View source for Commons:Reuse of PD-Art photographs/ja

← Commons:Reuse of PD-Art photographs/ja

You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This page cannot be updated manually. This page is a translation of the page Commons:Reuse of PD-Art photographs and the translation can be updated using the translation tool.
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 05:38, 21 February 2024
- Expiry of block: 05:38, 21 February 2029
Your current IP address is 34.201.52.5. The blocked range is 34.201.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page.

<languages/>
{{shortcut2|COM:PDARTREUSE}}
{{disclaimer}}
{{Nutshell |1=<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimedia Commons allows hosting photographs that reproduce public domain works, which are in the public domain in the United States. However, local laws in different countries may restrict the reuse of such images. Each country has its own rules regarding copyright protection for photographs, with some allowing the use of reproductions of public domain works while others do not. It is important to consider the laws of your country and seek legal advice before using such content.</span>}}

ウィキメディア・コモンズは、二次元のパブリック・ドメイン作品を忠実に複製した写真のホスティングを明示的に許可しています。このような写真は、このサイトが拠点を置くアメリカでパブリック・ドメインにあります（もしあなたがコモンズの投稿者であれば、このポリシーに関する詳細は{{pg|Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag}}を参照してください）。しかしながら、あなたの国ではそのような画像の再利用を防いだり制限する、地域の法令があるかもしれません。そのいくつかを下記にリスト化してあります。私たちはこの情報が役立つことを願っていますが、他方そのようなコンテンツの利用はあなた自身の責任において行い、コンテンツを利用する前に、あなたの法域で法的な助言を確保することを考慮すべきです。

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== Neighbouring rights ("simple photographs") ===
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
In certain countries, ''any'' photograph, whether original or not, is covered by a so-called "simple photograph" neighbouring right that amounts to a copyright with a reduced term of protection. If the photo is sufficiently original, the author can additionally be granted normal copyright protection. In the Nordic countries, for example, the right applies to all photographs, including "faithful reproduction" images. Since 2021 following the {{w|Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market}} this photographer's right of photos of two dimensional artworks is only granted as long as the photographed artwork itself is protected by copyright. However, protection does ''not'' normally apply to scans or other photomechanical reproductions — this special neighbouring right applies ''only'' to photographs. See {{pg|Commons:Simple photographs}}.
</div>

<span id="Country-specific_rules"></span>
== 国ごとの規則 ==

<span id="Australia"></span>
=== オーストラリア ===
[[File:Symbol OK.svg|15px]]/[[File:Nuvola apps error.png|15px]]
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Inconclusive'''. Court cases in Australia have gone both ways. See ''[[:en:Telstra v Desktop Marketing Systems|Telstra v Desktop Marketing Systems]]''.
</div>

<span id="Belgium"></span>
===ベルギー===
[[File:Symbol OK.svg|15px]]/[[File:Nuvola apps error.png|15px]]<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Inconclusive'''. In the Belgian law "Wet betreffende het auteursrecht en de naburige rechten." of 30 June 1994, in chapter 1, part 1, article 2, paragraph 5 one finds:
</div>
<blockquote lang="nl">''De beschermingstermijn van foto's die oorspronkelijk zijn, '''in de zin dat zij een eigen intellectuele schepping van de auteur zijn''', wordt (vastgesteld) overeenkomstig de voorgaande paragrafen.''<ref name=JUSTITIE /></blockquote>

<blockquote><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The protection duration of photographs that are original, '''in the sense that they are a proper intellectual creation of the author''', becomes like previous paragraphs. [and thus copyrighted till 70 years after the death of the author]</span></blockquote>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The Belgian federal government clarifies this on one of its websites:
</div>
<blockquote lang="nl">''Worden daarentegen niet beschermd door het auteursrecht: wat uitsluitend door een machine wordt voortgebracht (satellietbeelden).''<ref name=JUSTITIE /></blockquote>
<blockquote><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is no copyright protection for what is made solely by a machine (''e.g.'' satellite images).</span></blockquote>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Simple scans or photographs of public domain documents remain hence in the public domain.
</div>

<span id="Canada"></span>
=== カナダ ===
[[File:Symbol OK.svg|15px]]/[[File:Nuvola apps error.png|15px]]<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Inconclusive'''. Court cases in Canada regarding "{{wp-Sweat of the brow|sweat of the brow}}" have gone both ways.
</div>

