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{{short description|Imperial Japanese Navy submarine}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= Japanese submarine I-1.jpg
|Ship caption= ''I-1'' in 1930
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Imperial Japanese Navy]]
|Ship flag=[[Image:Naval Ensign of Japan.svg|45px|RN Ensign]]
|Ship name=''Submarine Cruiser No. 74''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation|Kawasaki]], [[Kobe]], [[Japan]]
|Ship laid down=12 March 1923
|Ship launched=15 October 1924
|Ship renamed=''I-1'' on 1 November 1924
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=yes
|Ship completed=Late February 1926
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=10 March 1926
|Ship decommissioned=5 November 1929
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=yes
|Ship recommissioned=15 November 1930
|Ship decommissioned=15 November 1935
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=yes
|Ship recommissioned=15 February 1936
|Ship decommissioned=15 November 1939
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=yes
|Ship recommissioned=15 November 1940
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship fate=Wrecked 29 January 1943
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=yes
|Ship struck=1 April 1943
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship honors=
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[J1 type submarine|''J1 type'']] [[submarine]]
|Ship displacement=*2,135 tons (surfaced)
*2,791 tons (submerged)
|Ship length={{convert|320|ft|m|abbr=on}} 
|Ship beam={{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}} 
|Ship draught={{convert|16.5|ft|m|abbr=on}} 
|Ship draft=
|Ship propulsion=twin shaft MAN 10 cylinder
4 stroke diesels giving 6000 bhp
two electric motors of 2600 ehp
|Ship speed={{convert|18|kn|abbr=on}} (surfaced) {{convert|8|kn|abbr=on}} (submerged)
|Ship range={{convert|24,400|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|abbr=on}}
|Ship test depth={{convert|80|m|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship complement=68 officers and men
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*2 x [[14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun|140mm/40 caliber]] deck guns (one each fore and aft;<ref name="campbell">Campbell, John ''Naval Weapons of World War Two'' {{ISBN|0-87021-459-4}} p.191</ref> after gun removed August–September&nbsp;1942)
*6 × 533mm [[torpedo tube]]s
*20 × [[Type 95 torpedo|Type 95]] oxygen-driven torpedoes
|Ship armour=
|Ship armor=
|Ship boats=1 x {{convert|46|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} ''[[Daihatsu]]'' (added August–September&nbsp;1942)
|Ship aircraft=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''''I-1''''' was a [[J1 type submarine|J1 type]] [[submarine]] of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. She was a large [[cruiser submarine]] displacing 2,135 tons and was the lead unit of the four submarines of her [[Ship class|class]]. Commissioned in 1926, she served in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] and [[World War II]]. During the latter conflict she operated in support of the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], conducted anti-shipping patrols in the [[Indian Ocean]], and took part in the [[Aleutian Islands campaign]] and the [[Guadalcanal campaign]]. In January 1943, during the Japanese evacuation of Guadalcanal, [[Operation Ke]], the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] [[minesweeper]] [[corvette]]s {{HMNZS|Kiwi|T102|6}} and {{HMNZS|Moa|T233|6}} intercepted her, and she was wrecked at Kamimbo Bay on the coast of [[Guadalcanal]] after a depth charge and surface battle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Moa and Kiwi bag a sub|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/bird-class-minesweepers/moa-and-kiwi-bag-a-sub|website=New Zealand History|publisher=History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=28 April 2015|archive-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815041615/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/war/bird-class-minesweepers/moa-and-kiwi-bag-a-sub|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Owen>{{cite book|last1=Owen|first1=David|title=Anti-submarine warfare : an illustrated history|date=2007|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=9781591140146|page=179}}</ref>

== Construction and commissioning ==
Built by [[Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation|Kawasaki]] in [[Kobe]], [[Japan]], ''I-2'' was [[Keel-laying|laid down]] on 12 March 1923 with the name '''''Submarine Cruiser No. 74'''''.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1>[http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-1.htm I-1 ijnsubsite.com 1 July 2020 Accessed 27 January 2022]</ref><ref name=combinedfleetI1>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-1.htm |title=IJN Submarine I-1: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2016|access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref> She was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 15 October 1924.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Renamed '''''I-1''''' on 1 November 1924, she was completed in late February 1926 and underwent [[sea trials]]—in which several German ship constructors participated—in the [[Seto Inland Sea]] off [[Awaji Island]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> The Imperial Japanese Navy accepted her for service and [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] her on 10 March 1926.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

==Service history==
===Early service===
On the day of her commissioning, ''I-1'' was attached to the [[Yokosuka Naval District]].<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 1 August 1926, she and her [[sister ship]] {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-2||2}} were assigned to Submarine [[Division (naval)|Division]] 7 in Submarine [[Squadron (naval)|Squadron]] 2 in the [[2nd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|2nd Fleet]], a component of the [[Combined Fleet]].<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 1 July 1927, the division was reassigned to the Yokosuka Defense Division in the Yokosuka Naval District,<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> and on 15 September 1927, when Submarine Division 7 began another tour with Submarine Squadron 2 in the 2nd Fleet,<ref>[https://www.ijnsubsite.info/Subdivs/subdiv7.htm Submarine Division 7 ijnsubsite.com Accessed 29 January 2022]</ref> ''I-1'' was removed from the division and reassigned directly to the Yokosuka Naval District.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> She returned to the division on 10 September 1928 during its assignment to Submarine Squadron 2.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> At 10:35 on 28 November 1928, as Submarine Division 7 returned to [[Yokosuka]], Japan, in heavy seas and limited visibility, ''I-1'' ran aground off Yokosuka.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She suffered minor damage.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> No flooding occurred, but she was [[drydock]]ed at Yokosuka to have her [[Hull (ship)|hull]] inspected.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 5 November 1929, ''I-1'' was [[Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] and placed in [[Reserve fleet|reserve]],<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/> and on 30 November 1929 Submarine Division 7 was again assigned to the Yokosuka Defense Division in the Yokosuka Naval District.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/>

While in reserve, the ''I-1'' underwent modernization, in which her German-made [[diesel engine]]s and entire [[Electric battery|battery]] installation were replaced.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 1 August 1930, Submarine Division 7 began an assignment to Submarine Squadron 1 in the [[1st Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|1st Fleet]], a component of the Combined Fleet,<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> and, with her modernization work completed, ''I-1'' was recommissioned on 15 November 1930<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/> and rejoined the division.

