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{{Short description|Pursuit of chemistry as a hobby}}
'''Amateur chemistry''' or '''home chemistry''' is the pursuit of [[chemistry]] as a private [[hobby]].<ref name="wired_article">{{Citation |last = Silberman |first = Steve |title = Don't Try This at Home |magazine = Wired |publisher = [[Wired Magazine]] |date = June 2006 |url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.06/chemistry.html |access-date = 2008-07-18 }}</ref> Amateur chemistry is usually done with whatever chemicals are available at disposal at the privacy of one's home. It should not be confused with [[clandestine chemistry]], which involves the illicit production of [[illegal drug trade|controlled drugs]].{{Ref label|a|a|none}} Notable amateur chemists include [[Oliver Sacks]] and [[Sir Edward Elgar]].<ref name="uncle_tungsten">{{Citation |title = Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood |last = Sacks |first = Oliver |publisher = [[Vintage Books]] |isbn = 0-375-40448-1 |year = 2001 |url = https://archive.org/details/uncletungstenmem00sack }}</ref><ref name="elgar">{{Citation |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/annual_of_bernard_shaw_studies/v022/22.1weintraub.pdf |title=Shaws's Musician: Edward Elgar |last=Weintraub |first=Stanley |journal=Annual of Bernard Shaw Studies  |year=2002 |volume=22 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1353/shaw.2002.0017 |s2cid=161277419 |access-date=2008-07-21}}</ref>

== History ==

===Origins===
Amateur chemistry shares its early history with [[history of chemistry|that of chemistry]] in general.  Pioneers of modern chemistry such as [[Robert Boyle]] and [[Antoine Lavoisier]] were [[gentlemen scientist]]s who pursued their research independently from their source of income.<ref name="Rosenfeld">{{Citation |title=Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry |last=Rosenfeld |first=Louis |year = 1999| publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]] |isbn=90-5699-645-2}}</ref><ref name="mass">{{Citation|title=University of Wisconsin - General Chemistry - The Law of Conservation of Mass |url=http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/sstutorial/Text1/Tx14/tx14.html |access-date=2008-07-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624165843/http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/sstutorial/Text1/Tx14/tx14.html |archive-date=2008-06-24 }}</ref>  Only with the coming of the [[Industrial Revolution]], and the rise of universities as research institutions, did any significant distinction between amateurs and professionals emerge.
Nevertheless, amateur progress lasted well into the 19th century.  For example, in 1886, [[Charles Martin Hall]] co-invented the [[Hall-Héroult process]] for extracting [[aluminium]] from [[alumina|its oxide]] whilst working in a woodshed behind his family home.<ref name="BuildingBlocks451-3">{{Citation |last=Emsley |first=John |title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements |year=2001 |isbn=0-19-850341-5 |pages=451–53 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
The history of amateur chemistry ties in well with that of chemistry in general. The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis to the various branches of chemistry. These processes include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze.

===Chemistry as a hobby===
Throughout much of the 20th century, amateur chemistry was an unexceptional hobby, with high-quality [[chemistry set]]s readily available, and laboratory suppliers freely selling to hobbyists. For example, [[Linus Pauling]] had no difficulty in procuring [[potassium cyanide]] at the age of eleven.<ref name="uncle_tungsten" /> Many academics, from researchers to university professors, and even Nobel prize laureates, have acknowledged that at least part of their interest in sciences could be traced back to chemistry sets and home labs when they were young. These include [[Dorothy Hodgkin]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Dorothy Hodgkin FRS - Scientists with disabilities {{!}} Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/diversity-in-science/scientists-with-disabilities/dorothy-hodgkin/ |website=royalsociety.org |access-date=1 August 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref> [[Robert F. Curl]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shampo |first1=Marc A. |last2=Kyle |first2=Robert A. |last3=Steensma |first3=David P. |title=Robert F. Curl Jr—Nobel Laureate in Chemistry |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=August 2010 |volume=85 |issue=8 |pages=e58 |doi=10.4065/mcp.2010.0448 |pmid=20704028 |pmc=2912751 }}</ref> [[George A. Olah]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jacolby |first1=Mitch |title=A LOVE AFFAIR WITH CHEMISTRY: Nobel Laureate George A. Olah has spent nearly six decades in the service of chemistry |journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive |date=14 March 2005 |volume=83 |issue=11 |pages=37–40 |doi=10.1021/cen-v083n011.p037 |url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/83/i11/LOVE-AFFAIR-CHEMISTRY.html |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> [[Rudolph A. Marcus]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Laureate - Rudolph A. Marcus |url=https://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/laureates/marcus |website=Lindau Nobel Mediatheque |access-date=1 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> [[Louis J. Ignarro]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Laureate - Louis J. Ignarro |url=https://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/laureates/ignarro |website=Lindau Nobel Mediatheque |access-date=1 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> [[Richard Schrock]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nightingale |first1=Sarah |title=Nobel laureate to join UC Riverside faculty |url=https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/nobel-laureate-join-uc-riverside-faculty |website=University of California |access-date=1 August 2021 |language=en |date=24 July 2018}}</ref> [[Roger Y. Tsien]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Roger Y. Tsien – Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2008/tsien/biographical/ |website=NobelPrize.org |publisher=Nobel Prize Outreach AB |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rink |first1=Timothy J. |last2=Tsien |first2=Louis Y. |last3=Tsien |first3=Richard W. |title=Roger Yonchien Tsien (1952–2016) |journal=Nature |date=October 2016 |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=172 |doi=10.1038/538172a |pmid=27734865 |pmc=5960232 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..172R }}</ref> [[William D. Phillips]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1997/phillips/biographical/ |website=NobelPrize.org |access-date=1 August 2021}}</ref> [[Steven Weinberg]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=D’Agostino |first1=Susan |title=Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate in physics and Bulletin board member, dies at 88 |url=https://thebulletin.org/2021/07/steven-weinberg-nobel-laureate-in-physics-and-bulletin-board-member-died-at-88/ |website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |access-date=1 August 2021 |date=27 July 2021}}</ref> Peter Licence,<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_ixOwLOHG8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/H_ixOwLOHG8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Childhood Chemistry - Viewer Questions|last=Haran|first=Brady|type=YouTube|year=2011|access-date=2021-08-01}}{{cbignore}}</ref> etc. However, due to increasing concerns about [[terrorism]], [[illegal drug trade|drugs]], and [[safety]], suppliers became increasingly reluctant to sell to amateurs, and chemistry sets were steadily toned down.<ref name="fox">{{Citation|last=Fuscaldo |first=Donna |title=The Grinch Who Stole the Chemistry Set |publisher=[[Fox Business]] |date=2007-12-11 |url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/personal-finance/lifestyle-money/article/grinch-stole-chemistry-set_397395_20.html |access-date=2008-07-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214072700/http://www.foxbusiness.com/personal-finance/lifestyle-money/article/grinch-stole-chemistry-set_397395_20.html |archive-date=2007-12-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zielinski |first1=Sarah |title=The Rise and Fall and Rise of the Chemistry Set |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |date=10 October 2012 |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/the-rise-and-fall-and-rise-of-the-chemistry-set-70359831/ |access-date=1 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> This trend has gradually continued, leaving hobbyists in many parts of the world without access to most [[reagent]]s.<ref name="houlton2016">{{cite web |last1=Houlton |first1=Sarah |title=Hobby chemists |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/hobby-chemists/1017482.article |website=Chemistry World |publisher=The Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=22 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

Even as recently as 2023, amateur chemists on forums and YouTube channels have been credited by academic researchers for suggesting and discussing novel viable synthetic routes before full investigations by the latter.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Klimek |first1=Angelique |last2=Yount |first2=Joseph |last3=Wozniak |first3=Dominique |last4=Zeller |first4=Mattias |last5=Piercey |first5=Davin G. |title=A Laboratory Preparation of High-Purity Calcium Cyanamide |journal=Inorganic Chemistry |date=9 October 2023 |volume=62 |issue=40 |pages=16280–16282 |doi=10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02235|pmid=37737133 }}</ref>