<span id="Denmark"></span>
===デンマーク===

[[#Nordic|北欧諸国]]を参照

<span id="France"></span>
=== フランス ===
[[File:Symbol OK.svg|15px]]/[[File:Nuvola apps error.png|15px]]<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''Inconclusive'''. Court cases in France have gone both ways. See [[:fr:Utilisateur:Jastrow/PD-art]] (in French).
</div>

<span id="Germany"></span>
=== ドイツ ===

'''ほとんどの場合は'''{{OK}}。

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''(1) Photographic works:''' While definitive guidance from the courts is lacking, it is widely assumed by legal scholars and practitioners alike that the faithful photographic reproduction of a "flat" object generally does ''not'' attract protection as a photographic work.<ref>IJ Schiessel, ''Reichweite und Rechtfertigung des einfachen Lichtbildschutzes gem. § 72 UrhG'' (Nomos 2020) 91; F Stang, "Freie Verwendung von Abbildungen gemeinfreier Werke? Zur urheberrechtlichen Bewertung von Angeboten gemeinfreier Bilder bei ''Wikipedia'' und ''Wikimedia Commons''" (2009) 1 ZGE 167, 175. See W Bullinger, "§ 1" in K Ebling and W Bullinger (eds), ''Praxishandbuch Recht der Kunst'' (Beck 2019) para 22; U Loewenheim and M Leistner, "§ 2" in U Loewenheim, M Leistner, and A Ohly (eds), ''Schricker/Loewenheim: Urheberrecht'' (6th edn, Beck 2020) para 213; A Nordemann, "§ 2" in A Nordemann, JB Nordemann, and C Czychowski (eds), ''Fromm/Nordemann: Urheberrecht'' (12th edn, Kohlhammer 2018) para 198; H Schack, ''Kunst und Recht'' (3rd edn, Mohr Siebeck 2017) para 872; R Jacobs, "Die Katalogbildfreiheit" in JF Baur and others (eds), ''Festschrift für Ralf Vieregge zum 70. Geburtstag am 6. November 1995'' (De Gruyter 1995) 396; AR Klett and C Mikyska, "Die Entwicklung des Urheberrechts seit Mitte 2018" (2019) 22 K&R 441, 443; P Klimpel and F Rack, "Reproduktionen und urheberrechtlicher Schutz" (2020) 1 RuZ 243, 245; H Lehment, ''Das Fotografieren von Kunstgegenständen'' (V&R unipress 2008) 37; T Platena, ''Das Lichtbild im Urheberrecht'' (Lang 1998) 228; IJ Schiessel, ''Reichweite und Rechtfertigung des einfachen Lichtbildschutzes gem. § 72 UrhG'' (Nomos 2020) 91f; L Specht-Riemenschneider and J Paschwitz, "Gemeinfreiheit als Prinzip?: Reichweite und Umsetzungsbedarf des Art. 14 DSM-Richtlinie" (2020) 1 RuZ 95, 97; F Stang, "Freie Verwendung von Abbildungen gemeinfreier Werke? Zur urheberrechtlichen Bewertung von Angeboten gemeinfreier Bilder bei ''Wikipedia'' und ''Wikimedia Commons''" (2009) 1 ZGE 167, 175. See also K Garbers-von Boehm, ''Rechtliche Aspekte der Digitalisierung und Kommerzialisierung musealer Bildbestände'' (Nomos 2011) 150 ("in most cases"). But see G Pfennig, "Die Begegnung von Fotografie und Kunst" (2007) 9 KUR 1, 4 (photographs of monochrome paintings protected as "highly original" works).</ref> In the same vein, the Stuttgart Court of Appeals noted in a 2017 decision that the panel could not find "any substantial use of artistic creativity" in a professional museum photographer's pictures of paintings (although the Court ultimately did not decide the question).<ref>Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart 31 May 2017, case 4 U 204/16 ''Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen'', GRUR 2017, 905 [68]. In a 1996 decision, the Düsseldorf Court of Appeals held that photograph of a drawing displayed in an art exhibition was not a photographic work due to a lack of artistic creativity. Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf 13 February 1996, case 20 U 115/95 ''Beuys-Fotografien'', GRUR 1997, 49, 51. However, the decision was handed down prior to Germany's transposition of the Information Society Directive, which effectively lowered the required threshold of originality.</ref>
</div> 

