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{{Short description|Element in figure skating}}
{{Infobox Figure Skating Element
|image=
|imagesize=
|caption=
|element name= Toe loop jump
|alt name=
|scoring abbrev= T
|element type= [[Figure skating jumps|Jump]]
|edges=
|take off edge= Back outside
|landing edge= Back outside
|inventor= [[Bruce Mapes]]
|named for=
|disciplines=
}}

The '''toe loop jump''' is the simplest [[Figure skating jumps|jump]] in the sport of [[figure skating]]. It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater [[Bruce Mapes]]. The toe loop is accomplished by skating forward on the inside edge of the blade; the skater then switches to a backward-facing position before their takeoff, which is accomplished from a back outside edge with assistance from the toe pick on the other foot. The jump is exited on the same back outside edge as it was taken off from. It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations and is the most common second jump performed in combinations. It is also the most commonly attempted jump.

==History==

The toe loop jump is the simplest of the six [[Figure skating jumps|jumps]] in the sport of [[figure skating]].<ref name="park">{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Alice |date=22 February 2018 |title=Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Figure Skating Jumps and Scores |url=https://time.com/5131773/guide-figure-skating-jumps-olympics/ |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=Time Magazine}}</ref> It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater [[Bruce Mapes]], who might have also invented the [[flip jump]].<ref>Media guide, p. 16</ref> In competitions, the base value of a single toe loop is 0.40; the base value of a double toe loop is 1.30; the base value of a triple toe loop is 4.20; the base value of a quadruple toe loop is 9.50, and the base value for a quintuple toe loop is 14.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISU Communication 2656 Single and Pair Skating |url=https://current.isu.org/inside-isu/isu-communications/communications/34028-isu-communication-2656-1/file |access-date=5 November 2024 |publisher=International Skating Union |pages=2–4}}</ref>  