===Usefulness as a learning and work training tool===
<!--Expand on this: https://www.reddit.com/r/chemistry/comments/477v3b/comment/d0c22uw/-->

Home-based chemistry labs were explored as a way to remotely teach students during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], especially since many local and state-level governments across the world imposed lockdowns or other types of restrictions to contain the spread of the virus.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Andrews |first1=Jessica L. |last2=de Los Rios |first2=Juan Pablo |last3=Rayaluru |first3=Mythreyi |last4=Lee |first4=Seungwon |last5=Mai |first5=Lilly |last6=Schusser |first6=Anna |last7=Mak |first7=Chi H. |title=Experimenting with At-Home General Chemistry Laboratories During the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |date=14 July 2020 |volume=97 |issue=7 |pages=1887–1894 |doi=10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00483 |pmid=37556272 | pmc=7336719|bibcode=2020JChEd..97.1887A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gilden |first1=Melissa |title=STEM-ucation in the time of the coronavirus |journal=Chemical & Engineering News |date=11 May 2020 |volume=98 |issue=18 |pages=40 |doi=10.1021/cen-09818-newscripts |s2cid=219442623 |url=https://cen.acs.org/education/STEM-ucation-time-coronavirus/98/i18 |access-date=15 November 2021|issn=0009-2347|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Al-Soufi |first1=Wajih |last2=Carrazana-Garcia |first2=Jorge |last3=Novo |first3=Mercedes |title=When the Kitchen Turns into a Physical Chemistry Lab |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |date=8 September 2020 |volume=97 |issue=9 |pages=3090–3096 |doi=10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00745 |bibcode=2020JChEd..97.3090A |s2cid=225421160 |access-date=13 October 2022 |url= https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jchemed.0c00745}}</ref>

== Notable amateur chemists ==
* [[Internet]] pioneer [[Vint Cerf]], [[Intel]] co-founder [[Gordon Moore]], and [[Hewlett Packard]] co-founder [[David Packard]] all used to practice amateur chemistry.<ref name="wired_article" />
* [[United Kingdom|British]] [[neurologist]] [[Oliver Sacks]] was a keen amateur chemist in his youth, as described in his memoir ''[[Uncle Tungsten: Memories of a Chemical Boyhood]]''.<ref name="uncle_tungsten" />
* [[Nobel Prize]] winning [[chemist]] [[Linus Pauling]] practised amateur chemistry in his youth.<ref name="goertzel">{{Citation |last=Goertzel |year=1995 |title=Linus Pauling: A Life in Science and Politics |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=0-465-00672-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/linuspaulinglife0000goer }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Biographical Overview |url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/mm/feature/biographical-overview |website=Linus Pauling - Profiles in Science |date=12 March 2019 |access-date=1 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wolfram Research]] co-founder [[Theodore Gray]] is a keen amateur chemist and [[chemical element|element]] collector.<ref name="theo_gray">{{Citation |title=Theodore Gray's website| url=http://www.theodoregray.com/ |access-date=2008-07-18}}</ref>  His exploits (most notably the construction of a wooden [[Table (furniture)|table]] in the shape of [[periodic table|the periodic table]], having compartments holding real samples of each element) earned him the 2002 [[Ig Nobel prize]] for chemistry,<ref name="gray_ig_nobel">{{Citation |url=http://improbable.com/ig/ig-pastwinners.html |title=Winners of the Ig Nobel Prize |access-date=2008-07-18}}</ref> which he accepted as a great honor.<ref name="gray_ig_nobel_accept">{{Citation |url=http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/IgNobel/index.html |title=Theodore Gray's website: 2002 Ig Nobel Prize in Chemistry |access-date=2008-07-18}}</ref>  He writes a column for ''[[Popular Science]]'' magazine, featuring his home experiments.<ref name="gray_pop_sci">{{Citation |url=http://www.popsci.com/category/tags/theodore-gray |title=Popular Science: Gray Matter column |access-date=2008-07-18}}</ref>
* [[Amateur rocketry|Amateur rocketeer]] (and later [[NASA]] engineer) [[Homer Hickham]], together with his fellow [[Rocket Boys]], experimented with a range of home-made [[rocket propellant]]s.  These included "Rocket Candy" made from [[potassium nitrate]] and [[sugar]], and "Zincoshine" made from [[zinc]] and [[sulfur]] held together with [[moonshine]] [[ethanol|alcohol]].<ref name="rocket_boys">{{Citation |title=Rocket Boys: A Memoir |first=Homer |last=Hickam |publisher=[[Delacorte Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-385-33320-X |url=https://archive.org/details/rocketboysmemoir00hick }}</ref>
* Composer [[Sir Edward Elgar]] practised amateur chemistry from a laboratory erected in his back garden.<ref name="elgar" /> The original manuscript of the prelude to ''[[The Kingdom (Elgar)|The Kingdom]]'' is stained with chemicals.<ref name="elgar_chem2">{{Citation|title=Sir Edward William Elgar; Amateur Chemist-Composer |url=http://faculty.cua.edu/may/Elgar.pdf |access-date=2008-08-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003105702/http://faculty.cua.edu/may/Elgar.pdf |archive-date=2008-10-03 }}</ref>
* [[Robert Boyle]] is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry, and one of the pioneers of modern experimental [[scientific method]].
* [[Maurice Ward]], a hairdresser and amateur chemist who invented the thermal insulating material called [[Starlite]].
* [[Robert Cornelius]], inventor, businessman and lamp manufacturer credited for creating the first photographic [[self-portrait]] in 1839.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Andreasson |first1=Karin |title=The first ever selfie, taken in 1839 - a picture from the past |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/picture/2014/mar/07/first-ever-selfie-1839-picture-from-the-past |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=7 March 2014 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Brin |first1=Joseph G. |title=I'm Still Here: Saving The Work Of Robert Cornelius |url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2017/09/im-still-here-saving-the-work-of-robert-cornelius/ |website=Hidden City Philadelphia |access-date=7 September 2024 |date=1 September 2017}}</ref>

== Restrictions ==
Whilst the hobby is probably legal in most jurisdictions,{{Ref label|b|b|none}} the relationship between amateur chemists and [[Law enforcement agency|law enforcement agencies]] is often fraught.  Hobbyists are often affected by laws intended to fight [[Illegal drug trade|drugs]] and [[terrorism]]. Furthermore, many chemical supply houses refuse to sell to amateurs, with such policies sometimes being stated openly.<ref name="timstar">{{Citation|url=http://www.timstar.co.uk/Ordering.aspx |title=Timstar Laboratory Suppliers Ltd: Ordering information |access-date=2008-07-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509143538/http://www.timstar.co.uk/Ordering.aspx |archive-date=2008-05-09 }}</ref><ref name="stratlab">{{Citation|url=http://www.stratlab.co.uk/stratlab/value/items.asp?Cc=CHEM |title=Stratlab Web Shop - Laboratory Supplies - Chemicals and reagents |access-date=2008-08-10 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216055221/http://www.stratlab.co.uk/stratlab/value/items.asp?Cc=CHEM |archive-date=2012-02-16}}</ref> Even though the regulations discussed in this section may affect professional and academic laboratories (e.g. business and universities), private individuals, or both, amateur chemists are still affected by those addressed to the former ones, since they usually contain clues that explain the behaviour of these chemical suppliers. Medium-sized suppliers and multinationals have whole departments, sometimes named [[Regulatory compliance|Compliance]] or [[Regulatory affairs]], tasked with periodically checking and implementing new regulations regarding chemicals on their companies.