On 1 October 1931, Submarine Division 7 was reassigned to the Yokosuka Defense Division in the Yokosuka Naval District,<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> but it began another tour of duty in Submarine Squadron 1 in the 1st Fleet on 1 December 1931.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> It completed this assignment on 1 October 1932 and again was assigned to the Yokosuka Defense Division in the Yokosuka Naval District,<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> then returned to Submarine Squadron 1 in the 1st Fleet for a third time on either 15 November 1933<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> or 15 November 1934,<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> according to different sources.

''I-1'' got underway from [[Sasebo]], Japan, in company with the other vessels of Submarine Squadron 1 — ''I-2'' and {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-3||2}} of Submarine Division 7 and {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-4||2}}, {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-5||2}}, and {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-6||2}} of Submarine Division 8 — on 29 March 1935 for a training cruise in Chinese waters.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI2>[http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-2.htm I-2 ijnsubsite.com 15 April 2018 Accessed 27 January 2022]</ref><ref name=ijnsubsiteI3>[http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-3.htm I-3 ijnsubsite.com 3 May 2018 Accessed 27 January 2022]</ref><ref name=ijnsubsiteI4>[http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-4.htm I-4 ijnsubsite.com 18 May 2018 Accessed 27 January 2022]</ref><ref name=ijnsubsiteI5>[http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-5.htm I-5 ijnsubsite.com 18 May 2018 Accessed 27 January 2022]</ref><ref name=ijnsubsiteI6>[http://www.ijnsubsite.info/I-Sub%20Details/I-6.htm I-6 ijnsubsite.com 18 September 2019 Accessed 27 January 2022]</ref> The six submarines concluded the cruise with their return to Sasebo on 4 April 1935.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI2/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI3/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI4/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI5/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI6/> On 15 November 1935, the division was reassigned to the Yokosuka Defense Squadron in the Yokosuka Naval District,<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> and that day ''I-1'' again was decommissioned and placed in reserve to undergo reconstruction.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

While ''I-1'' was out of commission, her American-made [[sonar]] was replaced by a sonar system manufactured in Japan and her [[conning tower]] was streamlined.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Submarine Division 7 returned to duty with Submarine Squadron 1 in the 1st Fleet on 20 January 1936<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> and, after her reconstruction was complete, ''I-1'' was recommissioned on 15 February 1936<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/> and rejoined the division. On 27 March 1937, ''I-1'' departed Sasebo in company with ''I-2'', ''I-3'', ''I-4'', ''I-5'', and ''I-6'' for training in the vicinity of [[Qingdao]], [[China]].<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI2/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI3/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI4/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI5/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI6/><ref name=combinedfleetI2/> The six submarines concluded the training cruise with their arrival at [[Ariake Bay]] on 6 April 1937.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI2/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI3/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI4/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI5/><ref name=ijnsubsiteI6/>

===Second Sino-Japanese War===
On 7 July 1937 the first day of the [[Marco Polo Bridge Incident]] took place, beginning the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].<ref name=combinedfleetI2/> In September 1937, Submarine Squadron 1 was reassigned to the [[3rd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|3rd Fleet]],<ref name=boydyoshidap54>Boyd and Yoshida, p. 54.</ref> which in turn was subordinated to the [[China Area Fleet]] for service in Chinese waters.<ref name=boydyoshidap54/> The squadron, consisting of ''I-1'', ''I-2'', ''I-3'', ''I-4'', ''I-5'', and ''I-6'',<ref name=boydyoshidap54/> deployed to a base at [[Hong Kong]] with the [[submarine tender]]s {{ship|Japanese submarine tender|Chōgei||2}} and {{ship|Japanese submarine tender|Taigei||2}} in September 1937.<ref name=boydyoshidap54/> From Hong Kong, the submarines began operations in support of a Japanese [[blockade]] of [[China]] and patrols of China′s central and southern coast.<ref name=boydyoshidap54/> From 20<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> or 21<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> (according to different sources) to 23 August 1937, all six submarines of Submarine Squadron 1 operated in the [[East China Sea]] as distant cover for an operation in which the [[battleship]]s {{ship|Japanese battleship|Nagato||2}}, {{ship|Japanese battleship|Mutsu||2}}, {{ship|Japanese battleship|Haruna||2}}, and {{ship|Japanese battleship|Kirishima||2}} and the [[light cruiser]] {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Isuzu||2}} ferried troops from [[Tadotsu, Kagawa|Tadotsu]], Japan, to [[Shanghai]], China.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

Submarine Squadron 1 was based at Hong Kong until the autumn of 1938.<ref name=boydyoshidap54/> In an effort to reduce international tensions over the conflict in China, Japan withdrew its submarines from Chinese waters in December 1938.<ref name=boydyoshidap54/>

