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Middle age

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This article is about the stage of human development. For the historical period, see Middle Ages. For other uses, see Middle Ages (disambiguation).
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Middle age is the period of a human's life beyond young adulthood but before the onset of old age.[1] The exact range is subject to academic debate, but commonly the term is used to denote the age range from around 40 until 60, although it may begin earlier and end later. This phase of life is marked by gradual physical, cognitive, and social changes in individuals as they age.

Middle adulthood

This time span can be referred to as "middle age" and can be defined as the time of ages about 40 to about 60.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Many changes may occur between young adulthood and this stage. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Some definitions start later, at around age 45, such as those of Merriam-Webster and the Oxford English Dictionary. Some start as late as age 50. There is no universal consensus on what the exact definition of middle age is, but usual characteristics include the beginning of rapid decline of fertility, graying of hair, and lessening of opportunities. The American Psychological Association defines "middle adulthood" as beginning at 35 or 36, and many ranges do not end until 60 or 65.[15] The Lancet considers midlife as starting from around age 40.[16] Modern social scientists generally agree that midlife begins around 35 to 40 and ends around 55 to 60.[17]

The body may slow down and the middle aged might become more sensitive to diet, substance abuse, stress, and rest. Chronic health problems can become issues along with disability or disease.[18] Emotional responses and retrospection vary from person to person; for example, senses of mortality, sadness, or loss are common emotions at this age.[19]

Those in middle adulthood or middle age continue to develop relationships and adapt to changes in relationships. Such changes are highly evident in the maturing relationships between growing or grown children and aging parents. Community involvement is fairly typical of this stage of adulthood,[19] as is continued career development.

Physical characteristics

Middle-aged adults may begin to show visible signs of aging.[18] This process can be more rapid in women who have osteoporosis. Changes might occur in the nervous system. The ability to perform complex tasks remains intact. During the years surrounding the age of 51, women experience menopause, which ends natural fertility.[20] Menopause can have many side effects. Changes can occur to skin, and other changes may include a decline in physical fitness, including a reduction in aerobic performance, a decrease in maximal heart rate, and graying and loss of hair. Sensory sensitivity in middle-aged adults has been shown to be one of the lowest.[21] These measurements are generalities, and people may exhibit changes at different rates and times.[22]

Mortality rates can begin to increase from 50 onward, due mainly to health issues like heart problems, cancer, hypertension, and diabetes.[19][23] Still, the majority of middle-aged people in industrialized nations can expect to live into old age.

Starting around age 35, pregnant women are considered to be of advanced maternal age, and significant declines in fertility begin to occur that usually end with menopause around age 50.[24] The normal range for menopause is 45 to 55.[25]

Cognitive

Erik Erikson refers to this period of adulthood as generativity versus stagnation, the seventh of eight stages of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. People in middle adulthood or middle age may experience some cognitive loss, which usually remains unnoticeable because life experiences and strategies get developed to compensate for any decrease in mental abilities.[26]

During this stage, adults often strive to have things that will outlast them. Generativity, which is the concern and the commitment middle-aged people have for future generations, is a big part of development during this stage.[27]