===Canada===
In [[Canada]], a wide range of basic laboratory reagents such as [[nitric acid]] and [[hydrogen peroxide]] are restricted as "explosives precursors".<ref name="canada_law">{{Citation |title = Natural Resources Canada: New Regulations Tighten Controls on Restricted Chemicals |url = http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/Natural-Resources-Canada-834666.html |publisher = [[Marketwire]] |date = 2008-05-19 |access-date = 2008-08-08
}}</ref> Two of the main legal texts in Canada restricting the sale of certain chemicals are the Explosives Act,<ref name="canada_explosives_act">{{Cite canlaw 
|short title  = Explosives Act
|abbr         = R.S.C.
|year         = 1985
|chapter      = E-17
|link         = https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/e-17/fulltext.html
}}</ref> and the Explosives Regulations, 2013 (SOR/2013-211).<ref name="canada_explosives_regulations">{{Cite canlaw 
|year         = 2013
|link         = https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2013-211/fulltext.html
|type         = reg
|regtitle     = Explosives Regulations
|regnumber    = SOR/2013-211
}}</ref> Part 20 of the latter restricts the sale, acquisition, and storage of ten explosives precursors, namely, [[ammonium nitrate]] in solid form and with a nitrogen concentration >=28%, [[hydrogen peroxide]] >=30% conc., [[nitromethane]], [[potassium chlorate]], [[potassium perchlorate]], solid [[sodium chlorate]], [[nitric acid]] >= 75% conc., [[potassium nitrate]], mixtures of potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate, and solid [[sodium nitrate]]. In 2021, the [[Canada Gazette]] published an amendment proposal to the Explosives Regulations, 2013 [https://canadagazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2021/2021-06-05/html/reg3-eng.html], which suggested measures including the classification of precursors into three tiers, and the addition of [[calcium ammonium nitrate]], [[hexamethylenetetramine]], [[aluminium]] powder, and [[acetone]] to the precursors list.

In late 2008, Lewis Casey, an 18-year-old college student from Saskatchewan, was arrested for owning a small chemistry lab in his family's garage. After the raid, the police initially claimed that it was a meth lab, but withdrew the drug charge a few days later.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newitz |first1=Annalee |title=Teen with Home Chemistry Lab Arrested for Meth, Bombs |url=https://gizmodo.com/teen-with-home-chemistry-lab-arrested-for-meth-bombs-5119166 |website=Gizmodo |access-date=5 October 2021 |language=en-us |date=27 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Coolican |first1=Lori |title=Student held on explosives charge released: Teen mistakenly arrested for meth production allowed home for holidays. |url=http://www.thestarphoenix.com/Student+held+explosives+charge+released/1114799/story.html |access-date=28 December 2008 |work=The StarPhoenix |date=26 December 2008 |language=en-CA |location=Saskatoon}}</ref> The Crown withdrew criminal charges against him on Oct. 13.<ref>{{cite news |title=Criminal case against student chemist implodes |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/criminal-case-against-student-chemist-implodes-1.840940 |access-date=7 October 2021 |language=en-ca |date=25 October 2009 |work=CBC/Radio-Canada}}</ref>

===European Union===
In the EU, regulations regarding reagent restrictions can be classified in several different sets: dual-use goods, substances in the Schedules [[list of Schedule 1 substances (CWC)|1]], [[list of Schedule 2 substances (CWC)|2]] and [[list of Schedule 3 substances (CWC)|3]] of the [[Chemical Weapons Convention|CWC]], substances on the Common Military List, hazardous chemicals (as defined by Prior Informed Consent Regulation), chemicals subject to the anti-torture regulation, chemicals that cannot be exported to given countries due to sanctions and embargoes, explosives precursors and [[European law on drug precursors|drug precursors]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arnés-Novau |first1=Xavier |last2=Sevini |first2=Filippo |title=Export control handbook for chemicals (2021 edition). |date=2021 |publisher=Publications Office of the European Union |location=Luxembourg |isbn=978-92-76-36153-4 |edition=2021 |url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC124421 |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> Those regulations may contain provisions affecting one or more types of "agents" (e.g. manufacturers, resellers, distributors, etc.), end users, or both. Reagent manufacturers typically require customers to sign an end user declaration before accepting and processing the sale of a chemical listed on these schedules.

One of the cornerstones of EU legislation on hazardous chemicals is the [[Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals]] (REACH), which is defined in Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006<ref name="reg_eu_1907_2006">{{CELEX|02006R1907-20200824|text=Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency, amending Directive 1999/45/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 as well as Council Directive 76/769/EEC and Commission Directives 91/155/EEC, 93/67/EEC, 93/105/EC and 2000/21/EC}}</ref>

On the topic of explosives precursors, Regulation (EU) No. 98/2013<ref name="reg_eu_98_2013">{{CELEX|02013R0098-20170301|text=Regulation (EU) No 98/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2013 on the marketing and use of explosives precursors}}</ref> introduced rules to harmonize the sale, possession and use of several substances across all EU countries. It requires that each member state must define a National Contact Point to which economic operators must report suspicious transactions, thefts, and disappearances of significant quantities involving scheduled substances.

On 1 February 2021, Regulation (EU) 2019/1148<ref name="reg_eu_2019_1148">{{CELEX|32019R1148|text=Regulation (EU) 2019/1148 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on the marketing and use of explosives precursors, amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 98/2013}}</ref> amended REACH and repealed Regulation (EC) No. 98/2013. The newer one is designed to ban the sale and possession of explosives precursors by members of the general public above given concentrations. Any individual can own these chemicals provided their concentration is below or equal to a given limit (e.g. for sulfuric acid up to 15% conc. in weight). Said upper limit allowed can be increased (e.g. for sulfuric acid, up to 40% conc.) by requesting a license to the national authority. Professional users are not affected by these thresholds. However, professional users and members of the general public must also report significant disappearances and thefts of restricted explosives precursors within 24 hours of detection to the national contact point.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of scheduled explosives precursors on the EU
! Category
! Substance
! Upper limit w/o license
! Upper limit w/ license
|-
! rowspan="9" |Restricted
| [[Nitric acid]]
| 3% w/w
| 10% w/w
|-
| [[Hydrogen peroxide]]
| 12% w/w
| 35% w/w
|-
| [[Sulfuric acid]]
| 15% w/w
| 40% w/w
|-
| [[Nitromethane]]
| 16% w/w
| 100% w/w
|-
| [[Ammonium nitrate]]
| 16% w/w of nitrogen in relation to ammonium nitrate (4)
| No licensing permitted
|-
| [[Potassium chlorate]]
| 40% w/w
| No licensing permitted
|-
| [[Potassium perchlorate]]
| 40% w/w
| No licensing permitted
|-
| [[Sodium chlorate]]
| 40% w/w
| No licensing permitted
|-
| [[Sodium perchlorate]]
| 40% w/w
| No licensing permitted
|-
! rowspan="9" |Reportable
| [[Hexamine]]
| rowspan="9" |Does not apply
| rowspan="9" |Does not apply
|-
| [[Acetone]]
|-
| [[Potassium nitrate]]
|-
| [[Sodium nitrate]]
|-
| [[Calcium nitrate]]
|-
| [[Calcium ammonium nitrate]]
|-
| [[Magnesium]], powders
|-
| [[Magnesium nitrate]] hexahydrate
|-
| [[Aluminium]], powders
|}

Drug precursors: 
Regulation (EC) No 273/2004<ref name="reg_ec_273_2004">{{CELEX|02004R0273-20210113|text=Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 February 2004 on drug precursors}}</ref>
Regulation (EC) No 111/2005<ref name="reg_ec_111_2005">{{CELEX|02005R0111-20180707|text=Council Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 of 22 December 2004 laying down rules for the monitoring of trade between the Union and third countries in drug precursors}}</ref>
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/1011 of 24 April 2015<ref name="reg_eu_2015_1011">{{CELEX|02015R1011-20150627|text=Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/1011 of 24 April 2015 supplementing Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on drug precursors and Council Regulation (EC) No 111/2005 laying down rules for the monitoring of trade between the Union and third countries in drug precursors, and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 1277/2005}}</ref>

Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 was amended by Regulation (EU) No 1258/2013,<ref name="reg_eu_1258_2013">{{CELEX|32013R1258|text=Regulation (EU) No 1258/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 November 2013 amending Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 on drug precursors Text with EEA relevance}}</ref> which introduced the term "user", and split reagents on category 2 into categories 2A and 2B
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of scheduled drug precursors on the EU
! Category
! Substance
! Threshold
|-
! Category 1
| 
* [[1-phenyl-2-propanone]]
* [[Methyl alpha-phenylacetoacetate]] (MAPA)
* [[Methyl 2-methyl-3-phenyloxirane-2-carboxylate]] (BMK methyl glycidate)
* [[2-methyl-3-phenyloxirane-2-carboxylic acid]] (BMK glycidic acid)
* [[N-acetylanthranilic acid]]
* [[Alpha-phenylacetoacetamide]] (APAA)
* [[Alpha-phenylacetoacetonitrile]] (APAAN)
* [[Isosafrol]] (cis + trans)
* [[3,4-methylenedioxyphenylpropan-2-one]]
* [[Piperonal]]
* [[Safrole]]
* [[Methyl 3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylate]] (PMK methyl glycidate)
* [[3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-methyloxirane-2-carboxylic acid]] (PMK glycidic acid)
* [[4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine]] (ANPP)
* [[N-phenethyl-4-piperidone]] (NPP)
* [[Ephedrine]]
* [[Pseudoephedrine]]
* [[Norephedrine]]
* [[Ergometrine]]
* [[Ergotamine]]
* [[Lysergic acid]]
* (1R,2S)-(-)-chloroephedrine
* (1S,2R)-(+)-chloroephedrine
* (1S,2S)-(+)-chloropseudoephedrine
* (1R,2R)-(-)-chloropseudoephedrine
|-
! rowspan="2" | Subcategory 2A
| 
* [[Red phosphorus]]
| 0,1&nbsp;kg
|- 
|
* [[Acetic anhydride]]
| 100 l
|-
! rowspan="4" | Subcategory 2B
|
* [[Phenylacetic acid]]
| 1&nbsp;kg
|- 
|
* [[Anthranilic acid]]
| 1&nbsp;kg
|- 
|
* [[Piperidine]]
| 0,5&nbsp;kg
|- 
|
* [[Potassium permanganate]]
| 100&nbsp;kg
|-
! Category 3
|
* [[Hydrochloric acid]]
* [[Sulfuric acid]]
* [[Toluene]]
* [[Ethyl ether]]
* [[Acetone]]
* [[Methylethylketone]]
|}

Regarding waste management, it might be considered acceptable to dispose of some acidic or basic solutions by [[neutralization (chemistry)|neutralizing]] and flushing them down the drain, provided that they don't contain other hazardous substances and the reaction products aren't hazardous either.<ref>{{cite web |title=Entsorgung von Kleinmengen ins Abwasser |trans-title=Disposal of small quantities into waste water |publisher=Frieie Universität Berlin |language=de |date=9 January 2014 |url=https://www.bcp.fu-berlin.de/chemie/chemie/sicherheit/entsorgung/kleinmengen.html |access-date=28 November 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529081858/https://www.bcp.fu-berlin.de/chemie/chemie/sicherheit/entsorgung/kleinmengen.html |archive-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> However, other types of wastes must be disposed by handling them to an authorised waste management entity in an appropriate container, usually HDPE jerry cans. Such entities require each container received to be appropriately labeled with several details, which may include [[GHS hazard pictograms]], the EWC ([[waste characterisation#The European Waste Catalogue|European Waste Catalogue]]) code, also called LoW (List of Waste) code, that identifies the type of waste. These codes were defined by the Commission Decision 2000/532/EC,<ref>{{CELEX|02000D0532-20150601|text=Commission Decision of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste (notified under document number C(2000) 1147)}}</ref> later amended by Commission Decision 2014/955/EU.<ref>{{CELEX|32014D0955|text=2014/955/EU: Commission Decision of 18 December 2014 amending Decision 2000/532/EC on the list of waste pursuant to Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council}}</ref> Laboratories typically classify<ref>{{cite AV media |date=2018-10-21 |publisher=Lab Life Tutorials |place=United Kingdom |title=Chemical waste disposal |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHrZi9ikmeE |language=en |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Universität Konstanz |title=Disposal of hazardous liquids {{!}} Hazardous waste {{!}} waste management {{!}} Occupational Safety & Occupational Medicine - Health Protection & Environmental Protection {{!}} University of Konstanz |url=https://www.uni-konstanz.de/en/occupational-safety-health-and-environmental-protection/waste-and-hazardous-waste/hazardous-waste/disposal-of-hazardous-liquids/ |website=www.uni-konstanz.de |access-date=17 June 2023 |location=Konstanz, Germany |date=14 June 2023}}</ref> their wastes into those containing halogenated solvents (such as [[chloroform]] and [[dichloromethane]], EWC 14 06 02), non-halogenated solvents (like [[hexane]] and [[toluene]], EWC 14 06 03 or 20 01 13), non-halogenated mineral oils (e.g. from [[rotary vane pump|rotary vane vacuum pumps]], EWC 13 02 05, or 13 02 08), contaminated materials (including pipette tips, gloves, filter paper, EWC 15 02 02), contaminated glass (e.g. broken glassware, EWC 15 01 10), discarded reagents (EWC 16 05 06)

Several chemicals, especially solvents, are subject to taxes for certain uses. One such example is ethanol, due to its potential use in alcoholic drinks. Both Council Directive 92/81/EEC,<ref>{{CELEX|31992L0081|text=Council Directive 92/81/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the harmonization of the structures of excise duties on mineral oils}}</ref> and Council Directive 2003/96/EC,<ref>{{CELEX|02003L0096-20180915|text=Council Directive 2003/96/EC of 27 October 2003 restructuring the Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity}}</ref> which repealed the former, impose taxes on several hydrocarbons that can be used as fuels. These hydrocarbons include [[hexane]], [[heptane]], [[isooctane]] ([[Combined Nomenclature|CN]] 2901 10 for most saturated acyclic hydrocarbons), [[petroleum ether]] ([[Combined Nomenclature|CN]] 2710 12 25), [[cyclohexane]] ([[Combined Nomenclature|CN]] 2902 11), [[benzene]] ([[Combined Nomenclature|CN]] 2902 20), [[toluene]] ([[Combined Nomenclature|CN]] 2902 30) and xylenes ([[o-Xylene]]: [[Combined Nomenclature|CN]] 2902 41, [[m-Xylene]]: [[Combined Nomenclature|CN]] 2902 42, [[p-Xylene]]: [[Combined Nomenclature|CN]] 2902 43, and a mix of these isomers: [[Combined Nomenclature|CN]] 2902 44), among others.

====Germany====
Regulations regarding hazardous chemicals in this country include the Explosives Act ([[:de:Sprengstoffgesetz|Sprengstoffgesetz]]), and the Hazardous Substances Ordinance ([[:de:Gefahrstoffverordnung|Gefahrstoffverordnung]], abbreviated as GefStoffV), which is part of the Chemicals Act ([[:de:Chemikaliengesetz|Chemikaliengesetz]], abbreviated as ChemG). Another one is the Chemicals Prohibition Ordinance ([[:de:Chemikalien-Verbotsverordnung|Chemikalien-Verbotsverordnung]], abbreviated as ChemVerbotsV). Additionally, Regulation (EU) 2019/1148 was transposed into German law in the Precursor Act ([[:de:Ausgangsstoffgesetz|Ausgangsstoffgesetz]], Precursor Act, abbreviated as AusgStG).

