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{{short description|none}}
{{Olympic bid|1988|Winter|
| main = yes
| logo          =
| logo-size     = 
| winner        = Calgary
| votes1        = 48
| runner-up     = Falun
| votes2        = 31
| shortlisted1  = Cortina d'Ampezzo
| shortlisted2  =
| shortlisted3  =
| shortlisted4  =
| shortlisted5  =
| shortlisted6  =
| shortlisted7  =
| shortlisted8  =
| shortlisted9  =
| shortlisted10 =
| shortlisted11 =
| session       = 84th IOC Session<br>[[Baden-Baden]], [[West Germany]]
| decision      = 30 September 1981
}}
The selection process for the [[1988 Winter Olympics]] consisted of three bids, and saw [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada, be selected ahead of [[Falun]], Sweden, and [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], Italy. The selection was made at the 84th [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) Session in [[Baden-Baden]], [[West Germany]], on 30 September 1981.<ref name=votes>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/english/archives/past.shtml |title=Past Olympic host city election results |publisher=[[GamesBids]] |accessdate=17 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124022022/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/past.html |archivedate=24 January 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ncgms>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2nNkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZX4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1656%2C6677978 |work=Calgary Herald |last1=Cotton |first1=Crosbie |last2=Blakey |first2=Bob |title=They're now the Calgary games!!! |date=September 30, 1981 |page=1}}</ref><ref name=calkor>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9fhLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yu4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5326%2C142207 |work=Spokesman-Review |location=(Spokane, Washington) |agency=Associated Press |title='88 Games to Calgary and Korea |date=October 1, 1981 |page=29}}</ref><ref name=mgcawupc>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6noxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=913%2C80489 |work=Montreal Gazette |agency=UPC |title=Calgary awarded 1988 Winter Games in second ballot |date=October 1, 1981 |page=16}}</ref>

== Background ==
Calgary was one of three cities and towns that bid officially for the 1988 Winter Olympics. The other two were Falun, Sweden, and Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.<ref name="OCO88p51"/> The Italian town ([[comune]]) had before hosted the [[1956 Winter Olympics]].<ref name="CODABestShot" /> The IOC required formal bids to be submitted by November 30, 1980.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roundup Olympics |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=December 2, 1980 |page=58 |id={{ProQuest|387291313}}}}</ref>

The vote was held on September 30, 1981, in [[Baden-Baden]], [[West Germany]], during the 84th [[List of IOC meetings#IOC Sessions|IOC Session]] and 11th [[Olympic Congress]].<ref name="OCO88p51"/> After Cortina d'Ampezzo was eliminated in the first round of balloting, Calgary won in the second and final round of balloting over Falun, by a margin of 17 votes.

== Candidate cities overview ==
=== Calgary ===
Calgary's bid for the 1988 Winter Olympic Games was Canada's seventh and Calgary's fourth attempt at hosting the Winter Games. The first Canadian bid for Winter Games was organized by the City of [[Montreal]] in [[1956 Winter Olympics|1956]]. At the 43rd Olympic Congress, [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], Italy was chosen as the host for the 1956 Winter Games on the first ballot with 31 votes, and Montreal came second with 7 votes. The Canadian Olympic Committee previously submitted two bids for the City of Vancouver, first for [[1976 Winter Olympics|1976]] which was awarded to [[Denver]], and Vancouver was eliminated on the first ballot; and secondly for the [[1980 Winter Olympics|1980]] Games which was withdrawn prior to the Olympic Congress when the new provincial government under Premier [[Dave Barrett]] withdrew support for the bid.<ref name="VanSun19791029"/> The Canadian Olympic Committee had previously submitted three bids for Calgary, first under the direction of the [[Calgary Olympic Development Association]] (CODA) for the [[1964 Winter Olympics|1964 Games]] where Calgary finished second to [[Innsbruck]], Austria;<ref name="OCO88p51">{{harvnb|OCO'88|1988|p=51}}</ref> the second attempt for the [[1968 Winter Olympics|1968 Games]] saw [[Grenoble]], France awarded the Games on the third ballot with 27 votes to Calgary's 24 votes;<ref name="OCO88p51"/> and the third attempt was for the [[1972 Winter Olympics|1972 Games]] for the nearby Town of [[Banff, Alberta|Banff]] which finished second to [[Sapporo, Japan|Sapporo]], Japan.<ref>{{citation |last=Cotton |first=Crosbie |title=Canada missed six prior bids |work=Calgary Herald |date=September 30, 1981 |page=A19 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2nNkAAAAIBAJ&pg=3926%2C6767945}}</ref><ref name = "Kingp.9">{{harvnb|King|1991|p=9}}</ref><ref name="OCO88p51"/> After the unsuccessful bid for the 1972 Games, the third consecutive failed bid, CODA was laid dormant.<ref name="OCO88p51"/>