===1938–1941===

Submarine Division 7 was reassigned to the Submarine School at [[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]], [[Japan]], on 15 December 1938,<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> and was reduced to the Third Reserve in the Yokosuka Naval District on 15 November 1939.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/> While in reserve, ''I-1'' underwent a refit, during which impulse tanks were installed on her Type 15 [[torpedo tube]]s and her collapsible [[Radio masts and towers|radio masts]] were removed.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Along with the rest of her division, ''I-1'' returned to active service on 15 November 1940, when the division was resubordinated to Submarine Squadron 2 in the [[6th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|6th Fleet]], a component of the Combined Fleet.<ref name=ijnsubsiteI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

On 10 November 1941, the commander of the 6th Fleet, [[Vice Admiral]] [[Mitsumi Shimizu]], gathered the commanding officers of the fleet′s submarines together for a meeting aboard his [[flagship]], the light cruiser {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Katori||2}}, anchored in [[Saeki Bay]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> His chief of staff briefed them on the upcoming [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], which would bring Japan and the [[United States]] into [[World War II]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> As the Imperial Japanese Navy began to deploy for the upcoming [[Pacific War|conflict in the Pacific]], the rest of Submarine Squadron 1 got underway from Yokosuka on 16 November 1941, bound for the [[Hawaiian Islands]].<ref name=combinedfleetI2/> At the time, ''I-1'' was undergoing repairs—during which  a [[very low frequency]] [[Radio receiver|receiver]] was installed aboard her—at Yokosuka, so her departure was delayed, but on 23 November 1941 she too left Yokosuka. After an overnight stop in [[Tateyama Bight]], she got underway for Hawaii, proceeding at flank speed to catch up with her squadron mates and remaining on the surface until within {{convert|600|nmi}} of [[Oahu]].

By 6 December 1941, Submarine Squadron 1 was on station across a portion of the [[Pacific Ocean]] stretching from northwest to northeast of Oahu, and ''I-1'' arrived in her patrol area, in the westernmost part of the [[Kauai Channel]] between [[Kauai]] and Oahu, that day.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> The submarines had orders to attack any ships which [[sortie]]d from [[Pearl Harbor]] during or after the attack, which was scheduled for the morning of 7 December 1941.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

===World War II===
====First war patrol====
At 07:30 on 7 December 1941, ''I-1'' sighted an [[Aichi E13A]]1 ([[World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft|Allied reporting name]] "Jake") [[floatplane]] returning to the [[heavy cruiser]] {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Tone|1937|2}} after a reconnaissance flight over [[Lahaina Roads]] off [[Maui]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> In the following days, she was attacked repeatedly by aircraft; although she suffered no damage, she began to keep her negative [[buoyancy tank]] flooded when surfaced so that she could dive more quickly.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> While on the surface at 05:30 on 10 December 1941 she sighted a [[United States Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]]—probably {{USS|Enterprise|CV-6}}—{{convert|24|nmi}} north-northeast of [[Kahala Point]] on Kauai but was forced to submerge and was unable to transmit a sighting report for almost 12 hours.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She often is credited with a bombardment of [[Kahului, Hawaii|Kahului]], Maui, on 15 December 1941, although it actually was the submarine {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-75||2}} that shelled Kahului that day.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

On 27 December 1941, ''I-1'' received orders from the commander of Submarine Squadron 2 aboard his flagship {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-7||2}} to bombard the harbor at [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]] on the island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]] on 30 December 1941.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She arrived off Hilo on 30 December and conducted a [[periscope]] reconnaissance of the harbor, sighting the U.S. Navy [[seaplane tender]] {{USS|Hulbert|AVD-6}}—which she misidentified as a small [[Transport (ship)|transport]]—moored there.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> After dark, she surfaced and fired ten {{convert|140|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us|1}} rounds from her deck guns at ''Hulbert''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> One [[Shell (projectile)|shell]] hit the [[pier]] next to ''Hulbert'' and another started a fire near [[Hilo Airport]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> None hit ''Hulbert'', and ''Hulbert'' and a [[United States Army Coast Artillery Corps]] [[Artillery battery|battery]] returned fire.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Mistakenly claiming moderate damage to ''Hulbert'', ''I-1'' ceased fire and left the area.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

''I-1'' attacked a transport south of the Kauai Channel on 7 January 1942, but scored no hits.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 9 January 1942, she was ordered to divert from her patrol and search for the [[United States Navy]] [[aircraft carrier]] {{USS|Lexington|CV-2}}, which the submarine {{ship|Japanese submarine|I-18||2}} had sighted northeast of [[Johnston Island]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> but she did not find ''Lexington''. She arrived at [[Kwajalein]] in company with ''I-2'' and ''I-3'' on 22 January 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> The three submarines departed Kwajalein on 24 January 1942 bound for Yokosuka, which ''I-1'' reached on 1 February 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

====Second war patrol====
While ''I-1'' was at Yokosuka, Submarine Squadron 2—consisting of ''I-1'', ''I-2'', ''I-3'', ''I-4'', ''I-5'',  ''I-6'', and ''I-7''—was assigned to the [[Dutch East Indies campaign|Dutch East Indies Invasion]] Force in the Southeast Area Force on 8 February 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> ''I-1'' departed Yokosuka on 13 February 1942 bound for [[Palau]], which she reached on 16 February.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> After refueling from the [[Oiler (ship)|oiler]] ''Fujisan Maru'', she got back underway for the [[Netherlands East Indies]] on 17 February 1942 in company with ''I-2'' and ''I-3''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She stopped at [[Staring Bay]] on the [[Southeast Peninsula, Sulawesi|Southeast Peninsula]] of [[Celebes]] just southeast of [[Kendari]], then put back to sea at 17:00 on 23 February 1942 to begin her second war patrol, bound for the [[Timor Sea]]<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> and [[Indian Ocean]].  Shortly after she left Staring Bay, her [[Port and starboard|starboard]] [[diesel engine]]′s [[crankshaft]] broke down, but she pushed on, conducting most of her patrol on only one [[Propeller shaft|shaft]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

