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{{Short description|Conversion Pioneer, Historical Figure}}'''Thajuddin''', formerly known as the [[Tamils|Tamil]] King '''Cheraman Perumal''' ({{lit}} "Great lord of the Cheras"), |
{{Short description|Conversion Pioneer, Historical Figure}}'''Thajuddin''', formerly known as the [[Tamils|Tamil]] King '''Cheraman Perumal''' ({{lit}} "Great lord of the Cheras"),<ref name=":0">O. Loth, ''Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office'' (London: Secretary of State of India, 1877), no. 1044.</ref><ref name=":1">Y. Friedmann, "Qissat Shakarwati Farmad: A Tradition Concerning the Introduction of Islam to Malabar", ''Israel Oriental Studies'' 5 (1975), 239-241.</ref> played a significant role in history as the first Indian monarch to embrace [[Islam]]. After his conversion, the Siddhars gave him the title '''Makkahvukkupona Perumal''' ({{lit}} "Emperor who went to [[Mecca|Makkah]]").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Nathan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEolDQAAQBAJ&dq=cheraman+perumal&pg=PA21 |title=Who Are the Jews of India? |date=2000-11-18 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21323-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hurvitz |first1=Nimrod|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-kCEAAAQBAJ |title=Conversion to Islam in the Premodern Age: A Sourcebook |last2=Sahner |first2=Christian C. |last3=Simonsohn |first3=Uriel |last4=Yarbrough |first4=Luke |date=2020 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-29672-5 |page=257}}</ref> His conversion tale is steeped in intriguing events, with a pivotal moment revolving around the legendary [[Splitting of the Moon|splitting of the moon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=صحة حديث إهداء ملك الهند زنجبيلا للرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم - الإسلام سؤال وجواب |url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/186168/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=islamqa.info |language=ar}}</ref>{{sfn|Prange|2018|pp=93–95}} |
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== The splitting of the moon == |
== The splitting of the moon == |
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Arab traders had arrived at a busy [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] port, which was known as a hub of global commerce, and they wanted to meet the King to obtain his permission to travel to [[Eelam]]. During their conversation, the merchants informed the King about [[Muhammad]], and as a result, he appointed his son as the regent of his kingdom and accompanied the Arab traders to meet Muhammad in person. Cheraman went on a pilgrimage to Makkah, where he planned to pray at the temple of the Arabian Moon-god [[Hubal]] and the Shrine of Quraysh idols.<ref name=":12">Y. Friedmann, "Qissat Shakarwati Farmad: A Tradition Concerning the Introduction of Islam to Malabar", ''Israel Oriental Studies'' 5 (1975), 239-241.</ref> During this pilgrimage he met Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheraman Juma Masjid: Advancing a Millenia-old Legacy of Islam and Community |url=https://www.peopleshistoryofsouthasia.com/stories/cheruman-juma-masjid-advancing-a-millenia-old-legacy-of-islam-and-community |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=People's History of South Asia |language=en-US}}</ref> |
Arab traders had arrived at a busy [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] port, which was known as a hub of global commerce, and they wanted to meet the King to obtain his permission to travel to [[Eelam]]. During their conversation, the merchants informed the King about [[Muhammad]], and as a result, he appointed his son as the regent of his kingdom and accompanied the Arab traders to meet Muhammad in person. Cheraman went on a pilgrimage to Makkah, where he planned to pray at the temple of the Arabian Moon-god [[Hubal]] and the Shrine of Quraysh idols.<ref name=":12">Y. Friedmann, "Qissat Shakarwati Farmad: A Tradition Concerning the Introduction of Islam to Malabar", ''Israel Oriental Studies'' 5 (1975), 239-241.</ref> During this pilgrimage he met Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheraman Juma Masjid: Advancing a Millenia-old Legacy of Islam and Community |url=https://www.peopleshistoryofsouthasia.com/stories/cheruman-juma-masjid-advancing-a-millenia-old-legacy-of-islam-and-community |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=People's History of South Asia |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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In the precincts of the [[Kaaba]], Cheraman gave Muhammad and his companions gifts. |
In the precincts of the [[Kaaba]], Cheraman gave Muhammad and his companions gifts. Speaking in Arabic, Cheraman asked Muhammad about the lunar event he had witnessed. [[Bilal ibn Rabah|Bilal]], a companion of Muhammad, encouraged him to convert to Islam.{{|date= }} |
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== Conversion and Recognition as Thajuddin == |
== Conversion and Recognition as Thajuddin == |
