operated between the [[Azores]] and Spain.{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=128-139}}{{Sfn|Bekker||p=198}}

At dusk on 24 December, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}, using her [[Seetakt|DeTe]] radar, detected Convoy WS 5A{{sfn|Williamson|p=15}} some {{convert|700|nmi|lk=in}} west of [[Cape Finisterre]].{{sfn|Rohwer|p=53}} She shadowed the convoy during the night with her radar with the intention of attacking at dawn. During the night a large escort was visually detected and unsuccessfully attacked with three torpedoes.{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=141}} Convoy WS 5A was not a regular merchant convoy, but rather a heavily guarded troopship convoy consisting of twenty ships. Five of the twenty ships were allocated to [[Operation Excess]]. The convoy was protected by a powerful escort composed of the heavy cruiser {{HMS|Berwick|65|2}} and the light cruisers {{HMS|Bonaventure|31|2}} and {{HMS|Dunedin||2}}. The aircraft carriers {{HMS|Furious|47|2}} and {{HMS|Argus|I49|2}} were part of the convoy, but not operational as they were transferring crated aircraft.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=53}} When {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} attacked in the morning,{{sfn|Williamson|p=15}} she was surprised to make contact with ''Berwick''. A torpedo attack on ''Berwick'' failed,{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=142-143}} but with her main guns she badly damaged the {{GRT|13994}} transport [[List of Empire ships (Th–Ty)#Empire Trooper|''Empire Trooper'']],{{sfn|Rohwer|p=53}} and lightly damaged the freighter ''Arabistan'', before spotting other ships steaming toward her. Believing these ships to be destroyers preparing for a torpedo attack, she quickly withdrew, using her main guns to keep the escorts at bay.{{sfn|Williamson|p=15}} Ten minutes later, ''Berwick'' reappeared off {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s port bow;{{sfn|Williamson|p=15}} the German cruiser fired several salvos from her rear turrets{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=145}} and scored hits on the British cruiser's rear turrets, waterline, and forward [[superstructure]]. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} then disengaged, to prevent the 'British destroyers' from closing to launch a torpedo attack.{{sfn|Williamson|p=15}}

By this time ''Admiral Hipper'' was running low on fuel, and so she put into [[Brest, France|Brest]] in [[occupied France]] on 27 December,{{sfn|Williamson|p=15}} escorted by the torpedo boat {{Ship|German torpedo boat|Jaguar|4=2}}.{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=149}} While en route, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} encountered and sank the independent sailing 6,078&nbsp;GRT passenger ship {{SS|Jumna||2}} on 25 December.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=53}} Another round of routine maintenance work was effected while the ship was in Brest, readying her for another sortie into the Atlantic shipping lanes.{{sfn|Williamson|p=16}}{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=138-147}} On 4 January {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was detected by British air reconnaissance in Brest. The same night a major air raid was mounted with 53 [[Vickers Wellington]], [[Armstrong Whitworth Whitley]] and [[Handley Page Hampden]] bombers, but due to cloud cover and heavy [[Flak]] these were unsuccessful.{{Sfn|Rohwer||p=54}}{{Sfn|Middlebrook & Everitt||p=115}} On the night of 10 January there was a smaller attack with twelve Whitleys, followed two nights later by an attack with 26 Wellingtons and Hampdens, but none of these caused any serious damage. The British failed to detect the departure of {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} from Brest on 1 February and continued the attacks. On 4 February a Wellington wrongly claimed a hit on a cruiser in Brest.{{Sfn|Middlebrook & Everitt||pp=116-120}}
[[File:MS Borgestad last moments.jpg|thumb|''Admiral Hipper'' firing at {{MS|Borgestad||2}} belonging to convoy SLS-64]]