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''(2) Simple photographs:''' In general, German copyright law also protects simple photographs that do not rise to the leval of a photographic work due to their lack of originality. However, following a EU Directive,<ref>Directive 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market (DSM Directive), art 14.</ref> the German Copyright Act was amended, effective 7 June 2021, in an effort to exclude certain photographs of public domain material from protection as simple photographs.<ref>[https://dejure.org/gesetze/UrhG/68.html Section 68 UrhG.]</ref> The current legal situation is thus as follows:
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''''Simple photographs of works of visual art in the public domain are not protected.''''' Neither the German Copyright Act nor the EU Directive that prompted the new provision give a definition of the term "works of visual art". In the official reasoning provided with the (at the time: proposed) amendment, the German government notes that it understands the term to match a similar term used in another EU Directive, where "visual works" are explained as including "fine art, photography, illustration, design, architecture, sketches of the latter works and other such works that are contained in books, journals, newspapers and magazines or other works".<ref>Draft Bill of the Federal Government, Bundestag Printed Paper [https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/274/1927426.pdf 19/27426] of 9 March 2021, p 105. Compare Section 3 to the Annex to the Orphan Works Directive, 2012/28/EU. ''Wirth'' gives a few examples of qualifying subject matter: "public-domain sculptures, works of architecture, artfully designed furniture, historic maps and technical drawings". T Wirth, "§ 68 UrhG-E: Vervielfältigungen gemeinfreier visueller Werke" (2020) 64 ZUM 715, 716.</ref> Materials that are not "works of visual art" may include manuscripts and music sheets.<ref>Cf S Dusollier, "The 2019 Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market" (2020) 57 CML Rev 979, 997; European Copyright Society, "Comment of the European Copyright Society on the Implementation of Art. 14 of the DSM-Directive 2019/790" (2020) 11 JIPITEC 110, para 31.</ref> Because the provision refers to ''works'' of visual art, it only applies to pictures of material that is an author's own intellectual creation, ie material that, in the abstract, could be eligible for copyright protection, as opposed to, say, paintings created by an elephant.<ref>G Schulze, "Fotos von gemeinfreien Werken der bildenden Kunst" (2019) 121 GRUR 779, 780.</ref> Notably, the exception does not specifically require that the depicted work must have enjoyed protection at any time;<ref>See also A-A Wandtke and S Ostendorff, ''Urheberrecht'' (8th edn, De Gruyter 2021) 269; G Würtenberger and S Freischem, "Stellungnahme des GRUR-Fachausschusses für Urheber- und Verlagsrecht zum RefE des DSM-Umsetzungsgesetzes" (2021) 123 GRUR 37, 41. It therefore seems broader than art 14 of the DSM Directive, which—at least on its face—(only) requires Member States to exclude photographs from neighbouring rights protection "when the term of protection of a work of visual art has ''expired''" (emphasis added). Cf I Stamatoudi and P Torremans, "The Digital Single Market Directive" in I Stamatoudi and P Torremans (eds), ''EU Copyright Law: A Commentary'' (2nd edn, Elgar 2021) para 17.222.</ref> accordingly, the Government points out that simple photographs of paintings from the 16th century are also unprotected.<ref>Draft Bill of the Federal Government, Bundestag Printed Paper [https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/274/1927426.pdf 19/27426] of 9 March 2021, p 105.</ref> Also according to the official reasoning, the exclusion from protection applies to simple photographic reproductions irrespective of whether they were created before or after 7 July 2021.<ref>Draft Bill of the Federal Government, Bundestag Printed Paper [https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/274/1927426.pdf 19/27426] of 9 March 2021, pp 53, 105. See also A-A Wandtke and S Ostendorff, ''Urheberrecht'' (8th edn, De Gruyter 2021) 274. Cf European Copyright Society, "Comment of the European Copyright Society on the Implementation of Art. 14 of the DSM-Directive 2019/790" (2020) 11 JIPITEC 110, paras 22ff, and IJ Schiessel, ''Reichweite und Rechtfertigung des einfachen Lichtbildschutzes gem. § 72 UrhG'' (Nomos 2020) 120f (both inferring the same directly from the DSM Directive).</ref> It does ''not'' apply to reproductions that constitute photographic works.<ref>Draft Bill of the Federal Government, Bundestag Printed Paper [https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/274/1927426.pdf 19/27426] of 9 March 2021, p 105. See also art 14 DSM Directive ("[...] unless the material resulting from that act of reproduction is original in the sense that it is the author's own intellectual creation"). See also I Stamatoudi and P Torremans, "The Digital Single Market Directive" in I Stamatoudi and P Torremans (eds), ''EU Copyright Law: A Commentary'' (2nd edn, Elgar 2021) para 17.219; A-A Wandtke and S Ostendorff, ''Urheberrecht'' (8th edn, De Gruyter 2021) 268f.</ref>
</div>

