The Khiamian culture is a Neolithic archaeological culture of Southwest Asia, dating to the earliest part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), around 9,700 to 8,600 BC.[1] It is primarily characterised by a distinctive type of stone arrowhead—the "El Khiam point"—first found at the type site of El Khiam.
 Map of the Levantine sites with El Khiam points | |
| Geographical range | Fertile Crescent |
|---|---|
| Period | Neolithic |
| Dates | c. 9,700–8,650 BC |
| Type site | El Khiam |
| Major sites | Azraq, Abu Madi, Mureybet |
| Preceded by | Natufian culture |
| Followed by | Mureybetian, Sultanian |
Overview
editThe Khiamian owes its name to the site of El Khiam, situated on banks of the Dead Sea, where researchers have recovered the oldest chert arrows heads, with lateral notches, the so-called "El Khiam points".[2] They have served to identify sites of this period, which are found in Israel, as well as in Jordan (Azraq), Sinai (Abu Madi), and to the north as far as the Middle Euphrates (Mureybet). El Khiam points and other chert stone tools alike are often referred to as projectile points or arrowheads. While it is true that they were used as arrowheads, the given names imply function and are therefore misleading when considering the existence of evidence that suggests that these artefacts were indeed multipurpose tools used for an array of purposes such as knives and drills.[3]
Aside from the appearance of El Khiam arrow heads, the Khiamian is placed in the continuity of the Natufian, without any major technical innovations. However, for the first time houses were built on the ground level itself, and not half below ground as was previously done. Otherwise, the bearers of the El Khiam culture were still hunter-gatherers, and agriculture at that time was then still rather primitive, based on what has been reported on sites of this period.[4] Newer discoveries show that in the Middle East and Anatolia some experiments with agriculture were being made by 10,900 BCE.[5] and that there may already have been experimenting with wild grain processing by around 19,000 BCE at Ohalo II.[6][7] The Khiamian material culture was succeeded by the Mureybetian in the middle Euphrates and the upper Levant, while the Sultanian emerged in the southern Levant.[8] The Sultanian material culture can be seen as a development from the Khiamian, with the El Khiam point staying as a part of the assemblage but the microliths disappearing and bifacial core knapped stone tools appearing and the appearance of axes and adzes.[9]
The Khiamien also sees a change occur in the symbolic aspects of culture, as evidenced by the appearance of small female statuettes, as well as by the burying of aurochs skulls. According to Jacques Cauvin, it is the beginning of the worship of the Woman and the Bull, as evidenced in the following periods of the Near-Eastern Neolithic.[10]
The largest and most embellished/decorated architecture at the end of this period were in the Northern Levant, with the communal gathering building of Jerf el-Ahmar, and the monumental ceremonial complexes of Göbekli Tepe.
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Three El-Khiam points
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Göbekli Tepe, in south-eastern Anatolia. From ca. 9000 BC
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Animal figures in high relief, Göbekli Tepe
References
edit- ^ Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Goring-Morris, Nigel (2020-12-01). "From the Epipalaeolithic into the earliest Neolithic (PPNA) in the South Levant". Documenta Praehistorica. 47: 36–52. doi:10.4312/dp.47.3. ISSN 1854-2492.
- ^ C. Calvet. 2007. Zivilisationen – wie die Kultur nach Sumer kam. Munich. p. 126.
- ^ Abbès, Frédéric (2007). "Les débitages laminaires de la fin du PPNA (Jerf el Ahmar, Mureybet, Cheikh Hassan)". Systèmes techniques et communautés du néolithique précéramique au Proche-Orient: 127–136.
- ^ K. Schmidt. 2008. Sie bauten die ersten Tempel. Das rätselhafte Heiligtum der Steinzeitjäger. Munich. pp.283.
- ^ Turneya, C.S.M. and H. Brown. 2007. "Catastrophic early Holocene sea level rise, human migration and the Neolithic transition in Europe." Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 2036–2041.
- ^ Research pushes back history of crop development 10,000 years
- ^ "Evidence for plant cultivation at 23,000-year-old site in Galilee". 2015-07-23. Archived from the original on 2016-11-10. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
- ^ Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2001). "From sedentary foragers to village hierarchies: the emergence of social institutions" (PDF). Proceedings of the British Academy. 110: 1–38.
- ^ Garfinkel, Yosef; Dani, Nadel (1989). "The Sultanian flint assemblage from Gesher and its implications for recognizing early Neolithic entities in the Levant". Paléorient. 15 (2): 139–151. doi:10.3406/paleo.1989.4515. JSTOR 41492369.
- ^ J. Cauvin. 2000. The birth of the gods and the origins of agriculture. Cambridge. p. 25. Cf. C. Calvet. 2007. Zivilisationen – wie die Kultur nach Sumer kam. Munich. p. 127.
- Sources
- C. Calvet. 2007. Zivilisationen – wie die Kultur nach Sumer kam. Munich.
- J. Cauvin. 2000. The birth of the gods and the origins of agriculture. Cambridge.
- Klaus Schmidt. 2008. Sie bauten die ersten Tempel. Das rätselhafte Heiligtum der Steinzeitjäger. Munich. pp. 283.
- C.S.M. Turneya and H. Brown. 2007. "Catastrophic early Holocene sea level rise, human migration and the Neolithic transition in Europe." Quaternary Science Reviews 26: 2036–2041.