=== Second Atlantic operation ===
{{see also|Battle of the Atlantic}}The {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}} had initially sought to send the battleships {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} to operate in concert with {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}, but {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} suffered storm damage in December that prevented the participation of the two ships.{{sfn|Williamson|p=16}} Repairs were effected quickly, however, and the two battleships embarked upon a second attempt at the end of January.{{sfn|Garzke & Dulin|p=140}} On 1 February 1941, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} embarked on her second Atlantic sortie,{{sfn|Rohwer|p=57}} with orders to operate on the convoy lanes between the United Kingdom and West-Africa. The ship was allowed to operate against both lightly escorted convoys and independent sailing vessels, with the hope that her appearance in these waters would draw away British forces guarding the Denmark Strait, thus making it easier for {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}} to [[Operation Berlin (Atlantic)|break out into the Atlantic]].{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=160-164}} Between 4 and 10 February {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} patrolled off the Azores but no ships were found. She was refueled several times by the tanker {{Ship|German tanker|Spichern|4=2}}.{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=164}}{{sfn|Williamson|p=16}} Upon learning that the British [[Force H]] had sortied from Gibraltar deep into the Mediterranean to [[Operation Grog|bombard]] [[La Spezia Naval Base|La Spezia]], Meisel understood that the convoys between the UK, Gibraltar and West Africa were left uncovered with heavy units and he decided to operate closer to Gibraltar,{{sfn|Brennecke|p=168}} where [[U-boat]] and [[Luftwaffe]] units had attacked [[convoy HG 53]].{{Sfn|Bekker||p=202}} On 11 February, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} encountered and sank the straggling 1,236&nbsp;GRT English ship ''Iceland.''{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=168-170}}{{sfn|Rohwer|p=58}}

That evening around midnight, ''Admiral Hipper's'' radar picked up the unescorted convoy SLS 64, which contained nineteen merchant ships. The following morning, posing as a British cruiser, she approached the convoy to close distance before opening fire at 06:19. The surprised ships dispersed at once. At the start of the fight Meisel remained three to five km distant from the ships, but once ammunition began running low he gave the order to close in, in order to fire more accurately. After ships were hit with cannon fire and stopped, they were finished off with torpedoes. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} fired all of her twelve torpedoes and claimed all torpedoes had hit.{{sfn|Brennecke|p=176}} At 07:18 only six ships were still in sight, of which only two were steaming. Meisel decided to break off the fight and depart before British forces closed in.{{sfn|Rohwer|pp=58–59}}{{sfn|Brennecke||pp=171-178}} The British reported only seven ships lost, totaling 32,806&nbsp;GRT along with damage to two more.{{sfn|Williamson|p=16}}{{sfn|Rohwer|p=59}}{{Efn|The English ships ''Warlaby'' (4,876&nbsp;GRT), ''Westbury'' (4,712&nbsp;GRT), ''Oswestry Grange'' (4,684&nbsp;GRT), ''Shrewsbury'' (4,542&nbsp;GRT), ''Derrynane'' (4896&nbsp;GRT), the Greek ship ''Perseus'' (5,172&nbsp;GRT) and the Norwegian ship ''Borgestad'' ( 3,924&nbsp;GRT) were sunk. The English ship ''Lornaston'' (4934&nbsp;GRT) and the Greek ship ''Kaliiopi'' (4,965&nbsp;GRT) were heavily damaged.{{sfn|Brennecke|p=179}}}} The Germans claimed {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} had sunk thirteen of the nineteen freighters totalling 79,000 GRT,{{sfn|Brennecke||p=179}} while some survivors reported fourteen ships of the convoy had been sunk.{{sfn|Williamson|p=16}}[[File:Hidroavión del crucero alemán Admiral Hipper.jpg|thumb|One of {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s three [[Arado Ar 196]] seaplanes being launched in 1942|left]]Following the attack on convoy SLS 64, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s fuel stocks were running low. Meisel feared that approaching British forces would cut him off from tankers waiting in the Azores{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=180}} and therefore returned to Brest on 15 February. Since the bigger dry docks had to be kept free for the eventual return of {{lang|de|Scharnhorst}} and {{lang|de|Gneisenau}}, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was docked in a smaller one, and while moving into it, damaged her starboard screw on uncharted wreckage. A spare screw had to be transported from Kiel, causing additional delay.{{Sfn|Brennecke|p=182}} Meanwhile, British bombers were regularly attacking the port, and the {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}} therefore decided that {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} should return to Germany, where she could be better protected.{{sfn|Williamson|p=16}} On 15 March, the ship slipped out of Brest, unobserved, and steered to a rendezvous point South of Greenland with the tanker {{lang|de|Thorn}}. The refueling was delayed to 21 March because of bad weather. Since the heavy cruiser {{ship|German cruiser|Admiral Scheer||2}} was also returning from a raid to Germany around the same time, there was concern that the two ships might hinder each other, so {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was given orders to make the breakthrough via the Denmark Strait before 28 March.{{Sfn|Brennecke|p=187}} She managed to do so on 24 March.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=64}} and two days later stopped to refuel in Bergen.{{sfn|Williamson|p=16}}{{Sfn|Brennecke|p=192}} By 28 March, the cruiser was docked in Kiel, having made the entire journey without being detected by the British.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=64}}