<span id="Italy"></span>
===イタリア===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{ok}} {{sref|633/1941 art. 32 quater}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
[https://www.wikimedia.it/fotografia-oggetti-tridimensionali-diritto-dautore-senza-liberta-panorama/ Relevant cases] in the [[w:Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)|''Cassazione'']] (supreme court) include [https://e-justice.europa.eu/ecli/it/ECLI:IT:CASS:2004:5089CIV.html 5089/2004] and [https://it.wikisource.org/wiki/Ordinanza_Corte_di_Cassazione_n._9757-2013 9757/2013].
</div>

<span id="Japan"></span>
=== 日本 ===

{{ok}} {{wp-Agency for Cultural Affairs|文化庁}}は判例は無いとしながらも、写真による複製は著作権を主張できないと述べています。同様の例として{{wp-Intellectual Property High Court|知的財産高等裁判所}}は、古い線描をわずかに変えて手で描かれたコピーには創作性が無いものとして、二次著作物としての著作権を主張できないとしました。[http://www.courts.go.jp/hanrei/pdf/20060927145654.pdf]そして{{wp-Supreme Court of Japan|最高裁判所}}は所有者に著作権の行使を認めませんでした。<ref name=NakamuraRyo/>

<span id="Macao"></span>
=== マカオ ===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{Ok}} Paragraph 4 of Article 1 of [[s:Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M|Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M]]: "A work is original where it is the result of the author’s own creative effort and not merely the appropriation of another person’s creation."<ref name=Macao1999/>
</div>

<span id="Netherlands"></span>
=== オランダ ===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{ok}} The Netherlands transposed the CDSM-directive. Unless the material resulting from that act of reproduction is original in the sense that it is the author's own intellectual creation a work of art will remain in the public domain if its underlying work is the public domain (following from article 14 of the CDSM Directive.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Even thought the Netherlands did not transpose article 14 in a new article of the Dutch copyright act, the Ministry did clarify [https://www.eerstekamer.nl/behandeling/20200511/memorie_van_toelichting_2/document3/f=/vl8ob3zfnqy8.pdf] (page 8, last paragraph):
</div>

<blockquote lang=nl>
"Het verstrijken van de beschermingstermijn van werken van beeldende kunst leidt ertoe dat die werken tot het publieke domein gaan behoren. Die werken mogen vrijelijk worden hergebruikt. Artikel 14 van de richtlijn bevestigt dit en bepaalt dat reproducties van werken van beeldende kunst niet door het auteursrecht worden beschermd. Dit is slechts anders wanneer de reproducties als zodanig ook weer een werk in de auteursrechtelijke betekenis van het woord opleveren. Daarvoor is noodzakelijk dat er sprake is van een originele schepping die het persoonlijk stempel van de maker draagt. Voor getrouwe reproducties, waarbij bijvoorbeeld kan worden gedacht aan een foto van een schilderij ten behoeve van een ansichtkaart, zal dit doorgaans niet het geval zijn. Voor cultureel erfgoedinstellingen is het auteursrecht dan geen beletsel voor verkoop van zulke ansichtkaarten. De verspreiding van getrouwe reproducties van werken in het publieke domein draagt bij tot de toegang tot en de bevordering van cultuur. '''Artikel 14 is geheel in lijn met het geldende recht en behoeft daarom geen omzetting'''."
</blockquote>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
'''English:'''
"The expiry of the term of protection for works of visual art means that these works become part of the public domain. Those works may be freely reused. Article 14 of the Directive confirms this and provides that reproductions of works of visual art are not protected by copyright. This is only different if the reproductions as such also result in a work in the copyright sense of the word. For this it is necessary that there is an original creation that bears the personal stamp of the maker. This will generally not be the case for faithful reproductions, such as a photo of a painting for a postcard. For cultural heritage institutions, copyright does not prevent the sale of such postcards. The dissemination of faithful reproductions of works in the public domain contributes to the access and promotion of culture. '''Article 14 is fully in line with applicable law and therefore does not require transposition'''."
</div> 