[[Germany|German]] amateur chemists have been raided by [[law enforcement in Germany|the police]], despite not being in the possession of illegal chemicals.<ref name="german1">{{Citation |last=Winsemann |first=Bettina |url=http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/28/28448/1.html |title=Von Chemikalien, Aquarianern, Sprengstoffen und Drogen |language=de |publisher=[[Telepolis]] |date=2008-08-02 |access-date=2008-08-08}}</ref><ref name="german2">{{Citation |last=Winsemann |first=Bettina |url=http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/21/21622/1.html |title=Terrorfahndung in Kinderzimmern] |publisher=[[Telepolis]] |language=de |date=2008-12-21 |access-date=2008-08-08}}</ref>

====Ireland====
Regarding explosives precursors, Regulation (EU) 98/2013, was [[transposition (law)|transposed]] in the [[Statutory Instrument]] No 611/2014.<ref>{{cite act 
| type = Statutory Instrument
| index = 611 of 2014
| date = {{date|23-12-2014|dmy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = European Union (Marketing and Use of Explosives Precursors) Regulations 2014
| url = https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/si/611/made/en/print
| language = en
}}</ref>

====Italy====
In Italy, regulations regarding explosives precursors have been approved as the [[Ministry of the Interior (Italy)|Ministry of the Interior]]'s Circolare 557/PAS/U/004997/XV.H.MASS(53)5,<ref>{{cite web |title=Identificazione e tracciabilità degli esplosivi per uso civile: - Indicazioni operative e gestione delle scorte |url=http://www.prefettura.it/FILES/FotoNews/1155/Circolare_Ministero_Interno_Identificazione_e_tracciabilita_esplosivi.pdf |publisher=Ministero dell'Interno, Dipartimento della pubblica sicurezza |access-date=11 June 2023 |language=it |date=1 April 2015}}</ref> titled Identificazione e tracciabilità degli esplosivi per uso civile: - Indicazioni operative e gestione delle scorte. Regulation (EU) 2019/1148 was implemented through the Legge 23 dicembre 2021, n. 238, whose article 13 modifies the Decreto Legislativo 14 settembre 2009, n. 133, adding a whole chapter to the latter (Chapter II, after article 17).

====Portugal====
On the topic of explosives precursors, Regulation (EU) 98/2013, was [[transposition (law)|transposed]] into the Portuguese legal system as the Decree Law 56/2016, of 29th of August.<ref>{{cite act 
| type = Decree Law
| index = 165/2016, Série I
| date = {{date|29-08-2016|dmy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Decreto-Lei n.º 56/2016, de 29 de agosto.
| trans-title = Decree Law 56/2016, of 29th of August.
| page = 2996-3000
| url = https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/decreto-lei/56-2016-75216370
| language = pt
}}</ref> This Decree Law was, in turn, repealed by Decree Law 62/2021, of 26th of July,<ref>{{cite act 
| type = Decree Law
| index = 143/2021, Série I
| date = {{date|26-07-2021|dmy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Decreto-Lei n.º 62/2021, de 26 de julho.
| trans-title = Decree Law 62/2021, of 26th of July.
| page = 3-12
| url = https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/decreto-lei/62-2021-168296687
| language = pt
}}</ref> which transposes Regulation (EU) 2019/1148.

====Spain====
Since the 1940s, chemistry sets for kids have been available on the Spanish market, some of these including "Quimicefa", manufactured by the Valencian company Celulosa Fabril SA (CEFA), and later on by CEFA Toys SA; "Cheminova", by Jugetes Mediterráneo SA, from [[Aldaia]], Valencia, later acquired by [[Milton Bradley Company|MB-Hasbro]]; "La magia de la ciencia: Química" by the [[Madrid|Madrilenian]] company Grupo Anaya SA; and "Quimex", by Quimex, [[Granollers]], Catalonia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Villarreal |first1=Antonio |title=Una historia en tres actos del juguete científico en España |url=https://www.agenciasinc.es/Reportajes/Una-historia-en-tres-actos-del-juguete-cientifico-en-Espana |website=Agencia SINC |access-date=24 January 2024 |location=Spain |language=es |date=28 December 2012}}</ref> On January 3, 1994, Eduardo Rey Díaz, a 13-year-old boy from [[Getxo]], Basque Country, was at a friend's house doing an experiment using materials from a chemistry set. After approaching the open end of a graduated cylinder containing a flammable substance to an open flame, a deflagration occurred, which left him with severe burns in his hands and face. The manufacturer was sued and later fined.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pérez González |first1=Carmen |title=La Aplicación por parte del juez nacional de las directivas comunitarias no transpuestas en el ordenamiento jurídico español: algunos ejemplos |journal=Estudios Sobre Consumo |date=1997 |issue=43 |pages=47–62 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10234/106714 |access-date=24 January 2024 |trans-title=The application by the national judge of Community directives not transposed into Spanish law: some examples |publisher=Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo |hdl=10234/106714 |language=es |issn=0212-9469}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Guenaga Bidaurrazaga |first1=Aitor |title=Condenado el fabricante de 'Quimicefa' por daños a un niño |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1996/06/06/sociedad/834012006_850215.html |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=El País |date=6 June 1996 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Guenaga Bidaurrazaga |first1=Aitor |title=El lote del juego 'Quimicefa' hasta 1990 tiene "sustancias peligrosas" |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1996/03/26/sociedad/827794806_850215.html |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=El País |date=26 March 1996 |language=es}}</ref> Less than a year and a half later, in December 22, 1995, an 11-year-old boy and his 8-year-old sister from Galicia, suffered third and second-degree burns in 70 and 60% of their bodies. After watching them while they performed an experiment using another set from the same company, their mother ordered them to put the game away and left the room, but they kept playing. As a result of incorrectly handling the set, a deflagration occurred, and the company was sued and charged again.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sanjuán Pérez |first1=Antonio |title=Esto rompe: casos de productos en apuros y gestión de crisis |date=2002 |publisher=Netibiblo |location=A Coruña, Spain |isbn=978-84-9745-019-5 |pages=33–36 |edition=1 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2183/11883 |access-date=24 January 2024 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Guenaga Bidaurrazaga |first1=Aitor |title=Segunda condena contra el fabricante del juego Quimicefa |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1998/02/06/sociedad/886719604_850215.html |access-date=24 January 2024 |work=El País |date=6 February 1998 |language=es}}</ref> By the 2010s, many of them were no longer available. Despite these incidents, the positive impact of chemistry sets on kickstarting the curiosity of children, some of whom would later become professional scientists and engineers, has been acknowledged.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Silva Suárez |first1=Manuel |title=Técnica e ingeniería en España IX. Trazas y reflejos culturales externos (1898-1973) |trans-title=Technology and engineering in Spain IX. Traces and external cultural reflections (1898-1973) |chapter=Presentación: Trazas y reflejos, perspectivas en la historia de la técnica |trans-chapter=Introduction: Traces and reflections, perspectives on the history of technology |date=2019 |publisher=Institución "Fernando el Católico" |location=Zaragoza, Spain |isbn=978-84-7820-814-2 |pages=15–16 |chapter-url=https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/37/53/9.2.presentacion.pdf |access-date=28 January 2024 |language=es}}</ref>