Upon arrival, the ship went into the {{lang|de|[[Deutsche Werke]]}} shipyard for an extensive overhaul, which lasted seven months. Raeder intended to continue to send the {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} on North Atlantic raids, and as her operations so far had been dominated by the constant need to refuel, it was decided to increase her fuel capacity from 3050 to 3700 cubic meters.{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=192-193}}{{Sfn|Bredemeier||p=13}} The aircraft hangar was also adapted at this time; the large hangar for two floatplanes with folding wings had proven difficult to handle in operations, and was replaced by a smaller hangar for just one floatplane, the spare room being taken up by refueling gear and extra food storage.{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=301}} After completion of the refit, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} conducted sea trials in the Baltic before putting into Gotenhafen on 21 December for some minor work. In January 1942, the ship had her steam turbines overhauled at the Blohm & Voss shipyard; a [[degaussing]] coil was fitted to the ship's hull during this overhaul. By March, the ship was again fully operational.{{sfn|Williamson|pp=16–17}} By then, however, the strategic situation had altered completely: due to British air reconnaissance and developments in radar it was no longer viable to execute raids in the North Atlantic. Instead the German surface fleet concentrated in Norway as a deterrent against an Allied invasion and to attack [[Arctic convoys]] to Russia.{{Sfn|Kemp||p=36}}

=== Deployment to Norway ===
[[File:NH 71382 (22279942035).jpg|thumb|The convoy PQ-17, target for Operation Rösselsprung.]]
On 19 March 1942, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} steamed to Trondheim, escorted by the destroyers {{ship|German destroyer|Z24||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z26||2}}, and {{ship|German destroyer|Z30||2}} and the torpedo boats {{ship|German torpedo boat|T15||2}}, {{ship|German torpedo boat|T16||2}}, and {{ship|German torpedo boat|T17||2}}. Several British submarines were patrolling the area, but failed to intercept the German flotilla. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} and her escorts reached their destination on 21 March.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=152}} There, they joined the heavy cruisers {{lang|de|Admiral Scheer}} and {{ship|German cruiser|Prinz Eugen||2}}, though the latter had been torpedoed by the British submarine {{HMS|Trident|N52|2}} on 23 February{{Sfn|Rohwer||p=146}} and returned to Germany for repairs on 16 May.{{sfn|Williamson|p=17}} At the same time the heavy cruiser {{ship|German cruiser|Lützow|1940|2}} transferred from Germany to Norway.{{Sfn|Rohwer||p=166}} In begin March, the battleship {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz||2}} had been operating against the Arctic [[convoy PQ 12]] during [[Operation Sportpalast]] and had depleted the already very low German fuel stocks. As a result, operations above destroyer level were impossible and the {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} remained in port for the next months.{{Sfn|Kemp||p=39}}{{Sfn|Bekker||p=253-254}}

In July fuel stocks were sufficient to allow operations again and the Germans intended to attack the next [[convoy PQ 17]] with the complete surface fleet in [[Operation Rösselsprung (1942)|Operation Rösselsprung]].{{Sfn|Kemp||p=65}} On 1 July the convoy was located by the [[B-Dienst]] and detected by U-boats. The next day, the first stage of Operation Rösselsprung was set in motion when German forces concentrated in [[Altafjord]] from where they could sortie against the convoy.{{Sfn|Rohwer||p=175}} On 2 July, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}, {{lang|de|Tirpitz}}, the destroyers {{lang|de|Z6 Theodor Riedel}}, {{lang|de|Z10 Hans Lody}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z14 Friedrich Ihn||2}} and {{lang|de|Z20 Karl Galster}}, and the torpedo boats {{ship|German torpedo boat|T7||2}} and ''T15'' left Trondheim for Altafjord, followed on 3 July by the cruisers {{lang|de|Lützow}} and {{lang|de|Admiral Scheer}} and the destroyers ''Z24'', {{ship|German destroyer|Z27||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z28||2}}, {{ship|German destroyer|Z29||2}}, ''Z30'' and {{ship|German destroyer|Z4 Richard Beitzen||2}} coming from [[Narvik]]{{sfn|Garzke & Dulin|pp=253–255}}{{Sfn|Rohwer||p=175}}{{sfn|Williamson|p=17}} in order to avoid British reconnaissance, the German fleet did not steer into open waters but remained close to the coast. In fog {{lang|de|Lützow}} ran aground in the narrow [[Tjeldsundet]], and the destroyers {{lang|de|Z6 Theodor Riedel}}, {{lang|de|Z10 Hans Lody}} and {{lang|de|Z20 Karl Galster}} struck uncharted rocks at Grimsöy in Vestfjorden and all these ships fell out for the operation.{{Sfn|Bekker||p=263}} The destroyers {{lang|de|Z15 Erich Steinbrinck}} and {{lang|de|Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt}} arrived also on 3 July in Altafjord.{{Sfn|Rohwer||p=175}}