===Firsts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope=col| Abbr.
!scope=col| Jump element
!scope=col| Skater
!scope=col| Nation
!scope=col| Event
!scope=col class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope=row| 3T
| Triple toe loop || {{Sortname|Thomas|Litz}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1964 World Figure Skating Championships|1964 World Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17">Media guide, p. 17</ref>{{Refn|The triple toe loop is "not definitely established" in the women's discipline.<ref name="mediaguide-17"/>|group=note}}
|-
!scope=row rowspan=2| 4T
| Quadruple toe loop (men's) || {{Sortname|Kurt|Browning}} || {{flagcountry|CAN}} || [[1988 World Figure Skating Championships|1988 World Championships]] || <ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 1988 |title=A Quadruple Jump on Ice |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/26/sports/a-quadruple-jump-on-ice.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111223502/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/26/sports/a-quadruple-jump-on-ice.html |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=3 July 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |location= |language=en-US |issn=1553-8095 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|[[Jozef Sabovcik]] of Czechoslovakia landed a quadruple toe loop at the [[1986 European Figure Skating Championships|1986 European Championships]], which was recognized at the event but then ruled invalid three weeks later due to a touchdown with his free foot.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cbssports.com/u/wire/stories/0,1169,1675967_10946,00.html 
|title=The Quad: Skating's Evolution is for More Revolution |work=CBS Sports |first=Barry |last=Wilner |location=New York City |language=en-US |date=2 December 1999 |archive-date=29 January 2012 |access-date=3 July 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120129011333/http://www.cbssports.com/u/wire/stories/0,1169,1675967_10946,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
| Quadruple toe loop (women's) || {{Sortname|Alexandra|Trusova}} || {{flagcountry|RUS}} || [[2018 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2018 World Junior Championships]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2018 |title=Trusova (RUS) Makes History with Two Quads in Golden Performance |url=https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/figure-skating-other/news-fs/12019-trusova-rus-makes-history-with-two-quads-in-golden-performance?templateParam=15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625231038/https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/figure-skating-other/news-fs/12019-trusova-rus-makes-history-with-two-quads-in-golden-performance?templateParam=15 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=International Skating Union |location=Lausanne, Switzerland}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row| 4T+2T
| Quad toe loop-double toe loop || rowspan="2" | {{Sortname|Elvis|Stojko}} || rowspan="2" | {{flagcountry|CAN}} || rowspan="2" | [[1991 World Figure Skating Championships|1991 World Championships]] || rowspan="2" | <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
!scope=row rowspan=2| 4T+3T
| Quad toe loop-triple toe loop (men's) 
|-
| Quad toe loop-triple toe loop (women's) || {{Sortname|Alexandra|Trusova}} || rowspan="4" | {{flagcountry|RUS}} || [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Lithuania|2018 Junior Grand Prix Lithuania]] || <ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2018 |title=Trusova (RUS) continues to make history, goes for three quads in Kaunas |url=https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/figure-skating-other/news-fs/12169-trusova-rus-continues-to-make-history-goes-for-three-quads-in-kaunas?templateParam=15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910132103/https://www.isu.org/inside-single-pair-skating-ice-dance/figure-skating-other/news-fs/12169-trusova-rus-continues-to-make-history-goes-for-three-quads-in-kaunas?templateParam=15 |archive-date=10 September 2018 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=International Skating Union |location=Lausanne, Switzerland}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row| 4T+3T+2Lo
| Quad toe loop-triple toe loop-double [[loop jump|loop]] || rowspan="2" | {{Sortname|Evgeni|Plushenko}} || [[1999 NHK Trophy]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
!scope=row| 4T+3T+3Lo
| Quad toe loop-triple toe loop-triple loop || [[2002 Cup of Russia]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
!scope=row| 4T+1Eu+3S
| Quad toe loop-[[Euler jump|Euler]]-triple [[Salchow jump|Salchow]] || {{Sortname|Alexei|Yagudin}} || [[2001 Skate Canada International]] || <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bussat Ingwersen |first1=Aline |last2=Kenny |first2=Patrick |date=3 November 2001 |title=MasterCard Skate Canada International, Day Three |url=http://ww2.isu.org/news/gpskcan3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324011302/http://ww2.isu.org/news/gpskcan3.html |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=International Skating Union |location=}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row| 4T+1Eu+3F