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Cheraman converted to Islam and Muhammad gave him the name Thajuddin, meaning "crown of faith". Thajuddin was the first Indian Muslim.<ref>Syed, Muzaffar Husain, Syed Saud Akhtar, and Babuddin D. Usmani. ''Concise history of Islam''. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2011. |
Cheraman converted to Islam and Muhammad gave him the name Thajuddin, meaning "crown of faith". Thajuddin was the first Indian Muslim.<ref>Syed, Muzaffar Husain, Syed Saud Akhtar, and Babuddin D. Usmani. ''Concise history of Islam''. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2011. |
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</ref><ref name="ashi">{{cite book|last1=Sadasivan|first1=S. N.|title=A Social History of India|date=2000|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-170-0|page=306|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=cheraman+islam&pg=PA306|accessdate=16 June 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref name="sochistory">{{Citation|last=S.N.|first=Sadasivan|title=A Social History of India|publisher=APH Publishing|date=Jan 2000|chapter=Caste Invades Kerala|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=cheraman+perumal&pg=PA306|page=303,304,305|isbn=817648170X}}</ref><ref name="INS">{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Satish|title=India's National Security: Annual Review 2009|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-70491-8|page=346|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-esAgAAQBAJ&q=cheraman+tajuddeen+malik+dinar&pg=PA346|accessdate=16 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Death == |
== Death == |
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Latest revision as of 13:09, 4 January 2025
An editor has nominated this article for deletion. You are welcome to participate in the deletion discussion, which will decide whether or not to retain it. |
Thajuddin, formerly known as the Tamil King Cheraman Perumal (lit. "Great lord of the Cheras"),[1][2] played a significant role in history as the first Indian monarch to embrace Islam. After his conversion, the Siddhars gave him the title Makkahvukkupona Perumal (lit. "Emperor who went to Makkah").[3][4] His conversion tale is steeped in intriguing events, with a pivotal moment revolving around the legendary splitting of the moon.[5][6]
The splitting of the moon
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2024) |
A story says that Cheraman Perumal, possibly named Baskara Ravi Varma, was walking late at night with one of his wives in the palace garden, when he alone saw the moon split. Returning to the capital of the Chera Kingdom, he sought the counsel of Hindu astronomers, the Siddhars, renowned for their expertise in celestial matters.[7]
Despite the advanced Hindu mathematical system, the astronomers could not pinpoint the exact time and coordinates of this lunar phenomenon. When Arab merchants from the Banu Quraysh tribe visited his palace, he asked them about it. Modern writers claim that, in the 10th century, Al-Tabari wrote about this in his Tarikh al-Tabari, and Ferishta in his Tarikh Ferishta.[8][9][10]
Journey to Mecca and encounter with Muhammad
[edit]Arab traders had arrived at a busy Malabar port, which was known as a hub of global commerce, and they wanted to meet the King to obtain his permission to travel to Eelam. During their conversation, the merchants informed the King about Muhammad, and as a result, he appointed his son as the regent of his kingdom and accompanied the Arab traders to meet Muhammad in person. Cheraman went on a pilgrimage to Makkah, where he planned to pray at the temple of the Arabian Moon-god Hubal and the Shrine of Quraysh idols.[11] During this pilgrimage he met Muhammad.[12]
In the precincts of the Kaaba, Cheraman gave Muhammad and his companions gifts. Speaking in Arabic, Cheraman asked Muhammad about the lunar event he had witnessed. Bilal, a companion of Muhammad, encouraged him to convert to Islam.[citation needed]
Conversion and Recognition as Thajuddin
[edit]Cheraman converted to Islam and Muhammad gave him the name Thajuddin, meaning "crown of faith". Thajuddin was the first Indian Muslim.[13][14][15][16]
Death
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Following his demise in Oman while on his way back, Thajuddin was laid to rest in Salalah.[17] Upon completing his funeral rites, his companions proceeded to Kerala carrying a letter from the King. Received with respect by his relatives and attendants, they were permitted to spread the teachings of Islam which led to the arrival of Malik Dinar.[18][19] Their efforts led to the establishment of Islam in 629 AD, marked by the construction of India's inaugural mosque in Kodungallur.[20]
Qissat Shakarwati Farmad
[edit]Shakarwati Farmad, an Arabic rendition of the historical Indian royal designation 'Chakravarti Cheraman Perumal,' also known as the Chera (Spice Merchant) king, is mentioned in texts as 'al-Sultan Shakrawati'.[7] The qissat is presently held within the British Library's India Office Records.[21][22]
Versions of the legend
[edit]The later versions of the Cheraman Perumal legend are incorporated by
- Zayn al-Din Makhdum in his work Tuhfat al-Mujahidin during the 16th century CE and in Ta'rikh-i Firishta written in Persian during the 17th century CE.[23]
Different versions of the legend are also observable.