Escorting the convoy were the battleships {{HMS|Duke of York|17|6}} and {{USS|Washington|BB-56|6}} and the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Victorious|R38|6}}.{{sfn|Garzke & Dulin|p=253}} Since aircraft from the ''Victorious'' had nearly torpedoed {{lang|de|Tirpitz}} during Operation Sportpalast, Hitler explicitly forbade to launch the next stage of operation Rösselsprung, the actual attack on the convoy, as long as the aircraft carrier was not disabled by the Luftwaffe.{{Sfn|Kemp||p=66}} Swedish intelligence had meanwhile reported the German departures to the [[British Admiralty]], which ordered the convoy to disperse in the evening of 4 July. In the morning of 5 July the Germans became aware that the escorts were withdrawing and the merchants were continuing independently. The second stage of Operation Rösselsprung was initiated at 11:37 and {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} left Altafjord together with the German fleet. During the evening it became clear that they had been detected and reported by the British submarine {{HMS|Unshaken|3=6}} and a [[Consolidated PBY Catalina]] from [[No. 201 Squadron RAF]], although an attack by the [[Soviet submarine K-21]] went unnoticed.{{Sfn|Kemp||p=87}} The Germans aborted the operation and left the merchants over to the U-boats and the Luftwaffe, which sank 21 of the 34 fleeing transports.{{Sfn|Kemp||pp=82-86}}{{sfn|Garzke & Dulin|p=255}}{{Sfn|Rohwer||pp=175-176}}[[File:German cruiser Admiral Hipper off Norway 1942.jpg|thumb|{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} in Norwegian waters, circa 1942]]

Due to commitments in the Mediterranean with [[Operation Pedestal]], the Royal Navy was not able to provide sufficient escorts for the next Arctic convoy and the sailing of [[convoy PQ-18]] was delayed until September. The convoy was located on 8 September and on 10 September the Germans set [[Operation Doppelschlag]] in motion: all available surface units were ordered to the [[Altafjord]] from where they would launch their attack against the convoy. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} left Narvik together with the {{lang|de|Admiral Scheer}}, the light cruiser {{ship|German cruiser|Köln||2}} and the destroyers {{ship|German destroyer|Z23||2}} and ''Z27'', and arrived on 11 September in the Altafjord.{{Sfn|Rohwer||p=195}} {{lang|de|Tirpitz}} and {{lang|de|Lützow}} were under repair and remained in Narvik. On their way, the ships were first detected by the British submarine {{HMS|Tribune|N76|2}}. and then unsuccessfully attacked by the British submarine {{HMS|Tigris|N63|2}}.{{sfn|Williamson|p=16}} The Norwegian submarine {{HNoMS|Uredd|P41|6}} and the British submarine {{HMS|Unshaken|3=2}} sighted the German fleet but were unable to attack. The destroyers {{lang|de|Z4 Richard Beitzen}}, {{lang|de|Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt}}, ''Z29'' and ''Z30'' also arrived in Altafjord on 11 September,{{Sfn|Rohwer||p=195}} but then the operation was once more cancelled because Hitler did not want to risk losses to the surface fleet.{{Sfn|Kemp||pp=102-103}}

In [[Operation Zarin]], the cruiser laid a minefield on 24–28 September off the north-west coast of [[Novaya Zemlya]], escorted by the destroyers ''Z23'', ''Z28'', ''Z29'', and ''Z30'' {{sfn|Rohwer|p=197}} The goal of the operation was to funnel merchant traffic further south, closer to the reach of German naval units in Norway. After her return to port, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was transferred to Bogen Bay near Narvik for repairs to her propulsion system.{{sfn|Williamson|p=16}}