''I-1'' was on the surface in the Indian Ocean off [[Western Australia]] {{convert|250|nmi}} northwest of [[Shark Bay]] early on the morning of 3 March 1942 when she sighted smoke from [[Netherlands|Dutch]] 8,806-ton armed [[cargo ship]] ''Siantar'', which was on a voyage from [[Tjilatjap]], [[Java]], to [[Australia]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She submerged and fired a [[torpedo]] at ''Siantar''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> It missed.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> At 06:30, she surfaced on ''Siantar''{{'}}s port beam and opened fire with her forward  {{convert|140|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us|1}} deck gun.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> ''Siantar'' worked up to full speed and fired back at ''I-1'' with her 75-millimeter gun, but it jammed after only a few shots.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> ''I-1''{{'}}s second hit knocked down ''Siantar''{{'}}s [[radio antenna]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>  A fire broke out aboard ''Siantar'', and her crew abandoned ship.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> After scoring about 30 hits on ''Siantar'', ''I-1'' fired another torpedo at her, and about ten minutes later ''Siantar'' sank by the [[stern]] at around 07:00 at {{coord|21|20|S|108|45|E}}.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Out of her crew of 58, ''Siantar'' suffered 21 killed.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

On 9 March 1942, ''I-1'' captured a [[canoe]] carrying five [[Australian Army]] personnel trying to reach Australia from [[West Timor|Dutch Timor]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 11 March 1942, she reached Staring Bay, where she moored alongside the [[submarine tender]] ''Santos Maru''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She transferred her [[Prisoner of war|prisoners]] to a [[hospital ship]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 15 March 1942 she got underway for Yokosuka, which she reached on 27 March 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

====March–June====
After arriving at Yokosuka, ''I-1'' was drydocked for repairs to her starboard diesel engine<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> and its crankshaft. She also underwent an overhaul in which [[shipyard]] workers replaced the 7.7-mm [[machine gun]] on her [[Bridge (nautical)|bridge]] with a 13.2-mm [[Type 3 aircraft machine gun|Type 93 machine gun]] and her [[Carl Zeiss AG|Zeiss]] {{convert|3|m|ft|adj=on|sp=us|0}} [[Rangefinding telemeter|rangefinder]] with a Japanese Type 97 rangefinder, removed some of the armor protecting her torpedo storage compartment, and installed an automatic trim system.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 10 April 1942, she was reassigned along with ''I-2'' and ''I-3'' to the Advance Force.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 18 April 1942, 16 [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[North American B-25 Mitchell|B-25 Mitchell]] [[bomber]]s launched by the aircraft carrier {{USS|Hornet|CV-8}} struck targets on [[Honshu]] in the [[Doolittle Raid]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> One B-25 targeted Yokosuka, and the members of ''I-1''{{'}}s crew on deck saw it damage the drydocked aircraft carrier {{ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Ryūhō||2}}, which was undergoing conversion from the submarine tender ''Taigei''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

On 7 June 1942, ''I-1'' took part in experiments in [[Tokyo Bay]] with a [[kite balloon]] intended for use by merchant ships.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She made several mock attack runs against a ship carrying a prototype of the balloon.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

====Fourth war patrol====
While ''I-1'' was at Yokosuka, the [[Aleutian Islands campaign]] began on 3–4 June 1942 with a [[Battle of Dutch Harbor|Japanese air raid]] on [[Dutch Harbor]], [[Territory of Alaska|Alaska]], followed quickly by the unopposed Japanese occupation in the [[Aleutian Islands]] of [[Attu Island|Attu]] on 5 June and [[Kiska]] on 7 June 1942. On 10 June 1942, ''I-1'', ''I-2'', ''I-3'', ''I-4'', ''I-5'', ''I-6'', and ''I-7'' were reassigned to the Northern Force for duty in the Aleutians, and on 11 June 1942 ''I-1'' set out for Aleutian waters in company with ''I-2'', ''I-3'', ''I-4'', and ''I-7'' to begin her fourth war patrol.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 20 June 1942, ''I-1'', ''I-2'', and ''I-3'' joined the "K" patrol line in the North [[Pacific Ocean]] between {{coord|48|N|178|W}} and {{coord|50|N|178|W}}.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> In mid-July 1942, an unidentified American warship—possibly the [[United States Coast Guard|United States Coast Guard cutter]] {{USCGC|Onondaga|WPG-79}}—attacked ''I-1'' in the [[North Pacific Ocean]] south of [[Adak Island]] and pursued her for 19 hours before ''I-1'' finally dived to {{convert|260|ft|m|0}} and escaped.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 20 July 1942, ''I-1'' was reassigned to the Advance Force and received orders that day to return to Yokosuka, which she reached on 1 August 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