| Quad toe loop-Euler-triple [[Flip jump|flip]] || rowspan="2" | {{Sortname|Yuzuru|Hanyu}} || rowspan="2" | {{flagcountry|JPN}} || [[2019 Skate Canada International]] || <ref>{{Cite news |date=28 October 2019 |title= |script-title=ja:羽生、独壇場V 新境地で自己新322・59点「自分に勝てたな」 |trans-title=Hanyu single-handedly scoring a new personal best of 322.59 points in a new system "I think I beat myself" |url=https://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2019/10/28/kiji/20191028s00079000079000c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516195843/https://www.sponichi.co.jp/sports/news/2019/10/28/kiji/20191028s00079000079000c.html |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=3 July 2024 |newspaper=Sports Nippon (Sponichi Annex) |location=Tokyo |language=ja}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row| 4T+3A+SEQ
| Quad toe loop-triple [[Axel jump|Axel]] || [[2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki]] || <ref>{{Cite news |date=4 November 2018 |title=Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) Hits Quad Toe-Triple Axel En Route to Gold in Helsinki |url=https://www.isu.org/isu-news/news/125-grand-prix-news/12233-yuzuru-hanyu-jpn-hits-quad-toe-triple-axel-en-route-to-gold-in-helsinki?highlight=WyJxdWFkIiwicXVhZCcuIiwidG9lLXRyaXBsZSIsImF4ZWwiLCJxdWFkIHRvZS10cmlwbGUiLCJxdWFkIHRvZS10cmlwbGUgYXhlbCIsInRvZS10cmlwbGUgYXhlbCJd&templateParam=15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216011715/https://www.isu.org/isu-news/news/125-grand-prix-news/12233-yuzuru-hanyu-jpn-hits-quad-toe-triple-axel-en-route-to-gold-in-helsinki%3Fhighlight%3DWyJxdWFkIiwicXVhZCcuIiwidG9lLXRyaXBsZSIsImF4ZWwiLCJxdWFkIHRvZS10cmlwbGUiLCJxdWFkIHRvZS10cmlwbGUgYXhlbCIsInRvZS10cmlwbGUgYXhlbCJd%26templateParam%3D15 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=International Skating Union |location= |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|4S+3T
| Quad Salchow-triple toe loop || {{Sortname|Timothy|Goebel}} || {{flagcountry|USA}} || [[1999 Skate America]] || <ref>{{Cite news |last=Pucin |first=Diane |date=26 December 1999 |title=He's Pushing the Envelope, Not That Anyone Notices |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-dec-26-sp-47774-story.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119153607/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-dec-26-sp-47774-story.html |archive-date=19 January 2022 |access-date=3 July 2024 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |location= |language=en-US |issn=2165-1736}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row| 4Lz+3T
| Quad [[lutz jump|lutz]]-triple toe loop || [[Jin Boyang]] || {{flagcountry|CHN}} || [[2015 Cup of China]] || <ref name="mediaguide-17" />
|-
!scope=row| 3A+4T
| Triple Axel-quad toe loop || [[Mikhail Shaidorov]] || {{flagcountry|KAZ}} || [[2024 Grand Prix de France]] || <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smirnova |first=Lena |date=2024-11-18 |title=Three years in the making: Mikhail Shaidorov breaks down his historic triple Axel-quad toe jump combo |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/figure-skating-mikhail-shaidorov-kazakhstan-panda-interview |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=olympics.com}}</ref>
|}
==Technique==
The toe loop is considered the simplest jump because not only do skaters use their toe-picks to execute it, their hips are already facing the direction in which they will rotate.<ref name="reuters">{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Pritha |last2=Fallon |first2=Clare |date=28 March 2017 |title=Figure Skating - Breakdown of Quadruple Jumps, Highest Scores and Judging |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-figureskating-world-men-jumps/figure-skating-breakdown-of-quadruple-jumps-highest-scores-and-judging-idUSKBN17007A |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref> The toe loop is the easier jump to add multiple rotations to because the toe-assisted takeoff adds power to the jump and because a skater can turn their body toward the assisting foot at takeoff, which slightly reduces the rotation needed in the air.<ref name="cultureonice-287">Kestnbaum. p. 287</ref> It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations and is the most common second jump performed in combinations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Identifying Jumps |url=https://www.usfsa.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712023558/https://www.usfigureskating.org/content/Identifying%20Jumps.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2024 |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating |page=2}}</ref> It is also the most commonly attempted jump,<ref name="reuters"/> as well as "the most commonly cheated on take off jump",<ref>{{cite web |date=8 July 2023 |title=ISU Judging System Technical Panel Handbook: Singles Skating 2023/2024 |url=https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/31570-technical-panel-handbook-1/file |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810164542/https://www.isu.org/figure-skating/rules/sandp-handbooks-faq/31570-technical-panel-handbook-1/file |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |access-date=3 July 2024 |publisher=U.S. Figure Skating |page=20}}</ref> or a jump in which the first rotation starts on the ice rather than in the air.<ref name="cultureonice-287"/> Adding a toe loop to combination jumps does not increase the difficulty of skaters' short or free skating programs.<ref>King et al., p. 112</ref>

