Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards buses

The Q11, Q21, Q52, and Q53 all share a route along most of Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards, between Queens Boulevard in Elmhurst and Pitkin Avenue in Ozone Park. The Q11 and Q21 provide local service, while the Q52 and Q53 provide limited-stop service and extend into the Rockaways, an isolated peninsula in the south-west of Long Island which is popular as a summer retreat.^{[7]: 45-52 (PDF p.47-54) [4]: 12 [5]: 23 [8]} The Q11 and Q21 originally corresponded to the northern (Woodhaven) and southern (Cross Bay) portions of the Boulevard respectively, while the Q53 originally made no stops along the corridor.^{[9][10]: 24 [11]} The corridor parallels the former Rockaway Beach Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, whose northern half remains inactive and whose southern half was reactivated for rapid transit service as the IND Rockaway Line of the New York City Subway.^[12] Service on the line to the Rockaways across Jamaica Bay was halted due to the 1950 fire on the Jamaica Bay trestle, and the LIRR sold the line to New York City due to its bankruptcy. The LIRR maintained service on the northern half of the line until 1962 while the NYCTA began operating subway service on the southern half in 1956.^[13][14][15]

Except for the Q53, all buses along the corridor end northbound service at Queens and Woodhaven Boulevards, at the Woodhaven Boulevard subway station of the IND Queens Boulevard Line and at the foot of Queens Center mall. Buses reenter service in a dedicated bus stop area on Hoffman Drive adjacent to the south side of Queens Boulevard. The Q53 serves these stops on its through service to or from Woodside.^{[4]: 12 [5]: 23 [8]}

The Q11 begins at Queens Boulevard, and runs down the entire length of Woodhaven Boulevard and a short portion of Cross Bay Boulevard to Pitkin Avenue. The route then turns east along Pitkin, then south along several local streets through the eastern portion of Howard Beach, running near Aqueduct Racetrack and the Howard Beach–JFK Airport station of the subway and AirTrain JFK. At 160th Avenue, the route splits into two branches; a western branch to Old Howard Beach and an eastern branch to Hamilton Beach (the two neighborhoods are separated by Hawtree Creek). Both terminate near the southern coast of their respective neighborhoods at 165th Avenue.^{[4]: 12 [8][10]: 24 [16]: 110 [17]: 51} Select weekday rush hour trips and all late night service short-turn at Pitkin Avenue, via Redding Street.^{[4]: 3–4  [4]: 3, 6, 9} Prior to 2010, 24-hour service had been provided to Old Howard Beach and Hamilton Beach.^{[18]: 7 [19][20][21][22]}

The original Q11 route served both Old Howard Beach and Hamilton Beach as a single branch. After running to 165th Avenue in Old Howard Beach, it crossed a bridge over Hawtree Creek, which has since been removed, then ran north in Hamilton Beach to 102nd Street and Russell Street.^{[23][24][25]: 170, 502}

Under the Queens Bus Redesign, the Q11 would be rerouted to serve Lindenwood, replacing Q21 service there. Some buses would terminate at Cross Bay Boulevard, while others continue via 157th Avenue to serve Old Howard Beach and Hamilton Beach in one trip.