In 1978, CODA was revived by Frank King and Bob Niven of Calgary's Booster Club, who took over the organization's leadership.<ref name = "Kingp.6">{{harvnb|King|1991|p=6}}</ref><ref name="OCO88p51"/><ref name="CODABestShot">{{citation |last=Cotton |first=Crosbie |title=Around the world, CODA has given its best shot |work=Calgary Herald |date=September 30, 1981 |page=A19 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2nNkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1545%2C6767767}}</ref> King and Niven brought some members from previous bids back including former Olympic Sprinter and CODA founder [[Ernie McCullough]], and politician [[Arthur Ryan Smith]] to consult on the project.<ref name = "Kingp.9"/>

In October 1979, CODA was able to secure the [[Canadian Olympic Committee|Canadian Olympic Association's]] (COA) support as Canada's official bid for the 1988 Winter Olympics over a competing bid by Vancouver by a vote of 27–9.<ref name="OCO88p51"/><ref name = "Kingp.34">{{harvnb|King|1991|p=34}}</ref> Calgary's bid was bold, estimated at {{currency|217|CAD}} million, CODA proposed constructing all new venues to overcome the city's lack of winter sports facilities with the argument that Canada's inventory of elite sport training facilities would grow significantly if Calgary was awarded the Games.<ref name="OCO88p51"/> The defeated Vancouver organizing group lamented that they lost to Calgary's "Big-ticket Games" idea, which was estimated to cost nearly three times what the Vancouver group was expected to pay to host the Winter Olympics.<ref name="BigTicketGames">{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cLdlAAAAIBAJ&pg=3564,3570816 |title=Vancouver loses to 'big-ticket' Games |work=Vancouver Sun |date=October 29, 1979 |access-date=February 14, 2013 |page=F7}}</ref> Vancouver's low-cost bid which was estimated at {{currency|30|CAD}} million, leveraged already developed infrastructure, including the [[Pacific Coliseum]] and [[Whistler Blackcomb]],<ref name = "Kingp.26">{{harvnb|King|1991|p=26}}</ref> although the low estimated cost was met with skepticism from COA delegates.<ref name="VanSun19791029">{{cite news |last1=Kearney |first1=Jim |title=Vancouver loses modest Games bid |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cLdlAAAAIBAJ&pg=5261%2C3276373 |work=Vancouver Sun |date=October 29, 1979 |page=A1, A2, F7}}</ref> Delegates noted that the previous loss of provincial support in the 1980 Vancouver bid, the possible financial security of Alberta's newly created [[Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund|Heritage Savings Trust Fund]], and Calgary's commitment to amateur sport development weighed heavily on results.<ref name="VanSun19791029"/>

Next, CODA spent two years building local support for the [[megaproject]], selling largely symbolic {{currency|5|CAD}} memberships to approximately 80,000 of Calgary's 600,000 residents.<ref name="OCO88p51"/><ref name = "Kingp.38">{{harvnb|King|1991|p=38}}</ref> Calgary had further secured significant funding commitments from the Government of Canada totalling {{currency|200|CAD}} million, and [[Politics of Alberta|Alberta]]'s government totalling {{currency|70|CAD}} million (with an additional {{currency|53|CAD}} million loan), while some civic leaders, including then-[[List of mayors of Calgary|mayor]] [[Ralph Klein]], crisscrossed the world to favour [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] delegates.<ref name="CODABestShot" /> Driven by the arrival of the [[National Hockey League]]'s (NHL) newly relocated [[Calgary Flames]] from [[Atlanta Flames|Atlanta]] in 1980, the city had already begun constructing a new NHL [[Ice hockey rink|arena]] that would be later named the [[Scotiabank Saddledome|Olympic Saddledome]]. That course of action demonstrated to the IOC Calgary's determination in wanting to host the Winter Olympics.<ref name="OCO88p153">{{harvnb|OCO'88|1988|p=153}}</ref>