- Several medieval literary texts from Kerala, including the Keralolpatti, along with accounts from Portuguese chronicles, provide valuable historical insights.[7]
- Some scholars also make reference to a Telugu rendition of the tale.[24]
According to scholar Y. Friedmann, the rendition famously recounted by Zayn al-Din Makhdum was directly sourced from the qissat.[22] In contrast to certain variations of the tale, significant portions of the story unfold following the demise of the king along the Arabian coastline.[7]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ O. Loth, Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office (London: Secretary of State of India, 1877), no. 1044.
- ^ Y. Friedmann, "Qissat Shakarwati Farmad: A Tradition Concerning the Introduction of Islam to Malabar", Israel Oriental Studies 5 (1975), 239-241.
- ^ Katz, Nathan (18 November 2000). Who Are the Jews of India?. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21323-4.
- ^ Hurvitz, Nimrod; Sahner, Christian C.; Simonsohn, Uriel; Yarbrough, Luke (2020). Conversion to Islam in the Premodern Age: A Sourcebook. University of California Press. p. 257. ISBN 978-0-520-29672-5.
- ^ "صحة حديث إهداء ملك الهند زنجبيلا للرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم - الإسلام سؤال وجواب". islamqa.info (in Arabic). Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ Prange 2018, pp. 93–95.
- ^ a b c d Prange, Sebastian R. (2018). Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast. Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–98. ISBN 978-1-108-42438-7.
- ^ Samad, M. Abdul (1998). Islam in Kerala: Groups and Movements in the 20th Century. Laurel Publications. p. 2. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ Kurup, K. K. N.; Ismail, E.; India), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies (Calcutta (2008). Emergence of Islam in Kerala in 20th century. Standard Publishers (India). ISBN 9788187471462. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
- ^ Ashraf, Thachara Padikkal Muhammad. Transnational Religion in the Gulf: A Study of Kerala's Sunni Community in Qatar. MS thesis. Hamad Bin Khalifa University (Qatar), 2019.
- ^ Y. Friedmann, "Qissat Shakarwati Farmad: A Tradition Concerning the Introduction of Islam to Malabar", Israel Oriental Studies 5 (1975), 239-241.
- ^ "Cheraman Juma Masjid: Advancing a Millenia-old Legacy of Islam and Community". People's History of South Asia. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain, Syed Saud Akhtar, and Babuddin D. Usmani. Concise history of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2011.
- ^ Sadasivan, S. N. (2000). A Social History of India. APH Publishing. p. 306. ISBN 978-81-7648-170-0. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ S.N., Sadasivan (January 2000), "Caste Invades Kerala", A Social History of India, APH Publishing, p. 303,304,305, ISBN 817648170X
- ^ Kumar, Satish (2012). India's National Security: Annual Review 2009. Routledge. p. 346. ISBN 978-1-136-70491-8. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ "Cheraman Perumal in Salalah". issuu. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
- ^ Hirschler, Konrad (1 December 2019), "The Ibn ʿAbd al-Hādī fihrist: Edition", A Monument to Medieval Syrian Book Culture, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 512–554, doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9781474451567.003.0007, ISBN 978-1-4744-5156-7, S2CID 219824015, retrieved 8 February 2024
- ^ "History". Malik Deenar Grand Juma Masjid. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
- ^ Y. Friedmann, "Qissat Shakarwati Farmad: A Tradition Concerning the Introduction of Islam to Malabar", Israel Oriental Studies 5 (1975), 239-241.
- ^ O. Loth, Arabic Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office (London: Secretary of State of India, 1877), no. 1044.
- ^ a b Y. Friedmann, "Qissat Shakarwati Farmad: A Tradition Concerning the Introduction of Islam to Malabar", Israel Oriental Studies 5 (1975), 239-241.
- ^ Y. Friedmann, "Qissat Shakarwati Farmad: A Tradition Concerning the Introduction of Islam to Malabar", Israel Oriental Studies 5 (1975), 239-241.
- ^ H. H. Wilson, Mackenzie Collection. A descriptive catalogue of the Oriental manuscripts and other articles illustrative of the literature, history, statistics and antiquities of the south of India (Calcutta, 1828), II, appendix, p. XCV.