====Guadalcanal campaign, 1942====
During ''I-1''{{'}}s stay at Yokosuka, the [[Guadalcanal campaign]] began on 7 August 1942 with U.S. amphibious landings on [[Guadalcanal]], [[Tulagi]], [[Florida Island]], [[Gavutu]], and [[Tanambogo]] in the southeastern [[Solomon Islands (archipelago)|Solomon Islands]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 20 August 1942, Submarine Squadron 2 was disbanded.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> In late August 1942, ''I-2'' underwent work at [[Yokosuka Navy Yard]] in which her after {{convert|140|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us|1}} deck gun was removed and a mounting for a [[Waterproofing|waterproofed]] {{convert|46|ft|m|adj=on}} [[Daihatsu-class landing craft|''Daihatsu''-class]] [[landing craft]] was installed abaft her conning tower, which improved her ability to transport supplies to Japanese forces ashore in the Solomon Islands.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> With the work completed in early September 1942, she began exercises with the [[Maizuru]] 4th [[Special Naval Landing Force]] (SNLF), which had been designated as "Special Landing Unit" for a raid the Japanese planned on [[Espiritu Santo]] in the [[New Hebrides]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> ''I-1'' was to land the SNLF personnel for the raid.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

On 8 September 1942 ''I-1'' departed Yokosuka bound for [[Chuuk Lagoon|Truk]], where she arrived on 14 September 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>  On 15 September 1942, the commander-in-chief of the 6th Fleet, Vice Admiral [[Teruhisa Komatsu]], inspected her ''Daihatsu'' mounting installation.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She left Truk on 17 September 1942 and arrived on 22 September 1942 at [[Rabaul]] on [[New Britain]],<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> While there, she was reassigned to the Outer South Seas Force in the [[8th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|8th Fleet]] along with ''I-2'' and ''I-3'' on 24 September 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She set out on 25 September 1942 to support a landing at [[Rabi, Papua New Guinea|Rabi]], New Guinea, but soon was recalled, and returned to Rabaul on 27 September 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

''I-1'' got underway on 1 October 1942 to carry supplies to a detachment of the Sasebo 5th SNLF on [[Goodenough Island]], carrying a ''Daihatsu'', the ''Daihatsu''{{'}}s three-man crew, and a cargo of food and ammunition.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> At 22:40 on 3 October 1942 she surfaced off Kilia Mission on the southwestern tip of Goodenough Island and the ''Daihatsu'' took her cargo to shore.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She embarked 71 wounded SLNF personnel and the [[Cremation|cremated remains]] of 13 others, recovered the ''Daihatsu'', and returned to Rabaul, which she reached at 13:30 on 6 October 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She set out again with another koad of food and ammunition on 11 October 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She surfaced off Kilia Mission at 18:30 on 13 October and launched her ''Daihatsu''. [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] intelligence had warned of her arrival, and a [[Royal Australian Air Force]] [[Lockheed Hudson|Lockheed Hudson Mark IIIA]] [[patrol bomber]] of [[No. 32 Squadron RAAF|No. 32 Squadron]] attacked the landing area, dropping [[flare]]s and bombs, and ''I-1'' submerged and departed, leaving her ''Daihatsu'' behind.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She reached Rabaul on 18 October 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

While ''I-1'' was at sea, a floatplane from ''I-7'' made a reconnaissance flight over Espiritu Santo on 17 October 1942, finding a significant Allied naval force there.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> The Japanese decided to cancel the SNLF raid on Espiritu Santo that ''I-1'' had trained to participate in.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

On 17 October 1942, ''I-1'' was reassigned to the Advance Force, and on 22 October 1942 she left Rabaul to join a submarine patrol group operating south of [[Makira|San Cristobal]] in advance of the upcoming [[Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands]],<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> fought from 25 to 27 October. On 28 October 1942, she received orders to search for downed Japanese air crews in the vicinity of the [[Sikaiana|Stewart Islands]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She began to search the waters around the islands on 29 October, but soon had to abort her search when her starboard crankshaft failed again.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> A U.S. Navy [[Consolidated PBY Catalina|PBY-5 Catalina]] of [[VP-11|Patrol Squadron 11 (VP-11)]] reported attacking a submarine on 29 October 1942 at {{coord|13|15|S|162|45|E}}, and its target most likely was ''I-1''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> ''I-1'' proceeded to Truk.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She departed Truk at 17:00 on 13 November 1942 bound for Yokosuka, which she reached at 16:30 on 20 November 1942.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

====November 1942–January 1943====
At Yokosuka, ''I-1'' underwent repairs to her starboard diesel engine and [[electric motor]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Her ''Daihatsu'' mounting also was reworked.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> From 16 to 23 December 1942, she was drydocked for hull maintenance.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Her repairs were completed on 30 December 1942,<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> and on 2 January 1943 she got underway at 08:00 to conduct ''Daihatsu'' launch tests off [[Nojimazaki Lighthouse|Nojimazaki]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She was back in port by 12:00.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

On 3 January 1943, ''I-1'' put to sea from Yokosuka bound for Truk, which she reached at 18:00 on 10 January 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> After arriving, she unloaded all but two of her torpedoes<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> and received her ''Daihatsu''. At 06:30 on 12 January 1943 she put to sea to conduct ''Daihatsu'' launch tests, but was back at her anchorage at 08:30 to repair the air induction valve for her diesel engines.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She conducted more launch tests on 14 January, and on 15 January she got underway at 13:00 for nighttime launch tests, returning to port by 20:00.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

====Guadalcanal campaign, 1943====
At 19:00 on 16 January 1943, ''I-1'' left Truk for Rabaul, where she arrived at 07:30 on 20 January 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> She took aboard a cargo of rubber containers loaded with two days of food rations—rice, bean paste, curry, ham, and sausages—for 3,000 men.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> At 16:00 on 24 January 1943, she departed Rabaul bound for Guadalcanal, where she was to deliver her cargo at [[Kamimbo Bay]] on the island's northwest coast.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