The Q21 begins at Queens Boulevard, and provides local service along the entire length of Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards in "mainland" Queens. Between Conduit Avenue (Elmhurst) or 153rd Avenue (Howard Beach) and 157th Avenue near the Belt Parkway, the Q21 turns west and runs on several local streets to provide service to the neighborhood of Lindenwood; the routing is labeled as "via Lindenwood". The route terminates near the Jamaica Bay shore at 164th Avenue in Howard Beach. For service to Elmhurst, it heads west on the avenue until 84th Street, then north to 160th Avenue, and east back to the boulevard. The Q21 runs less frequently than the Q11, and does not operate overnight.^{[4]: 3–11 [8][9][26]} Before being transferred from Green Bus Lines to the MTA Bus Company (MTA), the Q21's northern terminus was at Liberty Avenue, and the route provided service between "mainland" Queens and the Rockaways via the Q53 routing, terminating at the current Flight 587 memorial at the Rockaway Beach Boardwalk.^{[27][16]: 130 [17]: 51–53 [28]} In 2008, the route was extended north along Woodhaven Boulevard.^[29][30] In January 2012, the Q21 was rerouted to Arverne and a limited-stop branch was added.^{[7]: 49 (PDF p.51)} This limited-stop service became the Q52 in July 2012, and the Q21 was subsequently truncated to Howard Beach.^{[7]: 50–51 (PDF p.52–53) [26][31][32]} On weekday afternoons during the school year, select Q21 buses operate "school tripper" service from Rockaway Park. These trips begin at Beach 104th Street at the Scholars' Academy (I.S. 323) and across from Beach Channel Educational Campus, and operate along the former Q21 route through the Rockaways and Broad Channel.^{[4]: 6, 12} This service was provided by the Q52 until it was converted into Select Bus Service in 2017 (see below).^[33]: 23

The Q21 previously had an additional branch called the Q21A, which provided service between Brooklyn and the Rockaways. This route began at the New Lots Avenue subway station in the New Lots subsection of East New York, Brooklyn. It ran east along Linden Boulevard, then south along Cross Bay Boulevard to the Rockaways.^{[23][28][34][35][36]} Unlike the Q21, the Q21A traveled east to Far Rockaway at the Mott Avenue subway station, a total distance of 13 miles (21 km). The route initially used Beach Channel Drive east of the Cross Bay Bridge, later using Rockaway Beach Boulevard/Edgemere Avenue (adjacent to the Rockaway Freeway).^{[23][28][34][37]}

A second branch, the Q21B, ran from New Lots Avenue non-stop to Beach 98th Street at the Rockaways' Playland amusement park. It then made stops in Rockaway Park and Neponsit before terminating at the beaches of Jacob Riis Park on the western portion of the peninsula. This route only operated during the summer months of 1936.^[38][39]

Under the Redesign, this route would be eliminated due to the Q11’s reroute in Lindenwood.

The Q21 Limited service was split off into a separate route, the Q52, in July 2012.^[32] It begins at Queens Boulevard and runs down the entire length of Woodhaven and Cross Bay Bouevards through "mainland" Queens, making limited stops. It then crosses the Joseph P. Addabbo Memorial Bridge onto the island of Broad Channel within the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge, where it makes several stops. It then crosses the Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge onto the Rockaway peninsula in the neighborhood of Hammels, where it turns east onto Rockaway Beach Boulevard. The Q52 continues down the boulevard, turning left on Beach 62nd Street, right on Arverne Boulevard, and left on Beach 54th Street, terminating at Beach Channel Drive in Edgemere. Elmhurst-bound buses originating from that stop would use Beach Channel Drive before turning left on Beach 59th Street, right on Rockaway Beach Boulevard, and via its normal route through Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards.^{[5]: 23 [8][40]} Prior to April 2017, southbound Q52s terminated at Beach 69th Street in Arverne, reentering service two blocks east at the Beach 67th Street subway station.^[40][2]

This route, along with the Q53, was converted to a Select Bus Service route on November 12, 2017. The route makes fewer stops than the limited-stop service, uses articulated buses, and travels on the corridor's bus lanes for a large section of its route, speeding travel times. Select southbound buses terminate at Cross Bay Boulevard & 163rd Avenue and not enter the Rockaways. As part of the conversion, it has been proposed to extend the Q52 east to Far Rockaway, along a similar route to the former Q21A.^{[3]: 8 [41]: 3}

The Q53 SBS is the longest of the four routes, running a distance of 14 miles (23 km).^[3]: 3 It begins in Woodside, at the 61st Street subway station of the IRT Flushing Line and the Woodside LIRR station. The route then runs east along Roosevelt Avenue and Broadway, before joining the other three routes at Woodhaven Boulevard and Queens Boulevard and following the Q52's Select Bus Service-stop service pattern through mainland Queens and Broad Channel. After crossing Jamaica Bay and entering the Rockaway peninsula, the Q53 turns west on Rockaway Beach Boulevard and terminates at the Beach 116th Street subway station of the IND Rockaway Line in Rockaway Park.^{[1]: 8 [3]: 8 [5]: 23 [8]}

