View source for Bavituximab

You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 54.89.0.0/16 has been blocked by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: {{unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~}}. You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 10:02, 6 March 2025. Your current IP address is 54.89.9.28.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
This IP address range has been globally blocked.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis.
The IP address or range 54.89.0.0/16 has been globally blocked by ‪Jon Kolbert‬ for the following reason(s):

Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected

This block will expire on 05:40, 21 February 2029. Your current IP address is 54.89.9.28.

Even while globally blocked, you will usually still be able to edit pages on Meta-Wiki.

If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

Other useful links: Global blocks · Help:I have been blocked

You can view and copy the source of this page:

{{Short description|Chemical compound}}
{{Drugbox
| verifiedrevid = 455435138
<!-- Monoclonal antibody data -->
| type = mab
| mab_type = mab
| source = xi/o
| target = [[phosphatidylserine]]
<!-- Clinical data -->
| tradename =
| pregnancy_AU =
| pregnancy_US =
| pregnancy_category =
| legal_AU =
| legal_CA =
| legal_UK =
| legal_US =
| legal_status =
| routes_of_administration = infusion
<!-- Pharmacokinetic data -->
| bioavailability =
| protein_bound =
| metabolism =
| elimination_half-life = 30 hrs
| excretion =
<!-- Identifiers -->
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 648904-28-3
| ATC_prefix = none
| PubChem =
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
| DrugBank =
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = Q16CT95N25
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = none
<!-- Chemical data -->
| C=6446 | H=9946 | N=1702 | O=2042 | S=42
}}

'''Bavituximab''' (PGN401) is a  human-mouse [[Chimera (protein)|chimeric]] [[monoclonal antibody]] against [[phosphatidylserine]], which is a component of cell membranes that is exposed when a cell is [[Malignant transformation|transformed]] into [[solid tumor]] cancer cell or dies,<ref name=Adis/><ref name=NDD2015>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahoney KM, Rennert PD, Freeman GJ | title = Combination cancer immunotherapy and new immunomodulatory targets | journal = Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery | volume = 14 | issue = 8 | pages = 561–584 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26228759 | doi = 10.1038/nrd4591 | s2cid = 2220735 }}</ref> and when cells are infected with [[hepatitis C]].<ref name=2011HepRev/> The [[apoptosis|process of cell death]] is highly controlled and so there usually no immune response to phosphatidylserine but when bavituximab binds to it, the conjugate appears to stimulate an immune response in humans.<ref name=NDD2015/>

__TOC__
==Biology==

Phosphatidylserine is the most abundant anionic phospholipid in the cell's plasma membrane, and is usually positioned internally. However, during apoptosis and several pathological conditions including tumorigenesis or infection by some types of viruses, phosphatidylserine is flipped from an internal to an external position.<ref name="Soares et al., NatMed 2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Soares MM, King SW, Thorpe PE | title = Targeting inside-out phosphatidylserine as a therapeutic strategy for viral diseases | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 14 | issue = 12 | pages = 1357–1362 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 19029986 | pmc = 2597367 | doi = 10.1038/nm.1885 }}</ref>  When external, it can potentially be recognized by antibodies. As such, targeting external phosphatidylserine may be a strategy for novel broad-spectrum anti-viral therapies.<ref name="Tse, NatRevDrugDiscov 2009" /> Bavituximab is an antibody that binds to complexes of the phosphatidylserine-binding plasma protein β2-glycoprotein 1 and anionic phospholipids. In laboratory experiments, treatment with bavituximab was found to rescue mice from otherwise lethal infections of  mouse cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Pichinde virus, a model of [[Lassa fever virus]]. Proposed mechanisms for this therapeutic effect included bavituximab directly clearing infectious virus from the bloodstream, and the induction of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of virus-infected cells. <ref name="Soares et al., NatMed 2008" /><ref name="Tse, NatRevDrugDiscov 2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tse MT, King SW, Thorpe PE |title= Exposed target for broad-spectrum antivirals |journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery |date=January 2009 |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=19 |doi=10.1038/nrd2788|s2cid=19531326 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Bavituximab inhibited replication of [[influenza]] in preliminary experiments in chicken eggs.<ref name="Peregrine Pharmaceuticals press release May 24, 2006">{{cite web |title=Peregrine Pharmaceuticals' Bavituximab Shows Potential Activity Against Avian Flu In Initial Testing |url=https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/-b-peregrine-pharmaceuticals-b-bavituximab-shows-potential-activity-against-avian-flu-in-initial-testing-/?keywords=Innovative+Cellular+THerapeutics |access-date=26 April 2020 |date=24 May 2006}}</ref>