{{anchor|Nordic}}
<span id="Nordic_countries"></span>
=== 北欧諸国 ===

[[Image:Björn Gunnlaugsson by Sigurður málari.jpg|right|thumb|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This public domain Icelandic artwork was scanned from a book published in 1950. Any exclusive rights of photographic pictures involved in producing the book have expired by now.</span>]]
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Generally {{NotOK}}. In Denmark (<ref name=DenmarkArt70/>), Finland (<ref name=FinnAct/>), Norway (<ref name=NorwayAct/>), Sweden (<ref name=SwedenArt49/>), and Iceland (<ref name=Iceland49/>), anyone who has produced a photographic picture has an exclusive right to reproduce the picture and to make it available to the public. This right subsists until 50 years have elapsed from the year in which the picture was produced (15 years after the death of the photographer but at least 50 years in Norway).
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Photographic reproductions from these countries enter the public domain when both the copyrights on the original and this neighboring right on the photograph have expired. Recent photos are thus never OK, but older ones may be (if the original is in the public domain). These countries had until the 1990s shorter terms for this photography right.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* Iceland: {{ok}} '''before January 1, {{#expr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} -50}}'''. Iceland has a term of 50 years since creation.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* Norway: {{ok}} '''before January 1, 1970 if the photographer died before January 1, 1980''' Norway had a term of 25 years since creation (but at least 15 years after the death of the photographer) until 1995. If the photographer died later or the picture was taken later, the current terms apply.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* Sweden: {{ok}} '''before January 1, 1969'''. Sweden had a term of 25 years until 1994.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* Finland: {{ok}} '''if created before January 1, {{#expr: {{CURRENTYEAR}} -50}} or published before January 1, 1966'''. Finland had a term of 25 years since the year of first publication until 1991.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* Denmark: {{ok}} '''before January 1, 1970'''. Denmark had a term of 25 years until 1995. (§91, 5 in the current law).
However, mechanical reproduction such as photocopying and scanning are not mentioned in the laws, and are probably {{ok}}. Similarly, reprints using old etchings and copper-plates are likely not protected.
</div>

<span id="Poland"></span>
=== ポーランド ===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{ok}} Faithful reproductions of two-dimensional works of art are not eligible for copyright themselves under Polish law, because they are not considered as ''individual creative activity''.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Court rulings:
</div>
* Sąd Apelacyjny w Warszawie, orzeczenie z 5 lipca 1995 (I ACr 453/95)
* Sąd Najwyższy — Izba Administracyjna, Pracy i Ubezpieczeń Społecznych, orzeczenie z 26 czerwca 1998 (IPKN 196/98)<ref>[https://www.sn.pl/sites/orzecznictwo/orzeczenia1/i%20pkn%20196-98.pdf]</ref>

<span id="Romania"></span>
=== ルーマニア ===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{ok}} Copyright is granted only to "any changes to an artistic work which require creative intellectual work", while "non-essential changes, additions, cuttings or adaptations, as well as the correction of a work or a collection do not extend their copyright term".<ref name=Romania1996/>
</div>

<span id="Slovakia"></span>
===スロバキア===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Probably {{ok}}. Copyright on photographs requires "author’s own intellectual creation" ([https://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/2015-185 Act No. 185/2015], Section 3(1)(5)):
</div><ref>{{cite web |last1=Husovec |first1=Martin |title=Slovakia adopts a new Copyright Act: It’s a Mixed Bag – Part I |url=http://copyrightblog.kluweriplaw.com/2016/02/29/slovakia-adopts-a-new-copyright-act-its-a-mixed-bag-part-i/ |website=Kluwer Copyright Blog |accessdate=9 November 2019 |date=29 February 2016}}</ref>
{{quote|(5) Fotografickým dielom je zachytenie obrazu prostredníctvom fotografického technického zariadenia, ak je výsledkom tvorivej duševnej činnosti autora; žiadne iné podmienky podľa odseku 1 sa neuplatnia.}}

<span id="Spain"></span>
=== スペイン ===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{ok}} '''before {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-25}}''' / {{not ok}} otherwise. The ''Ley de propiedad intelectual'' (LPI 1996)<ref name=LPI1996/> provides 25 years of copyright to "mere photographs" or similar reproductions, beginning on 1 January of the year following creation.
</div>

<blockquote lang=es>
TITULO V: La protección de las meras fotografías.<br>Artículo 128. De las meras fotografías.

Quien realice una fotografía u otra reproducción obtenida por procedimiento análogo a aquélla, cuando ni una ni otra tengan el carácter de obras protegidas en el Libro I, goza del derecho exclusivo de autorizar su reproducción, distribución y comunicación pública, en los mismos términos reconocidos en la presente Ley a los autores de obras fotográficas.