Created as a replacement for Rockaway Beach Branch service in the 1950s,^[42][43] the Q53 was originally labeled an express service. It made stops at the Woodside LIRR station, Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street subway station, Grand Avenue station, and 63rd Drive subway station (near the former Rego Park LIRR station)^{[9][16]: 773 [17]: 41–42} before running non-stop^{[44][45][46][47][48]} to Broad Channel and the Rockaways.^{[9][16]: 773 [17]: 41–42} Under the MTA, limited-stop service along Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevard was added in 2006,^[44] with service in Elmhurst added in 2009, and overnight service was added in 2013.^[49]

The Q53, originally being operated by Triboro Coach operated from the LaGuardia Depot in East Elmhurst.^[50] Under takeover by the MTA, it was transferred to College Point Depot, a former Queens Surface Corporation facility on January 5, 2014, due to construction at the LaGuardia Depot.^[51] It returned to LaGuardia Depot, on January 8, 2017, in exchange for the Q23.^{[52]: 15 (PDF p.16)}

In addition to local and limited-stop service, four bus routes (QM15, QM16, QM17, BM5) provide express bus service to Manhattan via the Woodhaven and Cross Bay corridor. The QM16 and QM17 provide service to the Rockaway Peninsula and Broad Channel, beginning in Neponsit (west) and Far Rockaway (east) respectively. They then make stops along Cross Bay Boulevard into Howard Beach, before running non-stop to Manhattan north of the Belt Parkway. The QM15 begins at Cross Bay Boulevard and 157th Avenue (with select runs beginning in eastern Howard Beach near Aqueduct Racetrack), and runs the Lindenwood route of the Q21 before making stops along the rest of the corridor. The BM5, which originates in Starrett City, Brooklyn, also serves the corridor north of Conduit Avenue, but does not make any stops north of 63rd Drive. All four routes proceed onto the Long Island Expressway at the interchange near Queens Boulevard in Elmhurst.^{[8][53]: 36–37} All routes were formally operated by Green Bus Lines, except the BM5, which was operated by Command Bus Company.

The following also run on parts of the corridor:

• The Q41 follows the Q21's route via Cross Bay Boulevard and Lindenwood between 164th Avenue and Rockaway Boulevard. It then proceeds east on Rockaway Boulevard and several local streets towards the 165th Street Bus Terminal in Downtown Jamaica, which is the terminus for many routes formerly operated by Green Bus Lines, also known as Green Lines.^{[8][9][10]: 32}
• The Q29 and Q38 run on the boulevard to Queens Center Mall (northbound), or from Hoffman Drive (southbound). The Q29 heads to Dry Harbor Road, while the Q38 heads to Eliot Avenue.
• The Q7 runs between Rockaway Boulevard and Sutter Avenue. Under the Redesign, the Q112 would replace it.
• East Elmhurst-bound Q23 and Midtown-bound QM12 and QM42 buses run non-stop from Union Turnpike to Metropolitan Avenue, with the express buses extended to Yellowstone Boulevard, its southbound trips ending at Metropolitan, and also running on the short part of Woodhaven Boulevard between the Long Island Expressway and Queens Center Mall.
  • The other express bus routes running this part are the QM18 and the southbound QM10, QM11, and QM40, with northbound buses getting onto the LIE from Hoffman Drive instead.
• The QM24, QM25, and QM34 run between the LIE and Eliot Avenue.