On 26 January 1943, the commander of Allied naval forces in the Solomon Islands informed all Allied ships in the Guadalcanal–Tulagi area of the possibility of Japanese supply submarines arriving at Kamimbo Bay on the evenings of 26, 27, and 29 January 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> The [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] [[minesweeper]] [[corvette]]s {{HMNZS|Kiwi|T102|6}} and {{HMNZS|Moa|T233|6}} received orders to conduct an [[Antisubmarine warfare|antisubmarine]] patrol in the Kamimbo Bay area.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> For its part, the Japanese 6th Fleet warned Submarine Division 7 that Allied [[motor torpedo boat]]s were operating in the vicinity of Kamimbo Bay and advised them to unload supplies only after dark.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

====Loss====
''I-1'' surfaced off Kamimbo Bay in a heavy rain [[squall]] at 20:30 on 29 January 1943 and headed towards shore, trimmed with her decks awash.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259>Bertke, Kindell, and Smith, p. 259.</ref> At 20:35,<ref name=bertke259/> ''Kiwi'', which was patrolling with ''Moa'' off Kamimbo Bay, detected ''I-1'', first with her listening gear and then with [[asdic]], at a range of {{convert|3,000|yd|m|sigfig=2}}.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/><ref name=wright20190506>[https://www.navygeneralboard.com/david-and-goliath-in-the-solomons-the-pocket-corvettes-kiwi-and-moa-vs-i-1/ Wright, Matthew, "David and Goliath in the Solomons: the ‘pocket corvettes’ Kiwi and Moa vs I-1," navygeneralboard.com, May 6, 2019 Retrieved 15 August 2020]</ref> ''Moa'' attempted to confirm the contact, but could not.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> ''Kiwi'' closed the range.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> When one of ''I-1''{{'}}s lookouts sighted ''Kiwi'' and ''Moa''—misidentifying them as torpedo boats—''I-1'' turned to port and submerged, diving to {{convert|100|ft|m}}, and rigging for [[Silent running (submarine)|silent running]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> ''Kiwi'' saw ''I-1'' submerging and moved in to attack, dropping 12 depth charges in two patterns of six.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> The depth charges detonated close to ''I-1'', knocking several of her men off their feet, and ''I-1'' sprang a leak in her aft provision room.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/>

''Kiwi''{{'}}s second attack at 20:40 was crippling.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> It disabled ''I-1''{{'}}s pumps, steering engine, and port propeller shaft, and ruptured her high-pressure [[Hydraulic manifold|manifold]], sending a fine water mist across her control room.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> Her main [[Electric switchboard|switchboard]] partially [[Short circuit|short-circuited]] and all lighting went out.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> ''I-1'' began an uncontrolled descent with a down-angle of 45 degrees.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> Her commanding officer ordered the forward main [[ballast tank]]s blown and full reverse on the remaining operational propeller shaft, stopping the descent, but not before ''I-1'', whose [[test depth]] was only {{convert|210|ft|m|0}}, reached an estimated depth of {{convert|590|ft|m|0}}.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> A serious leak began in the forward torpedo room and seawater flooded ''I-1''{{'}}s batteries, releasing deadly [[chlorine gas]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/>

{{ external media
| headerimage=
| float  = right
| width  = 285px
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYxsvfiwj4A&ab_channel=Drachinifel HMNZS Kiwi and Moa versus submarine ''I-1'': David versus Goliath at Sea] - ''Drachinifel''
}}
Around 21:00, as ''Kiwi'' began a third attack, ''I-1'' surfaced {{convert|2,000|yd|m|sigfig=2}} off ''Kiwi''{{'}}s starboard beam.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/><ref name=wright20190506/> Down by the [[Bow (ship)|bow]], ''I-1'' headed for the shore of Guadalcanal to beach herself, using her starboard diesel and making {{convert|11|kn}}.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> Her commanding officer personally took the [[Ship's wheel|helm]] and her gun crews manned her {{convert|140|mm|in|adj=on|sp=us|1}} deck gun and the 13.2-millimeter machine gun on her bridge.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> ''Kiwi'' illuminated ''I-1'' with her {{convert|10|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=3}} [[searchlight]]<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> and ''Moa'' fired [[star shell]]s to further illuminate the scene,<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> ''Kiwi'' opened fire at point-blank range with a {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=3}} gun and an [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon]],<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/><ref name=wright20190506/> hitting ''I-1'' with her third {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=3}} round.<ref name=wright20190506/> Her gunfire raked ''I-1''{{'}}s conning tower and bridge, knocking out her machine gun, silencing her deck gun, setting her ''Daihatsu'' on fire, and killing her commanding officer and most of her bridge crew and gunners.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> With no guidance from her bridge, ''I-1'' began a slow turn to starboard.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> After ''I-1''{{'}}s [[navigator]] came up from below and found everyone on her bridge and deck dead or incapacitated, her [[torpedo officer]] assumed command.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> Believing that the New Zealanders intended to board and capture ''I-1'', he prepared the submarine to repel boarders, sending a reserve gun crew on deck to man her deck gun, ordering all surviving officers to arm themselves with their [[sword]]s, and issuing [[Type 38 rifle|Arisaka Type 38]] [[carbine]]s to the four best [[marksmen]] among the surviving crew.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/>

At 21:20, ''Kiwi'' turned toward ''I-1'' at full speed at a distance of {{convert|400|yd|m|sigfig=2}}.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/><ref name=wright20190506/> ''I-1''{{'}}s gunners were unable to hit ''Kiwi'', which was partially shielded by ''I-1''{{'}}s conning tower, and ''Kiwi'' rammed her on her port side abaft her conning tower.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> As ''Kiwi'' backed off, she came into the unobstructed field of fire of ''I-1''{{'}}s deck gun, and ''I-1''{{'}}s gunners claimed hits that set ''Kiwi'' on fire, although in fact no fire broke out aboard ''Kiwi''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> Believing they were in combat with torpedo boats, ''I-1''{{'}}s lookouts also reported seeing three torpedoes pass close aboard,<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> although the two New Zealand corvettes had no torpedo armament.

