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==Drugs==
===Alcohol===
[[File:Victory show Cosby Leicestershire UK 2013-09-07 zaphad1 Victory show 529 WWII military equipment orginals replicas reenactment etc German Luftwaffe pilot's personal items guns badges goggles knives etc.jpg|thumb|Two [[hip flask]]s, located in the left-center, are featured in the military equipment used as emergency [[sustenance]] by the ''Luftwaffe'', which was the air force of Nazi Germany during World War II.]]
The popular story dates the etymology of the term [[Dutch courage]] to English soldiers fighting in the [[Anglo-Dutch Wars]]<ref name="OED">{{cite book |chapter=Dutch |title=Oxford English Dictionary |edition=2nd |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> (1652–1674) and perhaps as early as the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648). One version states that [[jenever]] (or Dutch gin) was used by English soldiers for its calming effects before battle, and for its purported warming properties on the body in cold weather. Another version has it that English soldiers noted the bravery-inducing effects of jenever on Dutch soldiers.<ref name="HistoryExtra">{{cite web |url= https://www.historyextra.com/period/general-history/what-is-the-origin-of-the-phrase-dutch-courage/ |title=What is the origin of the phrase 'Dutch Courage'? |first=Eugene |last=Byrne |website= History Extra |date=26 July 2013 |access-date=26 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Phrases">{{cite web | place = [[United Kingdom|UK]] |url= https://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/dutch-courage.html |title= Dutch courage |first=Gary |last=Martin |website= Phrases |access-date= 26 December 2022}}</ref>
Alcohol has a long association of military use, and has been called "[[liquid courage]]" for its role in preparing troops for battle. It has also been used to anaesthetize injured soldiers, celebrate military victories, and cope with the emotions of defeat. In the [[Russo-Japanese War]], alcohol has been implicated as a factor contributing to the [[Russian Empire]]'s loss. Russian commanders, sailors, and soldiers were said to be drunk more than sober. Countries often enabled alcohol use by their troops through providing alcohol in their rations. The British [[Royal Navy]] and other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] navies once maintained a [[rum ration]] for sailors until [[Black Tot Day|Britain retired it in 1970]].<ref name="Andreas">{{Cite journal|last=Andreas |first=Peter |date=11 May 2019 |title=Drugs and War: What Is the Relationship? |journal=[[Annual Review of Political Science]] |language=English |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=57–73 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-051017-103748|doi-access=free |lccn=98643699 |oclc=42836185 |issn=1094-2939 |publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] |publication-place=[[Palo Alto]], [[California]], [[United States of America]] |editor1-first=Margaret |editor1-last=Levi |editor1-link=Margaret Levi |editor2-first=Nancy Lipton |editor2-last=Rosenblum |editor2-link=Nancy L. Rosenblum }}</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Navy]] followed suit in 1972 as did the [[Royal New Zealand Navy]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=9780786735747 |publisher=[[Nation Books]] ([[Nation Institute]]/[[Avalon Publishing Group|Avalon Publishing Group Inc.]]) |publication-place=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States of America]] |collaboration=design by Maria Elias, distribution by Publishers Group West |chapter=18. Rum, Buggery, and the Lash: The Navy and Rum |title=Rum: A Social and Sociable History of the Real Spirit of 1776
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK0YMl_fEpAC |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK0YMl_fEpAC&pg=PA243 |via=[[Google Books]] |first=Ian |last=William |date=18 August 2006 |edition=1st }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Frigate guests get shot at sailors' rum ritual |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/frigate-guests-get-shot-at-sailors-rum-ritual/YE2UXJH2EDXYEKHQTJJMMZB4ZE |website=[[NZ Herald]] |first=Scott |last=Kara |date=7 December 2000 |language=en-NZ |issn=1170-0777 |publication-place=[[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]] |publisher=[[New Zealand Media and Entertainment|New Zealand Media and Entertainment (NZME)]] |archive-date=23 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123142539/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/frigate-guests-get-shot-at-sailors-rum-ritual/YE2UXJH2EDXYEKHQTJJMMZB4ZE |access-date=19 July 2021 |editor1-first=Shayne |editor1-last=Currie |editor2-first=Murray |editor2-last=Kirkness
}}</ref> The [[United States Navy]] similarly provided a distilled spirits ration between 1794 and 1862 when Secretary of the Navy [[Gideon Welles]] removed most non-medicinal alcohol from U.S. naval vessels, with all alcohol consumption aboard ship banned in 1914.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alcohol in the Navy|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/a/alcohol-in-the-navy.html|access-date=2021-07-16|website=NHHC|language=en-US}}</ref>
There is a strong association of military service and [[alcohol use disorder]]. In 1862, British soldiers in [[British Raj|India]] responded to the threat of problematic alcohol use by establishing the Soldiers' Total Abstinence Association, which became the Army Temperance Association in 1888. Similar organizations formed in other branches of military and for British troops stationed in other [[British Empire|colonies]]. Members of these abstinence associations were encouraged to sign pledges to avoid alcohol entirely. Medals were awarded to individuals who remained abstinent.<ref name="Jones"/> Studies show that [[Australian Defence Force]] veterans of the [[Gulf War]] had a prevalence of alcohol use disorder higher than any other psychological disorder; [[British Armed Forces]] veterans of modern conflicts in [[Iraqi conflict (2003–present)|Iraq]] and [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]] had higher rates of alcohol use disorder than servicemembers who were not deployed.<ref name="Jones">{{cite journal|doi=10.3109/09540261.2010.550868 |title=Alcohol use and misuse within the military: A review |year=2011 |last1=Jones| first1=Edgar |last2=Fear |first2=Nicola T. |journal=[[International Review of Psychiatry]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=166–172 |pmid=21521086 |s2cid=11729924 |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/publications/assetfiles/alcoholsmoking/Jones2011-Alcoholuseandmisusewithinthemilitary.pdf |language=English |publisher=[[Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience|Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN)]]/[[Taylor & Francis]] |publication-place=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]] |archive-date=8 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708150650/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/publications/assetfiles/alcoholsmoking/Jones2011-Alcoholuseandmisusewithinthemilitary.pdf |access-date=19 July 2021 }}</ref>
Reports from the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in 2022 and since suggested that Russian soldiers are drinking significant amount of alcohol (as well as consuming harder drugs), which increases their losses. Some reports suggest that on occasion, alcohol and drugs have been provided to the lower quality troops by their commanders, in order to facilitate their use as expendable [[cannon fodder]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalinowski |first=Kasper |date=21 July 2023 |title=Rosyjska armia pije na potęgę. To jeden z głównych powodów wysokiej śmiertelności wojsk Putina na froncie |language=pl |trans-title=The Russian army drinks heavily. This is one of the main reasons for the high mortality of Putin's troops at the front |website=Gazeta Wyborcza |url=https://wyborcza.pl/7,75400,29994422,rosyjska-armia-jest-armia-oparta-na-kulturze-picia-to-jeden.html |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hambling |first=David |title=Are Drugs Making Russian Soldiers Act Like Zombies? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidhambling/2023/02/02/are-drugs-making-russian-soldiers-act-like-zombies/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last3=Hak |first1=Tim | last1=Lister | first2=Frederik | last2=Pleitgen | first3=Konstantin |date=2023-02-01 |title=Fighting Wagner is like a 'zombie movie' says Ukrainian soldier |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/01/europe/ukraine-soldiers-fighting-wagner-intl-cmd/index.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=Ukrainians warn of 'drug-fuelled' Russian 'zombie waves' on the frontline |url=https://www.forces.net/ukraine/ukrainians-warn-drug-fuelled-russian-zombie-waves-frontline |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Forces Network |language=en}}</ref>
{{main|History and culture of substituted amphetamines#Military use}}
[[File:Pervitin (Werbeanzeige auf rumänisch).jpg|thumb|left|Pervitin, an amphetamine used in World War II]]
[[Substituted amphetamine|Amphetamines]] were given to troops to increase alertness. They had the added benefits of reducing appetites and fatigue. [[Nazi Germany]], in particular, embraced amphetamines during [[World War II]]. From April to July 1940, German service members on the [[Western Front (World War II)|Western Front]] received more than 35 million methamphetamine pills. German troops would go as many as three days without sleep during the [[Battle of France|invasion of France]]. In contrast, Britain distributed 72 million amphetamine tablets during the entire war.<ref name="Andreas"/>
A 2023 report by a British military think tank cited evidence that the Russian military had been giving amphetamines, most likely in liquid form, to its soldiers during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name=rusamph>{{cite web|url= https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-soldiers-fight-high-amphetamines-ukraine-report-2023-7|title=Russia is sending 'disposable' soldiers to fight Ukraine high on amphetamines to ensure they "still run at machine guns,' military expert says|website=[[Business Insider]] }}</ref>
===Fenethylline===
[[File:Captagon.jpg|thumb|127 bags of fenethylline seized in [[Syria]] before being destroyed in May 2018]] ▼{{further|Syrian Captagon industry}}
▲[[File:Captagon.jpg|thumb|127 bags of fenethylline seized in [[Syria]] before being destroyed in May 2018]]
[[Fenethylline]] (trade name Captagon) has played a role in the [[Syrian civil war]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=Captagon, ISIS's favorite amphetamine, explained |url=https://www.vox.com/world/2015/11/20/9769264/captagon-isis-drug |website=Vox |vauthors=Lopez G}}</ref><ref name="Henley_2014">{{Cite news |date=13 January 2014 |title=Captagon: the amphetamine fuelling Syria's civil war |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/jan/13/captagon-amphetamine-syria-war-middle-east |access-date=31 December 2015 |vauthors=Henley J}}</ref> The production and sale of fenethylline generates large revenues which are likely used to fund the purchase of weapons, and fenethylline is used as a stimulant by combatants.<ref name="Henley_2014" /><ref name=kalin>{{Cite news | vauthors = Kalin S |title=Insight – War turns Syria into major amphetamines producer, consumer |date=12 January 2014|publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-drugs-insight-idUSBREA0B04H20140112/|url-status=live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202155617/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-syria-crisis-drugs-idUKBREA0B04K20140113 | archive-date = 2 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Syria's Breaking Bad: Are Amphetamines Funding the War? |magazine=Time |url=https://world.time.com/2013/10/28/syrias-breaking-bad-are-amphetamines-funding-the-war/ |access-date=2016-02-03 |issn=0040-781X |vauthors=Baker A}}</ref> Poverty and international sanctions that limit legal exports are contributing factors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2022 |title=The Arab World's New Drug of Choice |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00180hs |website=[[BBC Radio 4]]}}</ref>
In May 2021, ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the effects of fenethylline production in Syria on the economy as "a dirty business that is creating a near-[[narco-state]]".
Based on 2023 estimates, about 80% of Captagon is produced in Syria and exported from the port of [[Latakia]] with the assistance of the Syrian government under the command of [[Maher al-Assad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tackling the illicit drug trade fuelling Assad's war machine |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/tackling-the-illicit-drug-trade-fuelling-assads-war-machine |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> Estimates suggest that the Captagon trade market ranges from $5.7 billion to $57 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kachmar |first=Oleh |date=2022-04-05 |title=The Captagon Threat: A Profile of Illicit Trade, Consumption, and Regional Realities |url=https://newlinesinstitute.org/state-resilience-fragility/illicit-economies/the-captagon-threat-a-profile-of-illicit-trade-consumption-and-regional-realities/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=New Lines Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why does the UK think Syria has a $57bn captagon industry? |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uk-syria-captagon-industry-57bn-why |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref>
Since the [[fall of the Assad regime]] the new [[Syrian transitional government]] has ordered the cessation of the drug trade, and production has reportedly been reduced by 90%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oweis |first=Khaled Yacoub |last2=Tollast |first2=Robert |title=Captagon flows that enriched Assad regime in Syria come to 'near-full halt' |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/mena/2024/12/09/captagon-flows-that-enriched-the-assad-regime-in-syria-come-to-a-near-full-halt-sources-say/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref>
===Hallucinogens===
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