The Q11 began service in 1918 under Liberty Bus Transportation, also known as New York City Department of Plant & Structures Route 64, between Woodhaven and Howard/Hamilton Beach.^[54][55]

The Q21 began service in 1923. In 1926, it became a route of the Queens Auto Traction Corporation, running between Jamaica Avenue, at the Woodhaven Boulevard station of the BMT Jamaica Line, and Beach 95th Street, at the foot of the bridge from Broad Channel.^[56] By the early 1930s, the Q21 became a franchise of Green Bus Lines, and was extended to Rockaway Park.^[11][36][57] In 1934, the Q21A franchise between East New York and the Rockaways was awarded to Green Lines.^[36] On June 15, 1936, the Q21B began service between Brooklyn and Riis Park.^[38][39] That year, Green Lines took over the operations of Liberty Bus, and the borough's bus system was divided into four lettered "zones", with each zone being served exclusively by one bus company.^[58][59][60] Green Lines was awarded the rights to all of "Zone C" in southern Queens, which included Woodhaven, Richmond Hill, Ozone Park, Howard Beach, and the Rockaways.^[58][59] Following the summer season, the Q21B continued operating until November 1936 when it was discontinued due to lack of profitability.^[61][62]

The Q11 began operations under Green Lines on November 15, 1936.^[63] By January 1937, residents of the western Rockaways (at the time called the "West End") petitioned Green Lines for several extensions of service. This included the restoration of the Q21B route, and the extension of the normal Q21 route west from Beach 116th Street to Beach 149th Street via Newport Avenue.^[61] When the Marine Parkway Bridge between Brooklyn and the western Rockaways was opened in June 1937, the Q21B was replaced with the Q35.^[64] In 1948, Green Lines applied for an extension of the Q21A to the Euclid Avenue subway station which opened that November; this was rejected by the New York City Board of Transportation in December.^[65] However, the rerouting to Euclid Avenue station did occur, and the route ran along Pitkin Avenue between Euclid Avenue and Cross Bay Boulevard until its discontinuation.^[66]

On May 8, 1950, a major fire occurred on the wooden trestle of the LIRR Rockaway Beach Branch over Jamaica Bay, ending direct rail service to the Rockaway peninsula.^{[12][67][68]: 239–240} On June 25, Triboro Coach, which was owned by Green Lines' shareholders,^[69] began operating replacement bus service from the Woodside LIRR station to Rockaway Park on a temporary grant from the city.^{[42][43][70][71]} The Q53 officially began service on June 28, 1956,^[72] two days after IND Rockaway Line service commenced on the parallel Rockaway Beach Branch.^{[73][74][75][76]} It later gained popularity as a route from mainland Queens to Rockaway Beach and Rockaways' Playland during summer months,^[46][48] as did the Q21 and Q21A.^[77]

On January 9, 2006, the MTA Bus Company took over the operations of the Green Lines routes as part of the city's takeover of all the remaining privately operated bus routes. On February 20, 2006, the city took over the operations of Triboro Coach.^{[69][78]: 4 [79]} Shortly after the takeover, in April 2006, the Q53 nonstop express was converted to a standard limited-stop service, with the MTA adding six stops along Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards.^[44] In January 2007, the Q53 was routed away from the 63rd Drive subway station, running the entire length of Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards.^[45][80] On August 31, 2008, the Q21 was extended north along Woodhaven Boulevard.^{[7]: 46 (PDF p.48) [29][30]} These service changes led to an increase in ridership along the corridor.^{[7]: 46 (PDF p.48) [27]: 49 (PDF p.51)} Due to the shift in ridership patterns, late night service on the Q11 after midnight was truncated to Pitkin Avenue on September 12, 2010. Q21 service was also adjusted to run for longer during the evenings.^[22]

On January 8, 2012, the Q21 was rerouted from Rockaway Park to Arverne near the Beach 67th Street station, to serve the growing "Arverne by the Sea" urban renewal development. A limited-stop branch of the Q21 was also created, running during weekday rush hours and bypassing the Lindenwood section of the route.^{[27]: 51–52 (PDF p.53–54) [31][32][81]} On July 1 of that year, several major changes took place along the corridor.^[21][26][32] The Q21 Limited was converted into the Q52 Limited and expanded to seven days a week, while the Q21 local was truncated to Howard Beach.^{[7]: 50 (PDF p.52) [26][32]} Overnight service on the Q11 to Hamilton Beach after 10:00 PM was eliminated.^[20][21] In addition, two additional limited stops for the Q52 and Q53 were added along Cross Bay Boulevard in Howard Beach, closing a gap in service previously filled by the Q21.^{[7]: 47 (PDF p.49) [26]}