Este derecho tendrá una duración de veinticinco años computados desde el día 1 de enero del año siguiente a la fecha de realización de la fotografía o reproducción.
</blockquote>

<span id="Switzerland"></span>
=== スイス ===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{ok}} In Switzerland, photographs must exhibit an "individual expression of thought" to be subject to copyright. According to applicable Supreme Court case law<ref name=BlauGuggenheim/> this requires that the photograph is given an individual character e.g. by the choice of framing, the use of camera settings or the editing of the image. This means that faithful reproduction photographs are not subject to copyright in Switzerland. The State Library of Lucerne also opines in that sense, saying that photographic reproductions of documents from libraries were not "works" in the sense of the copyright law and thus not copyrighted.
</div> 

{{wp-Swiss copyright law|Swiss copyright law}}も参照。

<span id="Taiwan"></span>
=== 台湾 ===

中華民国、台湾では{{NotOK}}の場合があります：

<span id="Copyright_restriction"></span>
====著作権の制限====

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Article 79 of the Copyright Act: "For a literary or artistic work that has no economic rights or for which the economic rights have been extinguished, a plate maker who arranges and prints the said literary work, or in the case of an artistic work, a plate maker who photocopies, prints, or uses a similar method of reproduction and first publishes such reproduction based on such original artistic work, and duly records it in accordance with this Act, shall have the exclusive right to photocopy, print, or use similar methods of reproduction based on the plate."
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Getting this exclusive plate right requires official registration. Once registered, the plate right is good for ten (10) years from the time the plate is completed, to expire at year end.
</div>

<span id="Non-copyright_restriction"></span>
====著作権以外の制限====

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Cultural Heritage Preservation Act: Item 1 of Article 69: "For the purpose of research and promotion, public antiquities preservation agency (institution) may reproduce and supervise the reproduction of the Antiquities under its custody. Third parties may not make any such reproduction except with the permission and under the supervision of the original custodian preservation agency (institution)."
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Item 2 of Article 69: "The rules governing the reproduction and supervision of Antiquities referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be prescribed by the central competent authority."
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Item 1 of paragraph 1 of Article 97 provides the administrative fine of 100,000 to 500,000 new Taiwan dollars for "reproducing publicly owned Antiquities without permission from, or supervision of, the original custodian preservation agency (institution) in violation of item 1 of Article 69."
</div>

<span id="Turkey"></span>
=== トルコ ===
[[Image:Symbol OK.svg|15px]]/[[Image:Nuvola apps error.png|15px]]'''不確定'''

<span id="Databases"></span>
==== データベース ====

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
While Turkey recognizes the ''sui generis'' right for databases, Article 6/11 on the Law of Intellectual and Artistic Works (Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu, ''FSEK'') clearly states: "... However, the protection provided in here can't be extended for the protection of data and materials inside the database"<ref name=FSEK>https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.3.5846.pdf</ref>
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
However, on some cases the "sweat of the brow" doctrine also applies and the copyright protection may be granted on the basis of economic, cultural, social and scientific functions even if it doesn't carry originality but requires effort.<ref>[https://docplayer.biz.tr/6530048-Fikri-mulkiyet-hukuku-kapsaminda-veri-tabanlarinin-korunmasi-ve-avrupa-birligi-muktesebati-ile-karsilastirilmasi.html FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HUKUKU KAPSAMINDA VERİ TABANLARININ KORUNMASI VE AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ MÜKTESEBATI İLE KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI]</ref>
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Furthermore, Article 6/5, 6/6 and 6/7 of the FSEK gives protection for corpuses and the arrangement of selected works.<ref name=FSEK/>
</div>

<span id="Other_photographic_reproductions"></span>
==== その他の写真複製 ====

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Article 6/8 of the FSEK states: "... Ordinary transcriptions and facsimiles that are not a product of a scientific research and work is ineligible [for protection]."<ref name=FSEK/>
However, Article 6/3 of the FSEK makes clear that the filming or conversion to a shape that is suitable for transmission via radio and television of musical, artistic, scientific and literature works is eligible for copyright.
</div>