Calgary's bid grew in size and scope between 1979 and 1981. The bid book presented at the 84th IOC session had an estimated total cost of {{currency|331|CAD}} million, with {{currency|92|CAD}} million in operating costs and {{currency|239|CAD}} million in capital costs.<ref name="CODAtechBp74">{{harvnb|CODA|1981b|p=74}}</ref> An additional {{currency|30|CAD}} million was allocated for an endowment fund to cover additional operating costs and another {{currency|54|CAD}} million for a [[contingency fund]].<ref>{{cite news |title=No deficit for '88 Games Calgary association says |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |agency=The Canadian Press |date=September 16, 1981 |page=S1 |id={{ProQuest|386796016}}}}</ref> The largest included cost was the construction of the new 18,000-seat arena, budgeted for {{currency|69|CAD}} million, which would host [[Ice hockey at the 1988 Winter Olympics|ice hockey]] and [[Figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics|figure skating]].<ref name="CODAtechBp74"/><ref name="CODAbidAp36">{{harvnb|CODA|1981a|p=36}}</ref><ref name="CODAbidAp41">{{harvnb|CODA|1981a|p=41}}</ref> Preliminary ice hockey and figure skating events were to be scheduled at the already-constructed [[Stampede Corral]] and [[Max Bell Arena]].<ref name="CODAbidAp41"/> Other Calgary-based facilities included the {{currency|15|CAD}} million [[Olympic Oval]] for [[Speed skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics|speed skating]], which the bid considered, but did not commit to being an indoor facility.<ref name="CODAtechBp74"/><ref name="CODAbidAp44">{{harvnb|CODA|1981a|p=44}}</ref> The nearby [[Bragg Creek]] area was designated as the host location for {{currency|8|CAD}} million [[Ski jumping at the 1988 Winter Olympics|ski jumping]] facility, {{currency|15|CAD}} million  [[Bobsleigh at the 1988 Winter Olympics|bobsleigh]] and [[Luge at the 1988 Winter Olympics|luge]] facility, and a {{currency|6|CAD}} million [[Cross-country skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics|cross-country]] and [[Biathlon at the 1988 Winter Olympics|biathlon]] facility.<ref name="CODAtechBp74"/><ref name="CODAbidAp48">{{harvnb|CODA|1981a|p=48}}</ref> A new Alpine Centre was set to be built in the [[Spray Valley Provincial Park|Spray Lake]] area on [[Mount Sparrowhawk]] and [[Mount Shark]] at a cost of {{currency|13|CAD}} million<ref name="CODAtechBp74"/> to host [[Alpine skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics|alpine skiing]] events.<ref name="CODAbidAp48">{{harvnb|CODA|1981a|p=48}}</ref> In the lead-up to the Games, OCO'88 relocated each proposed venue, except the Olympic Oval.

In the days leading up to the selection, OCO'88 made a number of changes to entice the IOC delegates to choose Calgary. OCO'88 committed {{currency|30|CAD}} million to subsidize travel for athletes participating in the Games, this came after concerns from European delegations that travel to North America would be more expensive than the two European bids.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Duncan |first1=Ann |title=Calgary offers travel subsidy in final bid for winter Games |work=The Globe and Mail |date=September 30, 1981 |page=1, 2 |id={{ProQuest|386824396}}}}</ref>

Calgary's Olympic bid itself emphasized the cultural and natural beauty of [[Calgary Metropolitan Region|Calgary and surrounding areas]], as an asset for hosting the Winter Olympics. The city was marketed as a capitalist, oil-driven, and modern economy that also had mountain playgrounds, extensive [[wilderness]], and western [[rodeo]] culture.<ref name = "FindlingPellep.311">{{harvnb|Findling|Pelle|1996|p=311}}</ref> The two seemingly contradictory images were brought together, as part of an extensive and diverse lobbying program.<ref name = "FindlingPellep.311"/>

CODA spent around $2.5 million on the bid process which included technical studies, and tours for 32 of the 82 IOC delegates in what was described as "VIP style".<ref name="GlobeMail19811002">{{cite news |last1=Duncan |first1=Ann |title=Bidders want rule changes |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=October 2, 1981 |page=59 |id={{ProQuest|386575953}}}}</ref>