For a short period of time after Hurricane Sandy in late 2012 and 2013, additional service was provided on the Q52 route. Several 60-foot (18 m) articulated buses, utilized on the Q10, were temporarily transferred for use on the Q52 route.^[82] Some articulated buses were still running on the Q52 as of 2014^[update].^[83] On September 8, 2013, overnight service was added to the Q53 due to increasing ridership on the route.^[49][84] On April 9, 2017, the Q52 was extended from Beach 69th Street and Rockaway Beach Boulevard to Beach 54th Street and Beach Channel Drive in Edgemere to better serve housing in both Arverne and Edgemere.^[2][40]

In 2004, the Woodhaven-Cross Bay corridor was one of twelve Queens bus corridors studied under the city's bus rapid transit (BRT) study, which was meant to determine the feasibility of having dedicated lanes and rebuilt stops to speed up service on BRT corridors.^{[53]: 36–37} Beginning on January 4, 2008, the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) conducted an 18-month study on Woodhaven Boulevard as part of the city's Congested Corridors Project to improve congested and dangerous roadways. One of the short-term recommendations of the study was to implement bus rapid transit along the corridor.^{[1][85]: 35 [86]} In June 2010, the Woodhaven-Cross Bay corridor was added to the list of potential corridors for Phase II of Select Bus Service (SBS), the MTA's brand of BRT service.^{[87][88][89]: 4 [90]: 28–29 (PDF p.36–37)}

Preliminary designs began in 2013^[91] and were released in March 2014.^[92] The first dedicated MTA bus lanes were installed in August 2015, on the north end of Woodhaven Boulevard between Dry Harbor Road and Metropolitan Avenue.^[1]: 4 At this time, the Q52 and Q53 SBS routes were scheduled to begin service in fall 2017, with the remaining bus lanes and street improvements to be implemented in stages afterwards.^[1]: 14 In September 2017, the NYCDOT announced that the segment of Woodhaven Boulevard between Union Turnpike and 81st Road would also get dedicated bus lanes. As part of that segment's bus lane implementation, the NYCDOT would remove the medians separating service-road and main-road traffic in each direction, as well as expand the median separating the two directions of traffic.^[93]

The Q52 and Q53 were slowly converted to articulated buses beginning in October 2017, before SBS was implemented on the corridor on November 12.[94] In the Rockaways and in Broad Channel, due to less dense land uses, and due to lower utilization of stops, several existing Q52 and Q53 stops were consolidated or discontinued. Q22 local service continued to serve the stops in the Rockaways, while the low volume stops at Cross Bay Boulevard and 5th Road were discontinued. A new stop at Rockaway Beach Boulevard and Beach 84th Street replaced stops at Beach 81st Street and Beach 86th Street on the Q52. In Broad Channel two stops were relocated: the northbound stop at Cross Bay Boulevard and East 9th Road was moved north to Noel Road to be symmetrical with the southbound stop, and the southbound stop at West 15th Road was moved south to West 17th Road to be symmetrical with the northbound stop, and to be adjacent to a crosswalk. Stops on Woodhaven Boulevard were modified as well: the stop at Atlantic Avenue was moved north to 91st Avenue, allowing Q52 and Q53 service to travel on the overpass over Atlantic Avenue using the bus lane, as opposed to using the slow service road. Two SBS stops were added–at 101st Avenue and Woodhaven Boulevard, and at Pitkin Avenue and Cross Bay Boulevard–to provide transfers to the Q8 and Q11, respectively. Stations on Woodhaven Boulevard at Jamaica Avenue, 91st Avenue and 101st Avenue, and at Cross Bay Boulevard at Liberty Avenue (northbound) and Rockaway Boulevard (southbound) are new stations that were built in the median by the NYCDOT.[95]