<span id="United_Kingdom_/_UK"></span>
=== イギリス / UK ===

{{ok}}

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The courts in the UK traditionally applied a very low test for photographic originality, based on the "skill and labour" required to capture the image, and it was long thought that there would most likely be sufficient originality in a photographer's selection of lighting arrangements, exposure, filters and so on for a new copyright to be generated.  However, the 2009 ''Infopaq'' decision of the CJEU defined a different test, namely "''Is it the author’s own intellectual creation?''"
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Despite some intervening claims to contrary, a November 2023 Appeal Court judgement (THJ v Sheridan, 2023) clarified that, in the UK, no new copyright is created in making a photographic reproduction of a public domain artwork, and that this has been the case since 2009.<ref name="THJvSheridan">{{Cite Q|Q124044396}}</ref><ref name="Grosvenor-2023">{{Cite Q|Q124044230}}</ref>
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Note that there is also no issue regarding raw unenhanced scans or photocopies of PD illustrations in an old book. These are always OK, as purely mechanical copying has never been capable of creating a new copyright.
</div>

<span id="United_States_/_USA"></span>
=== アメリカ合衆国 / USA ===

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
{{ok}} Under the rule in ''{{wp-Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.|Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corporation}}'', a mere 'record' photograph of a 2D work of art (i.e. a photograph which is an as-accurate-as-possible copy of the original) acquires no copyright protection.
</div>

<span id="The_U.S._case_of_Bridgeman_v._Corel_(1999)"></span>
==== アメリカの判決例「ブリッジマン対コレル」(1999年) ====

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
In {{wp-Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.|''Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.''}} (1999), the New York District Court held that ''"a photograph which is no more than a copy of a work of another as exact as science and technology permits lacks originality. That is not to say that such a feat is trivial, simply not original"''. In spite of the effort and labor involved in creating professional-quality slides from the original works of art, the Court held that copyright did not subsist as they were simply slavish copies of the works of art represented. While the New York District Court does not hold jurisdiction over the whole US, other district courts have generally relied on and expanded on this decision.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
The rule therefore excludes from copyright protection photographs which are intended to be no more than a faithful reproduction of a two-dimensional work of art such as a painting. If only technical expertise is involved (to take a faithful and unimaginative picture), the photograph acquires no copyright protection in its own right. The case extends the rule that scans and photocopies of two-dimensional originals are not copyrightable to cover in addition faithful reproductions created '''in the U.S.''' through photography.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
As a result of this case, anyone taking in the U.S. a mere 'record' photograph of a 2D work of art—plain, full-framed—gets no copyright protection for the photograph. If the original work of art is sufficiently old that its own copyright has expired, the photograph itself will then be free for use in the U.S.
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Different countries apply the rules on originality in different ways, and identical images may be treated differently in different jurisdictions. In some countries (such as the UK) faithful reproduction images may be considered sufficiently original to attract copyright protection; in others (such as the Nordic countries) there may be neighbouring rights that apply.
</div>

<span id="See_also"></span>
==関連項目==

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* {{pg|Category:PD-Art license tags}}
* {{pg|Commons:Copyright tags/General public domain#2Dart}}
* {{pg|Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag}}
* {{pg|Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag}}
</div>

<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* {{cite web |url=http://outofcopyright.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/digitisation_cultural_heritage-thomas-margoni.pdf 
 |title=The digitisation of cultural heritage: originality, derivative works and (non) original photographs
 |author=Thomas Margoni |publisher=Institute for Information Law (IViR), University of Amsterdam |accessdate=2019-05-08}}
</div>

<span id="Notes"></span>
== 注記 ==
{{reflist |refs=
<ref name=BlauGuggenheim>''Blau Guggenheim v. British Broadcasting Corporation BBC'',<ref name= [http://relevancy.bger.ch/php/clir/http/index.php?lang=de&type=highlight_simple_query&highlight_docid=atf%3A%2F%2F130-III-714%3Ade BGE 130 (2004) III S. 714-720]</ref>

<ref name=DenmarkArt70>{{cite web|url=http://www.kum.dk/sw4550.asp |title=Article 70}}</ref>

<!--
<ref name=Engelfriet>{{cite web |url=http://blog.iusmentis.com/2007/10/25/zijn-fotos-van-schilderijen-auteursrechtelijk-beschermd/
  |title=Zijn foto’s van schilderijen auteursrechtelijk beschermd? |date=25 October 2007|language=Dutch}}</ref>
-->

<ref name=FinnAct>{{cite web |accessdate=2019-05-08|url=http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1961/19610404
  |title=Tekijänoikeuslaki (Finnish Copyright Act) Article 49 a}}</ref>

<ref name=Iceland49>{{cite web |url=http://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/1972073.html |title=§49}}</ref>