On 28–29 October, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} and the destroyers {{lang|de|Friedrich Eckoldt}} and {{lang|de|Richard Beitzen}} were transferred further north from Narvik to the Altafjord.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=206}} Because the Allies could not provide sufficient escorts for the next Arctic convoy PQ-19, they decided to cancel the convoy and instead on 29 October thirteen freighters sailed independently from Iceland to the USSR. From the USSR 23 empty ships also tried to return independently to Iceland. Against this traffic the Germans started [[Operation Hoffnung]] on 5 November: {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} and the 5th Destroyer Flotilla, composed of ''Z27'', ''Z30'', {{lang|de|Z4 Richard Beitzen}}, and {{lang|de|Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt}}, patrolled for Allied shipping in the Arctic. {{lang|de|[[Vizeadmiral]]}} [[Oskar Kummetz]] commanded the squadron from {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}. On 7 November, the cruiser's Arado floatplane located the 7,925&nbsp;GRT Soviet tanker {{lang|ru|Donbass}} and its escort, the auxiliary warship ''BO-78''. Kummetz dispatched the destroyer ''Z27'' to sink the two Soviet ships.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=207}} On 9 November the ships are back in the [[Kåfjorden (Alta)|Kaafjord]].{{Sfn|Brennecke||p=223}}

==== Battle of the Barents Sea ====
{{main|Battle of the Barents Sea}}

In December 1942, convoy traffic to the Soviet Union resumed. Raeder ordered a plan, [[Operation Regenbogen (Arctic)|Operation Regenbogen]], to use the available surface units in Norway to launch an attack on the convoys. The first convoy of the month, [[Convoy JW 51A|JW 51A]], passed to the Soviet Union without incident. However, the second, [[convoy JW 51B]], was spotted by the submarine {{GS|U-354||2}} south of [[Bear Island (Norway)|Bear Island]]. Raeder ordered the forces assigned to Operation Regenbogen into action.{{sfn|Miller|p=331}} {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}, again served as Kummetz's flagship; the squadron comprised {{lang|de|Lützow}} and the destroyers {{lang|de|Friederich Eckoldt}}, {{lang|de|Richard Beitzen}}, {{lang|de|Theodor Riedel}}, ''Z29'', ''Z30'', and {{ship|German destroyer|Z31||2}}.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=221}} The force left Altafjord at 18:00 on 30 December, under orders to avoid confrontation with even an equal opponent.{{sfn|Miller|p=332}}

Kummetz's plan was to divide his force in half; he would take {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} and three destroyers north of the convoy to attack it and draw away the escorts. {{lang|de|Lützow}} and the remaining three destroyers would then attack the undefended convoy from the south. At 09:15 on the 31st, the British destroyer {{HMS|Obdurate|G39|2}} spotted the three destroyers screening for {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}; the Germans opened fire first. Four of the other five destroyers escorting the convoy rushed to join the fight, while {{HMS|Achates|H12|2}} laid a smoke screen to cover the convoy. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} fired several salvos at ''Achates'', raining shell splinters on the destroyer that severed steam lines and reduced her speed to {{convert|15|kn}}. Kummetz then turned back north to draw the destroyers away. Captain [[Robert Sherbrooke]], the British escort commander, left two destroyers to cover the convoy while he took the remaining four to pursue {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}.{{sfn|Miller|p=332}}

[[File:A Warship Which Took Part in the Action Off the North Cape on 31 December 1942. HMS Sheffield, at Greenock, 10 January 1943. A13970.jpg|thumb|The light cruiser ''Sheffield'' after the battle of the Barents Sea]]