Q11 and Q21 service on Woodhaven Boulevard were modified in conjunction with the implementation of SBS. The bus stops at 63rd Avenue and 64th Road in both directions, and the northbound stop at 67th Drive were discontinued in order to even out the spacing of bus stops. The southbound stop at 68th Avenue was moved to Yellowstone Boulevard to be near a crosswalk, the Park Lane South stops was moved to 85th Road, and the southbound Doxey Place stop was moved to Gold Road.^[95]

The implementation of SBS on the Woodhaven/Cross Bay corridor has been supported by transit advocates and bus riders, particularly those in the Rockaways.^[96][97] However, many residents of the communities north of the Rockaways, particularly car users and business owners, have opposed the Select Bus Service project. Much of the opposition has been due to the implementation of bus lanes down the center of the boulevard, which could cause increased traffic congestion.^[96][97] The plan in April 2015 would have prohibited left-turns at twelve intersections.^[98]: 12

In January 2016, City Council Member Eric Ulrich, a Republican representing Ozone Park, came out against the plan as among other things, it prohibited left turns at Jamaica Avenue. He had been in favor of bus rapid transit along Woodhaven Boulevard, as he stated in a 2014 opinion editorial. The plan was modified in May 2016 in an effort to accommodate Ulrich's objections. It included restrictions on left-turns at only five intersections, including none at Jamaica Avenue.^{[96][98]: 12} The left-turn restrictions were put into the plan to speed up travel times by eliminating the signal time allocated to split phasing—a traffic-signal setup where traffic in one direction has a green light, while the other directions of traffic have a red light, in order to allow drivers at the green light to turn left without conflicts from oncoming traffic. The restrictions also reduce conflicts between turning vehicles and pedestrians. Instead of banning left turns at Jamaica Avenue, the left turn bays would be re-engineered around the BMT Jamaica Line subway columns to decrease blind spots and collisions.^[99] Local community members were also opposed to the plan due to the reduction of traffic lanes along the boulevard's service roads from two lanes to a single lane.^[100]

In December 2019, the MTA released a draft redesign of the Queens bus network.^[101][102] As part of the redesign, the Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards corridor would have contained a "high-density" route, the QT52 (following the Q52 SBS), with the Q53 being discontinued. The Q11 and Q21 would have been rearranged into two "neighborhood" routes, but with a different arrangement. The QT83 would have made local stops on Woodhaven and Cross Bay Boulevards, while the QT88A/B would have combined the branches of the Q11 and Q21.^[103] The redesign was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City in 2020,^[104] and the original draft plan was dropped due to negative feedback.^[105]

A revised plan was released in March 2022.^[106] As part of the new plan, the Q11 would be shortened, running from Howard Beach/Hamilton Beach to the Rockaway Boulevard station, would not serve the Woodhaven/Cross Bay corridor at all and have overnight service eliminated. The Q21 would be extended north in Elmhurst to the 82nd Street–Jackson Heights station, replacing the Q29 bus, which would be discontinued; in Howard Beach, the Q21 would run along 84th Street instead of Cross Bay Boulevard. The Q21 would also gain overnight service. The Q52 SBS and Q53 SBS would both be preserved, but both would terminate at Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue/74th Street instead (representing an extension of the Q52 SBS and a truncation of the Q53 SBS), have a stop added at Eliot Avenue (southbound Q53 SBS would skip this stop) and some of their bus stops would be moved to be realigned closer to major cross streets.^[107]

A final bus-redesign plan was released in December 2023.^[108][109] The final plan called for the Q21 to be eliminated; the Q11 would be rerouted in Lindenwood to serve several former Q21 stops, and frequencies on the Q11 would be increased to match the former combined frequency of the Q11 and the Q21. The Q52 and Q53 would not be modified at all.^[110]

The 1977 song "Rockaway Beach" by Forest Hills-based band the Ramones references the bus ride to the Rockaways. It includes the lines:

Bus ride is too slow
they blast out the disco on the radio^[92]

• Woodhaven-Cross Bay Boulevards Select Bus Service − mta.info
• Woodhaven-Cross Bay Boulevards Select Bus Service − NYCDOT