<ref name=JUSTITIE>{{cite web |accessdate=2019-05-08 |date=30 June 1994 |title=Wet betreffende het auteursrecht en de naburige rechten. (NOTA : Raadpleging van vroegere versies vanaf 29-04-1995 en tekstbijwerking tot 29-12-2017) Zie wijziging(en) |publisher=JUSTITIE 
 |url=http://economie.fgov.be/nl/ondernemingen/Intellectuele_Eigendom/auteursrecht/Bescherming_door_auteursrecht/wat_beschermd/}}</ref>

<ref name=LPI1996>{{cite web|url=https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/es/text/584952|title=Ley de Propiedad Intelectual|date=1996-04-22}}</ref>

<ref name=Macao1999>{{cite web |title=Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M of August 16, 1999 Copyright Law |accessdate=2019-05-08|url=http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/99/33/declei43_en.asp}}</ref>

<ref name=NakamuraRyo>{{cite web|url=http://www.courts.go.jp/hanrei/pdf/js_20100319120546053240.pdf |title=上告代理人中村稔、同熊倉禎男の上告理由について}}[[:ja:顔真卿自書建中告身帖事件]]</ref>

<ref name=NorwayAct>{{cite web |url=http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19610512-002-042.html#43a
  |title= Lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk m.v. (åndsverkloven) fra 12.mai.1961 Article 43 a}}</ref>

<ref name=Romania1996>{{cite web |url=http://www.legi-internet.ro/lgdraut.htm
  |title=Legea nr 8/1996 privind dreptul de autor şi drepturile conexe}}</ref>

(<ref name=SwedenArt49>{{cite web
  |url=http://www.sweden.gov.se/download/129882cd.pdf?major=1&minor=12248&cn=attachmentDuplicator_1_attachment |title=Article 49 a}}</ref>

<ref name=UKIPO>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/copyright-notice-digital-images-photographs-and-the-internet/copyright-notice-digital-images-photographs-and-the-internet
 |title=Copyright Notice: digital images, photographs and the internet. Copyright Notice Number: 1/2014 Updated: January 2021
 |publisher=UK Intellectual Property Office |accessdate=2022-05-12}}</ref>
}}

{{TNT|Commons policies and guidelines}}
[[Category:Commons licensing help{{#translation:}}]]

Templates used on this page:

Commons:Simple photographs (edit)
Template:Anchor (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Citation (edit)
Template:Citation/core (edit)
Template:Cite Q (edit)
Template:Cite web (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Commons policies and guidelines/ja (edit)
Template:Disclaimer (edit)
Template:Disclaimer/en (edit)
Template:Disclaimer/layout (edit)
Template:GetFallback2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang (view source) (protected)
Template:LangSwitch (view source) (protected)
Template:Mbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Multilingual link (edit)
Template:Multilingual link/wrapper (edit)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox subgroup (edit)
Template:No redirect (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:NotOK (edit)
Template:Not ok (edit)
Template:Nutshell (edit)
Template:Nutshell/ja (edit)
Template:Nutshell/layout (edit)
Template:OK (edit)
Template:Ok (edit)
Template:Pg (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Plainlist (edit)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (edit)
Template:Plural (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Quote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Shortcut2 (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Shortcut2/styles.css (edit)
Template:Shortcut text (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Sref (edit)
Template:Str left (view source) (protected)
Template:TNT (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Translatable template (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:W (view source) (protected)
Template:WikiLink (edit)
Template:Wp-Agency for Cultural Affairs (edit)
Template:Wp-Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp. (edit)
Template:Wp-Copyright law of Switzerland (edit)
Template:Wp-Intellectual Property High Court (edit)
Template:Wp-Supreme Court of Japan (edit)
Template:Wp-Sweat of the brow (edit)
Template:Wp-Swiss copyright law (edit)
Module:Anchor (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Autotranslate (view source) (protected)
Module:Cite Q (edit)
Module:Complex date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:DateI18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Error (edit)
Module:I18n/complex date (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISOdate (view source) (protected)
Module:LangSwitch (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box/mbox.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pg (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TNT (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TagQS (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Template translation (view source) (semi-protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source)
Module:Wikidata label (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Translations:Commons:Copyright tags/General public domain/Page display title/ja (edit)
Translations:Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag/Page display title/ja (edit)
Translations:Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag/Page display title/ja (edit)

Return to Commons:Reuse of PD-Art photographs/ja.

Retrieved from "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Reuse_of_PD-Art_photographs/ja"

View source for Commons:Reuse of PD-Art photographs/ja

Navigation menu

Search