Rear Admiral [[Robert Burnett]]'s Force R, centered on the cruisers {{HMS|Sheffield|C24|2}} and {{HMS|Jamaica|44|2}}, standing by in distant support of the Allied convoy,{{sfn|Miller|p=331}} raced to the scene. The cruisers engaged {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}, which had been firing to port at the destroyer {{HMS|Obedient|G48|2}}. Burnett's ships approached from {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s starboard side and achieved complete surprise.{{sfn|Pope|pp=214–215}} In the initial series of salvos from the British cruisers, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was hit three times.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=221}} One of the hits damaged the ship's propulsion system; the No. 3 boiler filled with a mix of oil and water, which forced the crew to turn off the starboard turbine engine. This reduced her speed to {{convert|23|kn}}. The other two hits started a fire in her aircraft hangar. She fired a single salvo at the cruisers before turning toward them, her escorting destroyers screening her with smoke.{{sfn|Pope|p=215}} After emerging from the smoke screen, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was again engaged by Burnett's cruisers. Owing to the uncertainty over the condition of his flagship and the ferocity of the British defense, Kummetz issued the following order at 10:37: "Break off action and retire to the west."{{sfn|Pope|p=219}} Mistakenly identifying ''Sheffield'' as {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}, the destroyer {{lang|de|Friederich Eckoldt}} approached too closely and was sunk.{{sfn|Murfett|p=496}} Meanwhile, {{lang|de|Lützow}} closed to within {{convert|3|nmi|abbr=on}} of the convoy, but due to poor visibility, she held her fire. She then received Kummetz's order, and turned west to rendezvous with {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}. {{lang|de|Lützow}} inadvertently came alongside ''Sheffield'' and ''Jamaica'', and after identifying them as hostile, engaged them. The British cruisers turned toward {{lang|de|Lützow}} and came under fire from both German cruisers. {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s firing was more accurate and quickly straddled ''Sheffield'', though the British cruiser escaped unscathed. Burnett quickly decided to withdraw in the face of superior German firepower; his ships were armed with {{convert|6|in|abbr=on}} guns, while {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} and {{lang|de|Lützow}} carried {{convert|20.3|cm|abbr=on}} and {{convert|28|cm|abbr=on}} guns, respectively.{{sfn|Pope|pp=228–229}}

Based on the order issued at the outset of the operation to avoid action with a force equal in strength to his own, poor visibility, and the damage to his flagship, Kummetz decided to abort the attack. In the course of the battle, the British destroyer ''Achates'' was sunk by the damage inflicted by {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}. The Germans also sank the [[minesweeper]] {{HMS|Bramble|J11|2}} and damaged the destroyers {{HMS|Onslow|G17|2}}, ''Obedient'', and ''Obdurate''. In return, the British sank {{lang|de|Friederich Eckoldt}} and damaged {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}, and forced the Germans to abandon the attack on the convoy.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=221}} In the aftermath of the failed operation, a furious Hitler proclaimed that the {{lang|de|Kriegsmarine}}'s surface forces would be paid off and dismantled, and their guns used to reinforce the fortifications of the [[Atlantic Wall]]. Admiral [[Karl Dönitz]], Raeder's successor, persuaded Hitler to retain the surface fleet, however.{{sfn|Mann & Jörgensen|pp=139–141}} After returning to Altafjord, emergency repairs to {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} were effected, which allowed her to return to Bogen Bay on 23 January 1943.{{sfn|Williamson|p=20}} That day, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}, {{lang|de|Köln}}, and the destroyer {{lang|de|Richard Beitzen}} left the Altafjord to return to Germany. The three ships stopped in Narvik on 25 January, and in Trondheim from 30 January to 2 February.{{sfn|Rohwer|p=227}} After resuming the voyage south, the ships searched for Norwegian blockade runners in the Skagerrak on 6 February before putting into port at Kiel on 8 February.{{sfn|Rohwer|pp=227–228}} On 28 February, the ship was decommissioned in accordance with Hitler's decree.{{sfn|Williamson|p=20}}

=== Fate ===
[[File:Admiral Hipper cruiser in dry dock Kiel 1945.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} in dry dock at [[Kiel]] on 19 May 1945, after [[VE Day]]; both camouflage netting and bomb damage can be seen]]

{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} received only basic repairs so that in April the ship could be towed to [[Pillau]] in the Baltic, to put her out of the reach of Allied bombers. On 1 March 1944 the {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was recommissioned in her damaged state as a training ship for [[cadet]]s in [[Gotenhafen]]. During the next five months {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} executed gunnery and sea training in the Baltic. In September she was reported conditionally operational and on 27 October the cadets graduated. In November there were plans drafted to use her for [[Naval gunfire support|shore bombardments]], but as the Soviet army pushed the Germans back on the Eastern Front, her crew was drafted into construction work on the defenses of the city, further impairing {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}}{{'}}s ability to enter active service. The [[Royal Air Force]] also laid an extensive minefield around the port, which forced the ship to remain in the harbor.{{sfn|Williamson|p=20}}{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=265-268}}{{Sfn|Breyer||p=29}}

By the end of 1944, the ship was due for another overhaul; work was to have lasted for three months. The Soviet Army had advanced so far, however, that it was necessary to move the ship farther away from the front, despite the fact that she had only one working turbine.{{sfn|Williamson|p=21}} On 29 January 1945, the ship left Gotenhafen with 1,377 refugees embarked,{{sfn|Williamson|p=21}}{{sfn|Hastings|p=287}} escorted by the torpedo boat {{ship|German torpedo boat|T36||2}}. On the evening of the 30th, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} received a distress call from the sinking transport {{lang|de|[[MV Wilhelm Gustloff|Wilhelm Gustloff]]}}, which was also carrying refugees. The cruiser did not stop to pick up survivors due to the threat of the submarine that sank {{lang|de|Wilhelm Gustloff}}; it would instead become one of the worst maritime disasters in history.{{sfn|Hastings|p=286–287}}

