Baal Hammon

Baʿal Ḥammon
Weather and Vegetative Fertility King of the Gods
Statue of Baʿal Hammon on his throne with a crown and flanked by sphinges, 1st century.
Consort	Tanit
Equivalents
Canaanite	El
Greek	Cronus
Roman	Saturn

Baal Hammon, properly Baʿal Ḥamon (Phoenician and Punic: 𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤇𐤌𐤍, romanized: Baʿl Ḥamōn),^[1] meaning "Lord Hammon", was the chief god of ancient Carthage. He was a weather god considered responsible for the fertility of vegetation and esteemed as king of the gods. He was depicted as a bearded older man with curling ram's horns.^[2] Baʿal Ḥammon's female cult partner was Tanit.^[3]

The meaning of his first name "Baal" is identified as one of the Phoenician deities covered under the name of Baal.^[4] However, the meaning of his second name "Hammon" is a syncretic association with Amun, the god of ancient Libya^[5] whose temple was in Siwa Oasis where the only oracle of Amun remained in that part of the Libyan Desert all throughout the ages^[6] this connection to Amun, makes it possible to equate Baal Hammon lord of the sky to either Zeus or Cronos^[7]. Historians Crake & Walbank dismiss a claim that Hammon meaning "Brazier" in ugarit which implies that Baal Hammon is equated to Apollo which is a solar deity, the original author of this claim describes his own conclusions as "clearly very hypothetical" ^[7]

Frank Moore also dismisses a hypothesis based on arguments presented for a connection to Hamōn, the Ugaritic name for Mount Amanus, a peak in the Nur Mountains that separate Syria from Cilicia, this connection makes Baal Hammon a Moon god which the author sees as another reason why this connection as insufficient^[8].

The worship of Baʿal Hammon flourished in the Phoenician colony of Carthage. His supremacy among the Carthaginian gods is believed to date to the fifth century BC after relations between Carthage and Tyre were broken off at the time of the Battle of Himera (480 BC).^[9] Baal Hammon was known as the Chief of the pantheon of Carthage and the deity that made vegetation grow; as with most deities of Carthage, he was seemingly propitiated with child sacrifice, likely in times of strife or crisis, or only by elites, perhaps for the good of the whole community. This practice was recorded by Greeks and Romans, but dismissed as propaganda by modern scholars, until archeologists unearthed urns containing the cremated remains of infants in places of ritual sacrifice. Some scholars believe this confirms the accounts of child sacrifice, while others insist these are the remains of children who died young. ^{[10][dubious – discuss]}

He has been identified with a solar deity,^[11] although Yigael Yadin thought him to be a moon god.^[12] Edward Lipiński identifies him with the god Dagon.^[13] In Carthage and North Africa, Baʿal Hammon was especially associated with the ram and was also worshiped as the horned deity Baʿal Qarnaim "Lord of the Two Horns" in an open-air sanctuary at Jebel Boukornine ("the two-horned hill") across the bay from Carthage, in Tunisia.^[14]

The interpretatio graeca identified him with the Titan Cronus. In ancient Rome, he was identified with Saturn, and the cultural exchange between Rome and Carthage as a result of the Second Punic War may have influenced the development of the festival of Saturnalia.^{[15][clarification needed]}. Attributes of his Romanized form as an African Saturn indicate that Hammon (Amunus in Philo's work) was a fertility god.^[16]

There is a survival in modern times in onomastics with some first names in use particularly in Tunisia grafted onto the name of the god. Algerian, Tunisian and many other spoken forms of Arabic refer to "Baali farming" to refer to non-irrigated agriculture.^[17] Such usage is attested in Hebrew, a Canaanite language sister to Phoenician, already in the 2nd century CE Mishnah.^[18]

A street in modern Carthage, located near the Punic Ports, bears the name of Baal Hammon.^[19]

The city of Carmona (Andalusia, Spain) is believed to derive its name from Kar-Hammon, "city of Hammon."^[20]

• Baal-zephon, the storm god of Jebel Aqra
• Beelzebub
• Punic religion

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baal Hammon.

• On-line parallel Bible: Song of Solomon 8:11