According to the Resolution of 20 November 2013 of the Spanish State Secretariat for Security, the National Contact Point for this country is the [[Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime]] (CITCO). Before the [[transposition (law)|transposition]] of Regulation (EU) 2019/1148 into Spanish Law 25/2022, of 1st of November,<ref>{{cite act 
| type = 
| index = BOE-A-2022-20184
| date = {{date|12-02-2022|mdy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Ley 25/2022, de 1 de diciembre, sobre precursores de explosivos.
| trans-title = Law 25/2022, of 1st of November, on explosives precursors.
| page = 165096
| url = https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2022-20184
| language = es
}}</ref> explosives precursors were addressed<ref>{{cite web |title=Servicios al Ciudadano - Precursores de Explosivos |url=http://www.interior.gob.es/web/servicios-al-ciudadano/precursores-de-explosivos |website=Ministerio del Interior |access-date=7 October 2021 |language=es-ES |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523054327/http://www.interior.gob.es/web/servicios-al-ciudadano/precursores-de-explosivos |url-status=dead }}</ref> by Law 8/2017, of 8 November, on explosives precursors,<ref>{{cite act 
| type = 
| index = BOE-A-2017-12901
| date = {{date|09-11-2017|mdy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Ley 8/2017, de 8 de noviembre, sobre precursores de explosivos.
| trans-title = Law 8/2017, of 8th of November, on explosives precursors.
| page = 107702
| url = https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2017-12901
| language = es
}}</ref> which the former repealed and replaced.
On the other hand, drug precursors<ref>{{cite web |title=Servicios al Ciudadano - Precursores de Drogas |url=http://www.interior.gob.es/web/servicios-al-ciudadano/precursores-de-drogas |website=Ministerio del Interior |access-date=7 October 2021 |language=es-ES |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518055334/http://www.interior.gob.es/web/servicios-al-ciudadano/precursores-de-drogas |url-status=dead}}</ref> are addressed by the Law 4/2009, of 15 June, on drug precursors control, and the Royal Decree 129/2017, of 24 February, by which the Drug Precursors Control Regulation is approved. Every year, operators of drug precursors are required to fill a questionnaire, titled "Annual questionnaire for the declaration of operations with scheduled chemicals" ("''Cuestionario anual de declaración de operaciones con sustancias químicas catalogadas''" in Spanish), stating in-depth details regarding purchases, sales, and operations involving substances listed in the Categories 1, 2 and 3 of the Regulation (EC) No 273/2004 during that year. The first ones (purchases and sales) must include information on the quantities, full contact details and address, and [[VAT identification number|NIF]] or [[Documento Nacional de Identidad (Spain)|DNI]] number of the suppliers or buyers.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ministerio del Interior. Secretaría de estado de seguridad. Área de precursores. Registro general de operadores de sustancias químicas catalogadas. |title=Cuestionario anual de declaración de operaciones con sustancias químicas catalogadas, incluidas en el Anexo I del Reglamento (CE) 273/2004, sobre medidas de control de sustancias químicas catalogadas susceptibles de desvío para la fabricación ilícita de drogas y en el Anexo I de la Ley 3/1996, de 10 de enero. |url=https://www.uv.es/dssqa/documentacion/cuestionario/CATALOGADAS.doc |publisher=Universitat de València |access-date=11 June 2023 |location=Valencia, Spain |language=es |date=2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cuestionario anual de declaración de operaciones con sustancias químicas catalogadas, incluidas en las categorias 1, 2 y 3 del Reglamento de la CE. 273/2004 |url=https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/256-2016-03-15-Q2818014I-CSQC-15%20_def%20(1).pdf |website=Universidad Complutense de Madrid |access-date=11 June 2023 |location=Madrid, Spain |language=es |date=14 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pérez López |first1=Jose Andrés |last2=Alvariño Poza |first2=Víctor |title=Jornada de control técnico de comercio de precursores de drogas. Marco Regulatorio de Precursores de Drogas. Ámbito nacional. |url=https://chemspain.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/1.-NORMATIVA-NACIONAL-DROGAS-Victor-Alvari%C3%B1o.pdf |publisher=Centro de Inteligencia contra el Terrorismo y el Crimen Organizado (CITCO) |access-date=11 June 2023 |location=Madrid, Spain |language=es |date=5 November 2019}}</ref>

Additionally, the storage of chemicals, including reagents, flammable solvents, and gas cylinders, is regulated by Royal Decree 656/2017, of 23 June.<ref>{{cite act 
| type = 
| index = BOE-A-2017-8755
| date = {{date|25-07-2017|mdy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Real Decreto 656/2017, de 23 de junio, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de Almacenamiento de Productos Químicos y sus Instrucciones Técnicas Complementarias MIE APQ 0 a 10.
| trans-title = Royal Decree 656/2017, of 23 June, by which the Chemicals Storage Regulation and its Complementary Technical Instructions MIE APQ 0 to 10 are approved.
| page = 65747
| url = https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2017-8755
| language = es
}}</ref> Industrial establishments also need to take into account Royal Decree 2267/2004, of 3 December, by which the fire safety regulations for industrial establishments are approved.

In general, the topic of ''[[hazardous waste]] management'' is discussed on Law 22/2011, of 28 July, on wastes and contaminated soils,<ref>{{cite act 
| type = 
| index = BOE-A-2011-13046
| date = {{date|28-07-2011|mdy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Ley 22/2011, de 28 de julio, de residuos y suelos contaminados.
| trans-title = Law 22/2011, of 28 July, on wastes and contaminated soils.
| page = 85650
| url = https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-13046
| language = es
}}</ref> which was repealed and replaced by Law 7/2022, of 8 April.<ref>{{cite act 
| type = 
| index = BOE-A-2022-5809
| date = {{date|07/04/2022|mdy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Ley 7/2022, de 8 de abril, de residuos y suelos contaminados para una economía circular.
| trans-title = Law 7/2022, of 8 Abril, on wastes and contaminated soils for a circular economy.
| page = 48578
| url = https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2022-5809
| language = es
}}</ref> The transport of wastes is regulated as well, by the Royal Decree 553/2020, of 2 June.<ref>{{cite act 
| type = 
| index = BOE-A-2020-6422
| date = {{date|02-06-2020|mdy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Real Decreto 553/2020, de 2 de junio, por el que se regula el traslado de residuos en el interior del territorio del Estado. 
| trans-title = Royal Decree 553/2020, of 2 June, by which the transport of wastes within the territory of the State is regulated.
| page = 42222
| url = https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-2020-6422
| language = es
}}</ref> Business that meet the definition of 'waste producers' or 'waste management facilities' need to obtain an Environmental Identification Number (Número de identificación medioambiental, NIMA). Said numbers are issued by the government of the [[autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous community]] where the business is located.

Several EU regulations regarding special taxes have been transposed to Spanish regulations in Law 38/1992, of 28 December, of Special Taxes.<ref name="reg_es_law_38_1992">{{cite act 
| type = 
| index = BOE-A-1992-28741
| date = {{date|29-12-1992|mdy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Ley 38/1992, de 28 de diciembre, de Impuestos Especiales.
| trans-title = Law 38/1992, of 28 December, of Special Taxes.
| page = 44305
| url = https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1992-28741
| language = es
}}</ref> It was later extended by the Royal Decree 1165/1995, of 7 July, by which the Regulation on Special Taxes is approved.<ref name="reg_es_rd_1165_1995">{{cite act 
| type = 
| index = BOE-A-1995-18266
| date = {{date|07-07-1995|mdy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Real Decreto 1165/1995, de 7 de julio, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de los Impuestos Especiales. 
| trans-title = Royal Decree 1165/1995, of 7 July, by which the Regulation on Special Taxes is approved.
| page = 23028
| url = https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1995-18266
| language = es
}}</ref>
According to article 79 of the latter, even though [[ethanol]] is subject to a special tax due to its potential use in spirits, its use in scientific research can be exempted. This exemption requires obtaining an Activity and Establishment Code (Código de Actividad y del Establecimiento, CAE), which allows to request a refund from the [[Spanish Tax Agency|Tax Agency]] (Agencia Tributaria) by submitting a filled form model 572. Said code is composed of 13 characters, the first two being "ES", then three zeros, two characters identifying the local management office, two more characters for the activity, a sequential inscription number made up of three characters, and finally a control letter.<ref>{{cite act 
| type = 
| index = BOE-A-2007-20637
| date = {{date|01-12-2007|mdy}}
| article = 
| article-type = 
| title = Orden EHA/3482/2007, de 20 de noviembre, por la que se aprueban determinados modelos, se refunden y actualizan diversas normas de gestión en relación con los Impuestos Especiales de Fabricación y con el Impuesto sobre las Ventas Minoristas de Determinados Hidrocarburos y se modifica la Orden EHA/1308/2005, de 11 de mayo, por la que se aprueba el modelo 380 de declaración-liquidación del Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido en operaciones asimiladas a las importaciones, se determinan el lugar, forma y plazo de presentación, así como las condiciones generales y el procedimiento para su presentación por medios telemáticos.
| trans-title = Order EHA/3482/2007, of 20 November, by which specific models are approved, several management norms regarding the Special Manufacturing Taxes and the Tax on Retail Sales of Specific Hydrocarbons are revised and updated, and the Order EHA/1308/2005, of 11 May, by which the model 830 for the declaration-settlement of the Value Added Tax on operations assimilated to imports is approved, the place, way and period for its submission is determined, as well as the general conditions and the procedure for its submission through telematic means.
| page = 49509
| url = https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-20637
| language = es
}}</ref>
A refund can also be requested for the special tax on hydrocarbons as long as they aren't used as fuels, according to article 109 the same Royal Decree (1165/1995, of 7 July).<ref name="reg_es_rd_1165_1995"/>