Social and personality characteristics

For some, marital satisfaction remains intact, but other family relationships can become more difficult. Career satisfaction focuses more on inner satisfaction and contentedness and less on ambition and the desire to advance.[19] Even so, career changes occur often. Middle adulthood or middle age can be a time when people reexamine their lives by taking stock and evaluating their accomplishments. Morality may change and become more conscious.[28] The perception that those in this stage of development of life undergo a so-called midlife crisis is a largely false one.[29] Personality characteristics remain stable throughout this period,[1] and relationships in middle adulthood may continue to evolve into connections that are stable.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org.
  2. ^ "Middle Age: definition of middle age in Oxford dictionary (American English) (US)". Oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved 2016-06-15.
  3. ^ "Definition of MIDDLE AGE". www.merriam-webster.com.
  4. ^ Middle age. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved December 05, 2012.
  5. ^ Erikson, Erik H.; Erikson, Joan M. (1997). The Life Cycle Completed (extended ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company (published 1998). ISBN 978-0-393-34743-2.
  6. ^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology". dictionary.apa.org.
  7. ^ "middle age | psychology | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
  8. ^ Gordon-Salant, Sandra; Frisina, Robert D.; Fay, Richard R.; Popper, Arthur (3 May 2010). The Aging Auditory System. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781441909947 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ "Middle%20age | Search Online Etymology Dictionary".
  10. ^ "Chambers – Search Chambers".
  11. ^ "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Middle%20age".
  12. ^ Infurna, F. J.; Gerstorf, D.; Lachman, M. E. (2020). "Midlife in the 2020s: Opportunities and Challenges". The American Psychologist. 75 (4): 470–485. doi:10.1037/amp0000591. PMC 7347230. PMID 32378943.
  13. ^ Lachman, M. E. (2015). "Mind the Gap in the Middle: A Call to Study Midlife". Research in Human Development. 12 (3–4): 327–334. doi:10.1080/15427609.2015.1068048. PMC 4734389. PMID 26848288.
  14. ^ Zare, N.; Sharif, F.; Dehesh, T.; Moradi, F. (2015). "General Health in the Elderly and Younger Adults of Rural areas in Fars Province, Iran". International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery. 3 (1): 60–66. PMC 4280558. PMID 25553335.
  15. ^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology".
  16. ^ Hammoudeh, Doaa; Coast, Ernestina; Giacaman, Rita; Lewis, David; Rabaia, Yoke; Leone, Tiziana (February 2018). "Age of despair or age of hope? Elderly Palestinian women's perspectives on health in midlife". The Lancet. 391: S9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30334-9. S2CID 54286370. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  17. ^ Hedgeman, Elizabeth; Hasson, Rebecca E.; Karvonen-Gutierrez, Carrie A.; Herman, William H.; Harlow, Siobán D. (2018). "Perceived stress across the midlife: Longitudinal changes among a diverse sample of women, the Study of Women's health Across the Nation (SWAN)". Women's Midlife Health. 4. doi:10.1186/s40695-018-0032-3. PMC 6027744. PMID 29973982.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ a b "Osteoporosis Tests and Diagnosis". Healthline. 10 November 2017.
  19. ^ a b c d e Stern, Theodore (2016). Massachusetts General Hospital comprehensive clinical psychiatry. London: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-29507-9. Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  20. ^ Bourgeois, F. John; Gehrig, Paola A.; Veljovich, Daniel S. (1 January 2005). Obstetrics and Gynecology Recall. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781748797 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ Harkins, S. W.; Price, D. D.; Martelli, M. (1986-01-01). "Effects of Age on Pain Perception: Thermonociception". Journal of Gerontology. 41 (1): 58–63. doi:10.1093/geronj/41.1.58. ISSN 0022-1422. PMID 3941257.
  22. ^ Leyk, Dieter; Rüther, Thomas; Wunderlich, Max; Sievert, Alexander; Eßfeld, Dieter; Witzki, Alexander; Erley, Oliver; Küchmeister, Gerd; Piekarski, Claus; Löllgen, Herbert (2010-11-19). "Physical Performance in Middle Age and Old Age". Deutsches Ärzteblatt Online. 107 (46): 809–816. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0809. ISSN 1866-0452. PMC 2999945. PMID 21151416.
  23. ^ "NCHS - 404 Error - Resource Not Available". www.cdc.gov. June 1, 2019.
  24. ^ staff, familydoctor org editorial; Rice, Alex; Rice, Alex (September 7, 2017). "Pregnancy After 35: Advanced Maternal Age". familydoctor.org.
  25. ^ "What is Menopause?".
  26. ^ Gordon-Salant, Sandra; Frisina, Robert D.; Fay, Richard R.; Popper, Arthur (3 May 2010). The Aging Auditory System. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781441909947 – via Google Books.
  27. ^ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  28. ^ Kellner, Douglas; Habermas, Jurgen (March 1992). "Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action". Contemporary Sociology. 21 (2): 278. doi:10.2307/2075511. ISSN 0094-3061. JSTOR 2075511.
  29. ^ Levenson, Michael R.; Aldwin, Corolyn M. (2014), "Change in Personality Processes and Health Outcomes", Handbook of Personality Development, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781315805610.ch21, ISBN 978-1-315-80561-0, retrieved 2021-06-23
Preceded by Stages of human development
Middle age 		Succeeded by

Further reading

  • Barbara Bradley Haggerty (2016). Life Reimagined: The Science, Art, and Opportunity of Midlife. Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1594631702.
  • Lachman, M. E. (Ed.). (2001). Handbook of midlife development. NY: John Wiley.
  • Lachman, M. E., Salom, T., & Agrigoroaei, S. (2015). Midlife as a pivotal period in the life course: Balancing growth and decline at the crossroads of youth and old age. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 39. 20–31. doi: 10.1177/0165025414533223
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