==History==
Bavituximab was invented at [[University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center]] at Dallas; Peregrine Pharmaceuticals exclusively licensed intellectual property related to bavituximab from the university, including US patent 6,300,308 invented by Alan J. Schroit and US Patents 6,406,693 and 6,312,694 invented in the laboratory Philip E. Thorpe.<ref>[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/704562/000101968715002732/peregrine_10k-043015.htm Peregrine's Annual Report for the fiscal year ended April 30, 2015]</ref>{{rp|6}}<ref name=PeregrineLicensePR>[http://ir.peregrineinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=266159 Peregrine press release: Peregrine Pharmaceuticals Licenses Additional Intellectual Property for Its Anti-Phospholipid Therapy Platform Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216081508/http://ir.peregrineinc.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=266159 |date=2016-02-16 }}. July 6, 2004</ref> 

As of January 2016, bavituximab had been in a Phase III clinical trial for [[non-small cell lung cancer]] (NSCLC),<ref>{{ClinicalTrialsGov|NCT01999673|Phase 3 Study of Bavituximab Plus Docetaxel Versus Docetaxel Alone in Patients With Late-stage Non-squamous Non-small-cell Lung Cancer (SUNRISE) }}</ref> a Phase II/III trial for breast cancer, a Phase II trial for pancreatic cancer, a phase I/II trial for [[hepatocellular carcinoma]], and Phase I clinical trials in malignant melanoma and rectal cancer; its development had been discontinued for influenza and prostate cancer.<ref name=Adis>{{cite web | work = Adis Insight | publisher = Springer Nature Switzerland AG | title = Bavituximab - Avid Bioservices | url = http://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800022616 }}</ref> As of 2011 it had been in a Phase II trial for [[hepatitis C]]<ref name=2011HepRev>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahn J, Flamm SL | title = Hepatitis C therapy: other players in the game | journal = Clinics in Liver Disease | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 641–656 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21867942 | doi = 10.1016/j.cld.2011.05.008 }}</ref> but no results had been reported as of 2016.<ref name=Adis/>

The phase III (SUNRISE) trial for NSCLC was discontinued in early 2016 after analysis of interim results.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Inman|first1=Silas | name-list-style = vanc |title=Peregrine Stops Phase III Trial of Bavituximab in NSCLC|url=http://www.onclive.com/web-exclusives/peregrine-stops-phase-iii-trial-of-bavituximab-in-nsclc|work=OncLive|date=February 26, 2016}}</ref>

Peregrine changed its business focus to contract manufacturing and changed its name to Avid Bioservices at the end of 2017, and in February 2018 it sold bavituximab and its other drug assets to Oncologie Inc.<ref name=ocbj>{{cite news|last1=Brennan|first1=Peter J. | name-list-style = vanc |title=Peregrine Names CEO, to Change Name|url=https://www.ocbj.com/news/2017/dec/26/peregrine-names-ceo-change-name/|work=Orange County Business Journal|date=December 26, 2017}}</ref><ref name=dive>{{cite news|last1=Elvidge|first1=Suzanne | name-list-style = vanc |title=Avid sells off cancer assets, transitioning to CDMO|url=https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/oncologie-snaps-up-avids-cancer-assets/516947/|work=BioPharma Dive|date=February 13, 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Monoclonals for tumors}}

[[Category:Monoclonal antibodies for tumors]]
[[Category:Experimental cancer drugs]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Template:Button (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cascite (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Chem molar mass (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Chem molar mass/format (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Chembox Elements/molecular formula (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Chemspidercite (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:ClinicalTrialsGov (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Drugbankcite (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Drugbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fdacite (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flatlist (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/chemical formula (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/data page link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatATC (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatCASnumber (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatChEBI (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatChEMBL (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatChemDBNIAID (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatChemSpider (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatCompTox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatDrugBank (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatIUPHARBPS (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatJmol (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatKEGG (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatPDBligand (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatPubChemCID (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatPubChemSID (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/formatUNII (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/legal status (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/licence (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/mab source (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Infobox drug/maintenance categories (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/pregnancy category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox drug/title (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:Monoclonals for tumors (edit)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nowrap (view source) (protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:PharmNavFootnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:R/superscript (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:R/where (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reference page (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Rp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Str number/trim (view source) (protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Tick (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Unbulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Val (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:DecodeEncode (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Gapnum (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Module:GetParameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:String2 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:TemplatePar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Val (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Bavituximab.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavituximab"