Parkinson's disease: Difference between revisions

 

Other identifiable causes include infections and metabolic derangement. [[Neurodegenerative disorders]] may present with parkinsonism, and are also referred to as ''atypical parkinsonism'' or ''parkinson plus'' syndromes (illnesses with parkinsonism plus some other symptoms distinguishing them from PD) including multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, [[corticobasal degeneration]], and dementia with Lewy bodies.<ref name="pmid15172778"/><ref name="pmid205063122">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nuytemans K, Theuns J, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C | title = Genetic etiology of Parkinson disease associated with mutations in the SNCA, PARK2, PINK1, PARK7, and LRRK2 genes: a mutation update | journal = Human Mutation | volume = 31 | issue = 7 | pages = 763–780 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20506312 | pmc = 3056147 | doi = 10.1002/humu.21277 | orig-date = 18 May 2010 }}</ref> Dementia with Lewy bodies is another synucleinopathy and it has close pathological similarities with PD, especially with the subset of PD with [[dementia]] known as Parkinson's disease dementia. The relationship between PD and DLB is complex and incompletely understood.<ref name="pmid191737622">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aarsland D, Londos E, Ballard C | title = Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: different aspects of one entity | journal = International Psychogeriatrics | volume = 21 | issue = 2 | pages = 216–219 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19173762 | doi = 10.1017/S1041610208008612 | s2cid = 5433020 | orig-date = 28 January 2009 }}</ref> It represents a continuum with variable distinguishing clinical and pathological attributes, or it may prove to be separate diseases.<ref name="pmid191737622"/>

 

Vascular parkinsonism is the phenomenon of the presence of Parkinson's disease symptoms combined with findings of vascular events (such as a [[Stroke|cerebral stroke]]). The damaging of the [[dopaminergic pathways]] is similar in cause for both vascular parkinsonism and idiopathic PD, and so present with similar symptoms. Differentiation can be made with careful bedside examination, history evaluation, and imaging.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupta D, Kuruvilla A | title = Vascular parkinsonism: what makes it different? | journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal | volume = 87 | issue = 1034 | pages = 829–836 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22121251 | doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2011-130051 | url = https://pmj.bmj.com/content/87/1034/829 | s2cid = 29227069 }}</ref><ref name="Simon2017"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miguel-Puga A, Villafuerte G, Salas-Pacheco J, Arias-Carrión O | title = Therapeutic Interventions for Vascular Parkinsonism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Frontiers in Neurology | volume = 8 | pages = 481 | date = 22 September 2017 | pmid = 29018399 | pmc = 5614922 | doi = 10.3389/fneur.2017.00481 | doi-access = free }}</ref>