''Kiwi'' rammed ''I-1'' a second time, achieving a glancing blow that crushed one of I-1's [[Diving plane|foreplanes]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> Armed with swords, ''I-1''{{'}}s navigator and [[first lieutenant]] tried unsuccessfully to board ''Kiwi'';<ref name=wright20190506/> the navigator grabbed ''Kiwi''{{'}}s upper deck rail, but was thrown overboard as ''Kiwi'' recoiled off ''I-1''{{'}}s hull.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> ''Kiwi'' again rammed ''I-1'', this time on her starboard side, and rode up on her afterdeck.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> ''Kiwi'' damaged her own [[Stem (ship)|stem]] and asdic gear, but she punched a hole in one of ''I-1''{{'}}s main ballast tanks and disabled all but one of the submarine′s [[bilge pump]]s, and ''I-1'' developed an increasing starboard list.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> Damaged and with her {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=3}} gun overheating, ''Kiwi'' pulled away from ''I-1''<ref name=wright20190506/> and ''Moa'' continued the chase, firing at ''I-1'' while illuminating her with a searchlight and star shells.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> She hit ''I-1'' repeatedly, but the submarine′s upper armor deflected some of ''Moa''{{'}}s shells and splashes from near misses put out the fire that had been raging in her ''Daihatsu''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> ''I-1'' continued toward Guadalcanal at {{convert|12|kn}}.<ref name=wright20190506/>

At 23:15, ''I-1'' ran hard aground on Fish Reef off the coast of Guadalcanal, {{convert|330|yd|m|sigfig=2}} north of Kamimbo Bay.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> The entire after half of her hull flooded, and she developed a heavy list to starboard.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> Sixty-six men abandoned ship, and not long afterward ''I-1'' sank at {{coord|09|13|S|159|40|E|name=''I-1''}}.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> She came to rest with {{convert|15|ft|m|1}} of her bow projecting from the water at a 45-degree angle.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/>

''I-1'' suffered 27 killed or missing in the battle with ''Kiwi'' and ''Moa''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> Sixty-eight men survived, including two men who went overboard during the battle and swam to Guadalcanal separately from the other survivors.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=bertke259/> The only fatality on the New Zealand side was ''Kiwi''{{'}}s searchlight operator, who remained at his post despite suffering a mortal gunshot wound during ''Kiwi''{{'}}s second ramming attempt and died two days later.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=wright20190506/> Between them, the two corvettes expended fifty-eight {{convert|4|in|mm|adj=on|sigfig=3}} rounds, claiming 17 hits and seven probable hits, as well as an estimated 1,259 rounds of Oerlikon ammunition and 3,500 rounds from small arms.<ref name=wright20190506/>

==Salvage and demolition attempts==
''Moa'' patrolled off ''I-1''{{'}}s wreck until dawn on 30 January 1943, when she closed to inspect it.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=wright20190506/> She found two survivors at the wreck, capturing one and killing the other with machine-gun fire.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=wright20190506/> She also retrieved nautical charts and what she believed was a code book, although it more likely was ''I-1''{{'}}s [[logbook]].<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Japanese [[artillery]] ashore opened fire on ''Moa'', forcing her to leave the area.<ref name=wright20190506/>

Sixty-three of ''I-1''{{'}}s survivors were evacuated from Guadalcanal on 1 February 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> When they reached Rabaul and were debriefed, the Japanese concluded that code materials aboard her wreck were in danger of compromise.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Meanwhile, ''I-1''{{'}}s torpedo officer, two of her junior officers, and 11 men from Japanese destroyers reached the wreck in a ''Daihatsu'' after 19:00 on 2 February 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> They attached two depth charges and four smaller [[demolition charge]]s to the wreck and set them off in an attempt to destroy it by detonating torpedoes still aboard ''I-1''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Although the torpedoes did not explode and the wreck was not destroyed, the depth charges caused enough damage to prevent [[Marine salvage|salvage]] of ''I-1''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Evacuated from Guadalcanal on 7 February 1943—the day the Guadalcanal campaign ended with the completion of [[Operation Ke]], the Japanese evacuation of all forces from the island—the three officers subsequently reported their failure to destroy the wreck after they arrived at Rabaul.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

On 10 February 1943, the Japanese made another attempt to destroy ''I-1''{{'}}s wreck, when nine [[Buin Rural LLG|Buin]]-based [[Aichi D3A]]1 (Allied reporting name "Val") [[dive bomber]]s from [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]] escorted by 28 [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]] (Allied reporting name "Zeke") [[Fighter aircraft|fighters]] attacked it.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> Most of the dive bombers failed to find the wreck, but one scored a hit on it near the conning tower with a {{convert|250|kg|lb|adj=on|0}} bomb.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> On 11 February 1943, ''I-2'' departed [[Shortland Island]] with ''I-1''{{'}}s torpedo officer aboard, tasked with finding and destroying ''I-1''{{'}}s wreck.<ref name=combinedfleetI2>{{cite web |url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-2.htm |title=IJN Submarine I-2: Tabular Record of Movement |first1=Bob |last1=Hackett |first2=Sander |last2=Kingsepp |work=combinedfleet.com |year=2013|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

[[File:I1Sub.jpg|thumb|left|The crew of the U.S. Navy [[PT boat]] ''[[Patrol Torpedo Boat PT-65|PT-65]]'' and embarked intelligence personnel inspect the wreck of ''I-1'' on 11 February 1943.]]