{{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} arrived in Kiel on 2 February and entered the {{lang|de|[[Germaniawerft]]}} shipyard for refitting. On 3 April, RAF bombers attacked the harbor and hit the {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} with one bomb which failed to penetrate the armor deck but caused six deaths amongst the crew. In the night of 9 April the RAF attacked the port with 591 heavy bombers.{{Sfn|Middlebrook & Everitt||pp=693-694}} The bombers hit several ships in the harbor: {{lang|de|Admiral Scheer}} capsized, the light cruiser {{ship|German cruiser|Emden||2}} was hit, and {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was severely damaged by three bomb hits.{{Sfn|Rohwer||p=408}}{{sfn|Williamson|p=21}} Munitions for her heavy artillery were brought aboard with the idea to operate her as a floating battery, but her crew scuttled the wrecked ship at her moorings at 04:25 on 3 May.{{Sfn|Brennecke||pp=274-278}}{{Sfn|Breyer||p=29}} In July 1945, after the end of the war, {{lang|de|Admiral Hipper}} was raised and towed to [[Heikendorf|Heikendorfer Bay]] and subsequently broken up for scrap in 1948–1952. Her bell was on display at the [[National Maritime Museum]] in [[Greenwich]].{{sfn|Gröner|p=67}} The bell has since been returned to Germany and is on display at the [[Laboe Naval Memorial]] near [[Kiel]].{{sfn|Showell|p=79}}

== Footnotes ==
===Notes===

{{notelist
| notes =
{{efn
| name = gun nomenclature
| "L/60" denotes the length of the gun in terms of [[Caliber (artillery)|caliber]]. The length of 60 caliber gun is 60 times greater than it is wide in diameter.
}}