According to figure skating researcher Deborah King and her colleagues, the toe loop jump can be divided into four key events and three phases. The key events are: the toe-pick, or the moment the skater places their toepick into the ice; the take-off, or the last contact they make with the ice; the jump's maximum height; and the landing, or the moment the skater returns to the ice. The three phases are: the approach, which begins when the skater initiates the three turn entering into the jump and ends when they initiate the toe-pick; propulsion, which begins at the toe-pick and ends at take-off; and flight, which begins at take-off and ends at landing.<ref>King et al., p. 113</ref>

A skater initiates the toe loop with a forward approach on the inside edge of the blade,<ref name="park"/> then switches to a backward-facing position before its takeoff, which is accomplished from a back outside edge and with assistance from the toepick of the other foot. The jump is exited from the back outside edge of the same foot.

The skater approaches the back outside edge of their skate from the landing of a previous jump when done in combination, from the back outside edge exiting from a forward [[3 turn|three turn]] initiated on the inside edge, or from a forward three turn initiated on the outside edge and exited on the inside edge followed by a change of foot. After completing the three turn, the skater reaches their free leg behind them and slightly outside the direction they are traveling, much like a pole-vaulter; this is the opposite foot they will use to land. Then they place the toepick in the ice with the free leg, and they jump while pulling the take-off leg back and around and reaching forward and around with the arm and shoulder on the same side as the take-off leg, thus achieving the rotation. They draw their arms into the body for the desired number of rotations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abad-Santos |first1=Alexander |date=5 February 2014 |title=A GIF Guide to Figure Skaters' Jumps at the Olympics |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/02/gif-guide-figure-skaters-jumps-olympics/357723/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Atlantic Monthly}}</ref><ref>Kestnbaum, p. 288</ref> They should face forward, with their free leg approximately parallel to their take-off foot and with their arms as close to their body as possible, which results in keeping their arms and legs close to their bodies and remain in tight rotating positions at the moment of take-off, helping them attain faster rotational velocities in the air.<ref name="king-121">King et al., p. 121</ref>

King and her colleagues, when they studied quadruple toe loop jumps at the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] in Salt Lake City, Utah, counted 71 attempted quadruple toe loop jumps or quadruple toe-loop combination jumps. Of those, there were 33 quadruple toe loops performed not in combination with other jumps, 13 of which were landed cleanly, without a fall, without the skater touching a hand down on the ice, or without stepping out of the landing onto the other foot.<ref>King et al., p. 111</ref> They also found that "the most significant aspect"<ref name="king-120">King et al., p. 120</ref> for completing toe loop jumps was the ability to increase rotational velocity while in the air. King also found that skaters who performed quadruple toe loops began to rotate their shoulders earlier than in triples, so that by the time they completed their toe-pick, their hips and shoulders were more aligned about their longitudinal axes. As a result, their hips and shoulders turned more uniformly during the propulsion phase of the jump.<ref name="king-121"/> Vertical take-off velocity, however, was higher for both quadruple and triple toe loops, resulting in "higher jumps and more time in the air to complete the extra revolution for the quadruple toe-loop".<ref name="king-120" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:MIYAHARA Satoko JPN – 4th Place (23).jpg|[[Satoko Miyahara]] begins a toe loop
File:2020-01-09 Opening ceremony at 2020 Winter Youth Olympics (Martin Rulsch) 212.jpg|[[Stéphane Lambiel]] begins to take off by hitting the ice with his left toe pick
File:2019 Internationaux de France Saturday men FS group 2 Kevin Aymoz 8D9A3750.jpg|[[Kévin Aymoz]] landing
</gallery>

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
}}

==Works cited==

* {{Cite web |url=https://www.isu.org/media-centre/guides/media/32039-figure-skating-media-guide-2023-24/file |title=ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24 |access-date=12 October 2023 |work=International Skating Union |first= |last= |location= |date=20 September 2023}}
* Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003). ''Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning''. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. {{ISBN|0819566411}}
* King, Deborah; Smith, Sarah; Higginson, Brian; Muncasy, Barry; Scheirman, Gary (2004). [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bb12/7aadcc25d078a51f743c4a9c98912811cd92.pdf "Characteristics of Triple and Quadruple Toe-Loops Performed during The Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics]" (PDF). Sports Biomechanics. 3 (1). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190106104511/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bb12/7aadcc25d078a51f743c4a9c98912811cd92.pdf Archived] from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2022.

{{Figure skating}}

[[Category:Figure skating elements]]
[[Category:Jumping sports]]
[[Category:Sports biomechanics]]

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