As the Japanese feared, the Allies began to investigate ''I-1''{{'}}s wreck in the hope of recovering intelligence from it. On 11 February 1943, the day ''I-2'' got underway from Shortland Island, the U.S. Navy [[PT boat]] ''[[Patrol torpedo boat PT-65|PT-65]]'' arrived at the wreck carrying [[United States Army]] intelligence officers<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> who assessed the potential of the wreck to yield useful information. The [[submarine rescue vessel]] {{USS|Ortolan|ASR-5}} inspected the wreck of ''I-1'' on 13 February 1943, and her [[Underwater diving|divers]] recovered five code books and other important communications documents.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> That evening, ''I-2'' penetrated Kamimbo Bay to a distance of only {{convert|1,100|yd|m|sigfig=3}} from shore but failed to find ''I-1''{{'}}s wreck.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI2/> On 15 February 1943—the day the Imperial Japanese Navy decided to consider all code materials aboard ''I-1'' compromised and revised and upgraded its codes<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>—she tried again, reaching a point {{convert|1.4|nmi}} from the coast before motor torpedo boats attacked her with [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/><ref name=combinedfleetI2/> After an aircraft also attacked her at 11:20, ''I-2'' gave up and returned to Shortland Island.<ref name=combinedfleetI2/> Ultimately, the U.S. Navy reportedly salvaged code books, charts, manuals, the ship's log, and other secret documents, as well as equipment, from the wreck of ''I-1''.<ref name=Owen/>

The Japanese struck ''I-1'' from the Navy list on 1 April 1943.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

==Postscript==
[[File:Deck gun from Japanese submarine I-1.JPG|thumb|''I-1''{{'}}s gun on display at the [[Torpedo Bay Navy Museum]] in [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]], in June&nbsp;2012.]]In 1968, ''I-1''{{'}}s main deck gun was salvaged and brought to [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]], aboard the [[frigate]] {{HMNZS|Otago|F111|6}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Remains of ''I-1'' Japanese submarine|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/remains-i-1-japanese-submarine|website=New Zealand History|publisher=History Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> for display at the [[Torpedo Bay Navy Museum]].

In 1972, an Australian treasure hunter in search of valuable metals blew up the bow section of ''I-1''.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> With live torpedoes still inside, the explosion destroyed the forward third of the submarine, with the bow section split open.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> The after two-thirds of the wreck remained intact.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/> ''I-1''{{'}}s wreck lies on an incline with the remains of her bow in {{convert|45|ft|m|0}} of water and her stern at a depth of {{convert|90|ft|m|0}}.<ref name=combinedfleetI1/>

''I-1''{{'}}s pennant is on display in the [[United States]] at the [[National Museum of the Pacific War]] in [[Fredericksburg, Texas|Fredericksburg]], [[Texas]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=McLeod|first1=Tom|title=''I-1'' pennant displayed at Museum of the Pacific|url=http://www.pacificwrecks.com/ships/subs/I-1/2005/penant-vert.html|publisher=Pacific Wrecks Incorporated|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

==References==
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Bertke, Donald A., Don Kindall, and Gordon Smith. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xeiwCgAAQBAJ&dq=I-1+Kiwi+Moa+Guadalcanal&pg=PA259 ''World War II Sea War, Volume 8: Guadalcanal Secured: Day-to-Day Naval Actions December 1942–January 1943'']. Dayton, Ohio: Bertke Publicarions, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-937470-14-2}}.
* Boyd, Carl, and Akihiko Yoshida. ''The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1995. {{ISBN|1-55750-015-0}}.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071021201241/http://www.pacificwrecks.com/ships/subs/I-1.html ''I-1'' Submarine] 
* [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Paci-_N85673.html The Kiwi & Moa from ''The Pacific'' the official NZ War History] 
* [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/WH2Navy-fig-WH2Nav34a.html Period photo of the wreck of ''I-1'']
* [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/WH2Navy-fig-WH2Nav35a.html Damage to the bow of the ''Kiwi'' (photo)]
* [http://www.diveshow.com.au/ASNS%20Trips/Submarine_I1.htm The wreck of the cruiser submarine ''I-1''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831075303/http://www.diveshow.com.au/ASNS%20Trips/Submarine_I1.htm |date=2007-08-31 }}

{{J type submarine}}
{{1928 shipwrecks}}
{{January 1943 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:I-001}}
[[Category:1924 ships]]
[[Category:Attack on Pearl Harbor]]
[[Category:Japanese submarines lost during World War II]]
[[Category:Junsen type submarines]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1928]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in January 1943]]
[[Category:Second Sino-Japanese War naval ships of Japan]]
[[Category:Ships built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries]]
[[Category:Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign]]
[[Category:World War II submarines of Japan]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in Ironbottom Sound]]
[[Category:Underwater diving sites in the Solomon Islands]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Chilean transport ship Angamos (1890) (edit)
French submarine Calypso (Q126) (edit)
French submarine Ondine (Q121) (edit)
French submarine Pierre Chailley (edit)
Greek torpedo boat Panormos (edit)
HMAS Mallina (edit)
HMAS Patricia Cam (edit)
HMNZS Kiwi (T102) (edit)
HMNZS Moa (T233) (edit)
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