===Norway===
In September 2018, a 29-year-old physician and amateur chemist and his girlfriend were arrested at their home on in Nord-[[Jæren]], two days after inquiring a local pharmacy about the availability of 35% [[hydrogen peroxide]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bruland |first1=Tore |title=Samboere pågrepet og bombesiktet – lege forsøkte å kjøpe ulovlig stoff |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/rogalandsavis/nyheter/2018/09/04/samboere-pagrepet-og-bombesiktet-lege-forsokte-a-kjope-ulovlig-stoff/ |access-date=11 March 2022 |work=Rogalands Avis |date=4 September 2018 |language=no}}</ref> He explained<ref>{{cite web |title=Sciencemadness Discussion Board - I went to prison for my chemistry hobby - Powered by XMB 1.9.11 |url=http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=158441 |website=www.sciencemadness.org |access-date=18 June 2022}}</ref> that he had an accident while camping, suffering a wound that he stitched himself. Being a physician and seeing the effect of flame-sterilizing on his surgical instruments, he was looking for a milder alternative that could also be used to disinfect wounds. However, his enquiry triggered the submission of an alert to [[Kripos|KRIPOS]], which sent a few police officers to the house. These officers would, in turn, find the chemicals from his lab, and arrest him.

One law in this country that regulates flammable chemicals, gas cylinders, and explosive substances is the Fire and Explosion Protection Act ([[:no:Brann- og eksplosjonsvernloven|Brann- og eksplosjonsvernloven]]).

<!--TODO: ===Switzerland===
Environmental Protection Act ([[:de:Umweltschutzgesetz|Umweltschutzgesetz]], USG)
Regulation on Handling Waste (Verordnung über den Verkehr mit Abfällen, abbreviated as VeVA)
-->
===United Kingdom===
In the UK it is a criminal offence for members of the general public to purchase, and for business to sell, certain types of poisons or explosives precursors to those of the former group without a valid EPP license.<ref>{{cite web |title=Licensing for home users of poisons and explosive precursors |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/licensing-for-home-users-of-explosives-precursors/licensing-for-home-users-of-poisons-and-explosive-precursors |website=GOV.UK |access-date=27 December 2020 |language=en |date=3 April 2018}}</ref> Purchasing substances on this list is restricted since 26 May 2015, and its possession is also restricted since 3 March 2016.<ref name="uk_supplying_explosives">{{cite web |title=Supplying explosives precursors and poisons |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/supplying-explosives-precursors/supplying-explosives-precursors-and-poison |website=GOV.UK |access-date=27 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Since July 1st 2018, the acquisition of sulphuric acid in concentrations above 15% in weight by members of the general public also requires an EPP licence, which has impacted lead-acid battery sellers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Important UK Announcement: New regulations will change the way motorcycle batteries can be sold |url=https://www.yuasa.co.uk/2018/08/important-uk-announcement-new-regulations-will-change-the-way-motorcycle-batteries-can-be-sold/ |website=Yuasa |access-date=27 December 2020 |ref=yuasa2018 |language=en |date=1 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Important: New Regulations on the Sale of Motorbike Batteries |url=https://www.leochbattery.co.uk/information/epp-licence/ |website=Leoch Battery UK |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref>
<!--TODO
Gert Meyers Bridlington, East Yorkshire

In April 2023, he was arrested again 700 mg of sodium nitrate <ref>{{cite news |last1=Shoesmith |first1=Kevin |title=Bridlington residents' anger at chemicals 'experimentalist' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-humber-66018294 |access-date=9 July 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=28 June 2023}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Atkinson |first1=Victoria |title=Two-year suspended prison sentence for irresponsible home chemist |url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/two-year-suspended-prison-sentence-for-irresponsible-home-chemist/4017675.article |website=Chemistry World |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry |access-date=10 July 2023 |location=United Kingdom |language=en |date=5 July 2023}}</ref>
-->

On 26 February 2022, three men, aged between 20 and 25, were arrested in [[Wigan]] on suspicions they had violated Section 4 of the Explosives Act. A search warrant had found several chemicals on their flat. Soon after, the eldest was released on bail, and the other two were also released under investigation. Two years later, in May 2024, the investigation concluded that they had just been doing amateur chemistry, and none of the three were charged.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Charles |title=Wigan 'bomb factory' suspects released as inquiries continue |url=https://www.wigantoday.net/news/crime/bomb-factory-suspects-released-3589509 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=Wigan Today |publisher=National World Publishing Ltd. |date=28 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Graham |first1=Charles |title=Case closed: Wigan 'bomb factory' probe dropped |url=https://www.wigantoday.net/news/crime/case-closed-wigan-bomb-factory-probe-dropped-4635732 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=Wigan Today |publisher=National World Publishing Ltd. |date=21 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Britton |first1=Paul |title=Police drop 'suspicious chemicals' probe as 'amateur chemistry enthusiasm' found |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/suspicious-chemicals-police-probe-dropped-29211965 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work=Manchester Evening News |publisher=Manchester Evening News Media Ltd. |date=21 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Some regulations regarding restricted chemicals in this country include the Poison Act 1972, which was amended by the Deregulation Act 2015, and the Control of Poisons and Explosives Precursors Regulations 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Control of Poisons and Explosives Precursors Regulations 2015 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/966/contents/made |website=Legislation.gov.uk |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="uk_supplying_explosives" /> On 1 October 2023, a new set of amendments to the Poisons Act 1972, known as the "[[Control of Poisons and Explosives Precursors Regulations 2023]]", came into force. According to these amendments, hexamine, hydrochloric acid in concentrations 10% w/w and higher, and ammonium nitrate with a nitrogen content of 16% or higher, and phosphoric acid in 30% w/w concentration or higher are now considered "regulated explosives precursors" instead of either "reportable explosives precursors" or "reportable poisons". The sulfides of [[Aluminium sulfide|aluminium]], [[Calcium sulfide|calcium]], [[Magnesium sulfide|magnesium]], [[Sodium sulfide|sodium]] and [[Zinc sulfide|zinc]], as well as [[arsenic]] and its compounds are now considered "regulated poisons" rather than just "reportable poisons". Finally, [[sulfur]], all metal phosphides, all metal sulfides, all metal polysulfides and [[sodium hypochlorite]] solutions above 6% available chlorine have been added to the "reportable poisons" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Control of Explosives Precursors and Poisons Regulations 2023 |url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/63/made |website=Legislation.gov.uk |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>

Directly related to the above is the Offensive Weapons Act 2019, which forbids the sale of corrosive chemicals to minors, as well as their shipment to residential addresses or lockers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Part 1. Acids and corrosive substances {{!}} Business Companion |url=https://www.businesscompanion.info/focus/knives-bladed-items-and-hazardous-materials/part-1-acids-and-corrosive-substances |website=www.businesscompanion.info |publisher=Chartered Trading Standards Institute |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