}}

===Citations===

{{reflist|20em}}

== References ==
{{commons category|Admiral Hipper (ship, 1937)|<br />Admiral Hipper}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bekker |first=Cajus |title=Verdammte See |publisher=Gerhard Stalling Verlag |year=1971 |isbn=3-548-03057-2 |location=Oldenburg |language=de |ref={{sfnref|Bekker}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bredemeier |first=Heinrich |title=Schlachtschiff Scharnhorst |publisher=Koehler |year=1997 |isbn=3-7822-0592-8 |edition=5th |location=Hamburg |language=de |ref={{sfnref|Bredemeier}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Breyer |first=Siegfried |title=Die Schweren kreuzer der ADMIRAL HIPPER-Klasse |publisher=Podzun-Pallas-Verlag |year=1991 |isbn=3-7909-0429-5 |location=Friedberg |language=de |ref={{sfnref|Breyer}}}}
* {{Cite book
  |last=Brennecke
  |first=Jochen
  |title=Eismeer Atlantik Ostsee. Die Einsätze des Schweren Kreuzers Admiral Hipper
  |trans-title=Arctic, Atlantic, Baltic: The Operations of the Heavy Cruiser Admiral Hipper
  |publisher=Heyne
  |year=2003
  |isbn=3-453-87084-0
  |location=Munchen
  |language=de
  |ref={{sfnref|Brennecke}}
  }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Dildy
 | first = Doug
 | year = 2007
 | title = Denmark and Norway 1940: Hitler's Boldest Operation
 | publisher = Osprey Publishing
 | place = Oxford
 | isbn = 978-1-84603-117-5
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Dildy}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Garzke
 | first1 = William H.
 | last2 = Dulin
 | first2 = Robert O.
 | year = 1985
 | title = Battleships: Axis and Neutral Battleships in World War II
 | publisher = Naval Institute Press
 | place = Annapolis
 | isbn = 978-0-87021-101-0
 |name-list-style=amp
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Garzke & Dulin}}
 }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Gröner
  | first = Erich
  |author-link=Erich Gröner
  | year = 1990
  | title = German Warships: 1815–1945
  | volume = I: Major Surface Vessels
  | publisher = Naval Institute Press
  | location = Annapolis
  | isbn = 978-0-87021-790-6
  | ref ={{sfnRef|Gröner}}
  }}
* {{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |title=Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945 |orig-date=first published 2004 |date=2005 |publisher=Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-375-71422-1 |ref={{sfnref|Hastings}}}}
* {{Cite book
  |last=Kemp
  |first=Paul
  |title=Convoy! Drama in Arctic Waters
  |publisher=Casell
  |year=1993
  |isbn=0-304-35451-1
  | ref ={{sfnRef|Kemp}}
  }}
* {{Cite book
 | last1 = Koop
 | first1 = Gerhard
 | last2 = Schmolke
 | first2 = Klaus-Peter
 | title = Die Schweren Kreuzer der Admiral Hipper-Klasse
 |trans-title=The Heavy Cruisers of the Admiral Hipper Class
 | place = Bonn
 | publisher = Bernard & Graefe Verlag
 | language = de
 | year = 1992
 | isbn = 978-3-7637-5896-8
 |name-list-style=amp
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Koop & Schmolke}}
}}
* {{cite book
 | last1 = Mann
 | first1 = Chris
 | last2 = Jörgensen
 | first2 = Christer
 | year = 2003
 | title = Hitler's Arctic War: the German campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR, 1940–1945
 | publisher = Thomas Dunne Books
 | place = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-312-31100-1
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Mann & Jörgensen}}
 | url-access = registration
 |name-list-style=amp
 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlersarcticwar00mann
 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Middlebrook |first=Martin |title=The Bomber Command War Diaries. An operational reference book 1939-1945 |last2=Everitt |first2=Chris |publisher=Midland Publishing Limited |year=1996 |isbn=1 85780 033 8 |ref={{sfnref|Middlebrook & Everitt}}}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Miller
 | first = Nathan
 | year = 1997
 | title = War at Sea: A Naval History of World War II
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | place = New York
 | isbn = 978-0-19-511038-8
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Miller}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Murfett
 | first = Malcolm H.
 | year = 2008
 | title = Naval Warfare 1919–1945
 | publisher = Routledge
 | place = London
 | isbn = 978-0-415-45804-7
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Murfett}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last = Philbin
 |first = Tobias R. III
 |title = Admiral von Hipper: The Inconvenient Hero
 |year = 1982
 |publisher = B. R. Grüner Publishing Co.
 |place = Amsterdam
 |isbn = 90-6032-200-2
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Philbin}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Pope
 | first = Dudley
 | year = 2005
 | title = 73 North: The Battle of the Barents Sea
 | publisher = McBooks Press
 | place = Ithaca
 | isbn = 978-1-59013-102-2
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Pope}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Rohwer
 | first = Jürgen
 | author-link = Jürgen Rohwer
 | year = 2005
 | title = Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two
 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press
 | place = Annapolis
 | isbn = 978-1-59114-119-8
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Rohwer}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 |last = Showell
 |first = Jak P Mallmann
 |title = German Navy Handbook, 1939–1945
 |place = Thrupp, Stroud
 |publisher = The History Press
 |year = 1999
 |isbn = 0-7509-1556-0
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Showell}}
 }}
* {{cite book
 | title = Jageren Sleipner i Romsdalsfjord sjøforsvarsdistrikt april 1940
 | editor-last = Sivertsen
 | editor-first = Svein Carl
 | year = 1999
 | publisher = Sjømilitære Samfund ved Norsk Tidsskrift for Sjøvesen
 | place = Hundvåg
 | isbn = 82-994738-3-7
 | language = no
 | ref = {{sfnRef|Sivertsen}}
 }}
* {{cite book
  | last = Williamson
  | first = Gordon
  | author-link = Gordon Williamson (writer)
  | year = 2003
  | title = German Heavy Cruisers 1939–1945
  | publisher = Osprey Publishing
  | place = Oxford
  | isbn = 978-1-84176-502-0
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Williamson}}
  }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
  |last=Whitley
  |first=M. J.
  |title=German Cruisers of World War Two
  |year=1987
  |location=Annapolis
  |publisher=Naval Institute Press
  |isbn=978-0-87021-217-8
  }}

{{Admiral Hipper class cruiser}}
{{Blohm + Voss}}
{{May 1945 shipwrecks}}
{{Good article}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Admiral Hipper}}
[[Category:Admiral Hipper-class cruisers]]
[[Category:Ships built in Hamburg]]
[[Category:1937 ships]]
[[Category:World War II cruisers of Germany]]
[[Category:Scuttled vessels of Germany]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in May 1945]]

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