===United States===
In the [[United States]], the [[United States Drug Enforcement Administration|Drug Enforcement Administration]] maintains lists regarding the classification of [[illicit drugs]], which contain chemicals that are used to manufacture the controlled substances/illicit drugs. The lists are designated within The [[Controlled Substances Act]], {{UnitedStatesCode|21|802}}, paragraphs 34 (list I) and 35 (list II).
Additionally, some regions have stringent regulations concerning the ownership of chemicals and equipment. For example, [[Texas]] once required the registration of even the most basic [[laboratory glassware]].<ref name="texas_law">{{Citation
 |title=Texas Administrative Code: Title 37, Public Safety And Corrections; Part 1, Texas Department Of Public Safety; Chapter 13, Controlled Substances; Subchapter E, Precursors And Apparatus 
 |url=http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac$ext.ViewTAC?tac_view=5&ti=37&pt=1&ch=13&sch=E&rl=Y 
 |access-date=2008-07-19 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107031435/http://info.sos.state.tx.us/pls/pub/readtac%24ext.ViewTAC?tac_view=5&ti=37&pt=1&ch=13&sch=E&rl=Y 
 |archive-date=2009-01-07 
}}</ref> However, this requirement was repealed on June 6, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/TX/text/SB616/2019|title=Texas SB616 &#124; 2019-2020 &#124; 86th Legislature}}</ref> 

Several states define hazardous waste management laws, one example being the California Hazardous Waste Control Law ({{smallcaps|Cal. Health and Safety Code}} {{CalCode|HSC|25100|}}-{{CalCode|HSC|25259|}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Defining Hazardous Waste |url=https://dtsc.ca.gov/defining-hazardous-waste/ |website=Department of Toxic Substances Control |access-date=20 May 2024 |location=CA, USA |date=January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hazardous Waste Management |url=https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/deh/hazmat/hazwaste.html |website=SanDiegoCounty.gov |access-date=20 May 2024 |location=San Diego, CA, USA}}</ref> Passed in 2017, California Assembly Bill (AB) 245 raised the maximum administrative and civil penalties for violations of said law from $25,000 per day of noncompliance to $70,000 per day.<ref>{{cite web |title=AB 245 - California Assembly (20172018) - Open States |url=https://open.pluralpolicy.com/ca/bills/20172018/AB245/ |website=Open States |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=California Environmental Quality Act Notice of Exemption |url=https://dtsc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2019/04/CEQA-NOE-Administrative-Penalty-Regulations-Initial-Penalty-Amount.pdf |website=Department of Toxic Substances Control |access-date=20 May 2024 |location=Sacramento, CA, USA}}</ref>

[[Bob Lazar#United Nuclear Scientific Equipment and Supplies|United Nuclear]], an amateur science supplier based in [[New Mexico]] was raided in June 2003 at the behest of the U.S. [[Consumer Product Safety Commission]],<ref name="wired_article" /> and subsequently fined $7,500 for "Selling Illegal Fireworks Components".<ref name="cpsc_press">{{cite press release |title = New Mexico Company Fined, Ordered To Stop Selling Illegal Fireworks Components |publisher = [[Consumer Product Safety Commission]] |date = 2007-07-20 |url = http://www.usdoj.gov/civil/ocl/cases/Cases/UnitedNuclear/CPSC%20press%20release%202007.pdf |access-date = 2006-07-18}}</ref>

In 2008, the home laboratory of Victor Deeb, a retired chemist, was raided and dismantled<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dayal |first1=Priyanka |title=Chemist allowed to go home, sans his lab |url=https://www.telegram.com/article/20080809/NEWS/808090323/1008/ |access-date=11 November 2020 |work=Worcester Telegram & Gazette |date=9 August 2008 |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219070147/https://www.telegram.com/article/20080809/NEWS/808090323/1008/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Austin |first1=Jim |title=Don't Try This at Home |url=https://blogs.sciencemag.org/sciencecareers/2008/08/dont-try-this-a.html |website=Science Careers Blog |access-date=11 November 2020 |date=13 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Halford |first1=Bethany |title=Underground Science: Chemistry hobbyists face a labyrinth of local and state regulations |journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive |date=10 November 2008 |volume=86 |issue=45 |pages=38–40 |doi=10.1021/cen-v086n045.p038 |url=https://cen.acs.org/articles/86/i45/Underground-Science.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Victor Deeb Obituary (2016) MetroWest Daily News |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/metrowestdailynews/name/victor-deeb-obituary?pid=179428194 |website=Legacy.com |access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dayal |first1=Priyanka |title=Marlboro chemist sues over seizure |url=http://www.telegram.com/article/20081029/NEWS/810290629/1116 |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=Telegram |publisher=Worcester Telegram & Gazette Corp. |date=29 October 2008 |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928160915/https://www.telegram.com/article/20081029/NEWS/810290629/1116 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Almost a year later, Jack Robison,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=S. P. |title=Action/reaction: How Jack Robison's chemistry lab led to an indictment from the DA |url=https://www.masslive.com/localbuzz/2009/06/actionreaction_how_one_teens_c.html |access-date=5 October 2021 |work=MassLive |agency=Advance Local Media LLC |date=10 June 2009 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Contrada |first1=Fred |title=John Robison of Amherst found innocent of malicious explosion charges |url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2009/05/jury_weighs_case_against_john.html |access-date=26 October 2021 |work=MassLive |agency=Advance Local Media LLC |date=27 May 2009 |language=en}}</ref> then a 19-year-old chemistry student at the [[Holyoke Community College]], received a visit from members of the [[Massachusetts State Police]], the [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]], and the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]. They asked him questions regarding several videos on small-scale experiments he had posted two years earlier on YouTube involving energetic materials, including [[Pentaerythritol tetranitrate|PETN]], [[potassium nitrate]], and [[RDX]], and wanted to check his mother's house basement. He was initially charged with three counts of malicious explosion and one count of possessing explosives with the intent to harm people or property, facing up to 60 years in prison, but was found not guilty after trial.

== In popular culture ==
Amateur chemistry has been depicted multiple times in mass media, through different formats. The protagonists or other characters of animated television series like [[Dexter's Laboratory]], [[Tracey McBean]] and [[The Simpsons]] (e.g. on the [[Haw-Haw Land]] episode) are sometimes displayed performing chemistry experiments in their own laboratories.

On the other hand, there are several meme-[[YouTube]] channels focused in chemical experiments. Most of them are run by amateurs, mostly by professional communicators and organizations, though there are a small sample of professional chemists.

== See also ==
* [[Element collecting]]
* [[Do-it-yourself biology]]

== Notes ==
{{refbegin}}
*'''a.''' {{Note label|a|a|none}} The terms "amateur chemistry" and "clandestine chemistry" are not rigidly defined, and may depend upon context.  For clarity, this article defines "amateur chemistry" to be the practice of chemistry as a hobby, and not as the means to an illegal end. While clandestine chemistry is often amateur chemistry, not all amateur chemistry is clandestine chemistry.
*'''b.''' {{Note label|b|b|none}} The legal status of amateur chemistry ''per se'' is somewhat ambiguous.  Whilst there appears to be no legislation explicitly banning the activity, there is also little evidence to confirm its legality.
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Illustrated Guide to Home Chemistry Experiments''; 1st Ed; Robert Thompson; 432 pages; 2008; {{ISBN|978-0596514921}}.
* [https://archive.org/details/chemistryinhome00weedrich/ ''Chemistry in the Home'']; 1st Ed; Henry Weed; 385 pages; 1915.

== External links ==
* [http://www.sciencemadness.org Sciencemadness, an Internet community of amateur chemists]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131009105109/http://www.versuchschemie.de/ Versuchschemie, a now-defunct Internet forum for amateur chemistry discussion]
* [https://illumina-chemie.de/portal Illumina Chemie, another Internet forum in German for chemistry discussion]
* [https://www.myttex.net/forum/index.php Myttex Forum, an Internet forum in Italian focusing on chemistry]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101127181359/http://www.sas.org/tcs/weeklyIssues_2006/2006-06-16/feature2/index.html List of commonly available chemicals]

{{Branches of chemistry}}

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Citizen science|Chemistry]]

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