=== Falun ===
The Falun for the 1988 Winter Games was unsuccessful. A key issue identified by IOC officials was the lack of acceptable locations where alpine events could be hosted near the city. The Falun bid planned to host alpine events approximately 400 kilometres away from the city.<ref name="GlobeMail19811001">{{cite news |last1=Duncan |first1=Ann |title=Calgary and Seoul get 1988 Olympics |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=October 1, 1981 |language=en-GB|page=S1 |id={{ProQuest|386710208}}}}</ref> The Falun organizers had many of the necessary facilities already built and had a budget of {{currency|100|USD}} million.<ref name="GlobeMail19811001"/> Falun organizers called for reform in the bidding process, noting they were not sure what the IOC used to choose successful bids, and Lennart Hallberg stated "It would be far better if the rules were simpler, clear and the whole competition was like a tendering process."<ref name="GlobeMail19811002"/>

=== Cortina d'Ampezzo ===
Cortina d'Ampezzo previously hosted the [[1956 Winter Olympics]]. The Cortina d'Ampezzo bid operating budget was not released during the bidding process, and was kept secret from IOC members.<ref name="GlobeMail19811002"/> After the Games were awarded to Calgary, Cortina d'Ampezzo officials claimed they expected to spend between $5–$50 million on the Games if they had won.<ref name="GlobeMail19811002"/>

== Aftermath ==
The announcement of CODA's victory sent the delegates in Baden-Baden and Calgary residents into singing and dancing.<ref>{{citation |last=Cotton |first=Crosbie |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=V3dkAAAAIBAJ&pg=1453%2C4565 |title=Delighted delegates dance 'victory stomp' |work=Calgary Herald |date=October 1, 1981 |access-date=February 14, 2013 |page=A1}}</ref> It also made then [[List of premiers of Alberta|Alberta premier]], [[Peter Lougheed]], burst openly into tears in front of the cameras. Later, Ralph Klein sang a rendition of [[Mac Davis]]' ''[[It's Hard to Be Humble]]''.<ref name="Macleans19880202">{{cite news |last1=Walmsley |first1=Ann |title=The Men Who Made it Work |url=https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1988/2/2/the-men-who-made-it-work |access-date=June 10, 2021 |work=[[Maclean's]] |date=February 2, 1988 |volume=101 |issue=4 |pages=20–22}}</ref> It was the first Winter Olympics awarded to Canada and the second Olympic Games overall, following the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in Montreal. Cortina d'Ampezzo, along with [[Milan]], would get to host the [[2026 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/milano-cortina-2026 |title=Milano Cortina 2026 |work=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=July 21, 2021}}</ref> The town would be the fourth one to host the Winter Olympics twice, along with [[St. Moritz]] ([[1928 Winter Olympics|1928]] and [[1948 Winter Olympics|1948]]), [[Lake Placid, New York|Lake Placid]] ([[1932 Winter Olympics|1932]] and [[1980 Winter Olympics|1980]]), and [[Innsbruck]] ([[1964 Winter Olympics|1964]] and [[1976 Winter Olympics|1976]]).

Olympic historians, John E. Findling and Kimberly D. Pelle, noted that once the Games were awarded to Calgary, the cultural and community aspects of the bid were pushed aside by the newly formed Calgary Olympic organizing committee called the ''Olympiques Calgary Olympics '88'' (OCO'88). It then proceeded to take on a "vigorous, resilient, and impersonal corporate business strategy" towards the planning and operation of the Games.<ref name = "FindlingPellep.311"/>

== Votes results of the 1988 Winter Olympics ==
{|class=wikitable
|+IOC voting – September 1981
! City !! Country !! Round 1 !! Round 2
|-
| [[Calgary]] || {{CAN}} || align=center|'''35''' || align=center|'''48'''
|-
| [[Falun]] || {{SWE}} || align=center|25 || align=center|31
|-
| [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]] || {{ITA}} || align=center|18 || align=center|—
|}
:{{small|Source:}}<ref name=votes /><ref name=ncgms/><ref name=calkor/><ref name=mgcawupc/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Official reports
* {{citation |author=OCO'88 |title=XV Olympic Winter Games: Official Report |publisher=XV Olympic Winter Games Organizing Committee |year=1988 |url=https://library.olympic.org/Default/digital-viewer/c-43821 |isbn=0-921060-26-2 |language=en, fr}}

;Works cited
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Findling |editor1-first=John E. |editor2-last=Pelle |editor2-first=Kimberly D. |title=Historical dictionary of the modern Olympic movement |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=0-313-28477-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00find |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Gerlach |first=Larry |title=The Winter Olympics – From Chamonix to Salt Lake City |publisher=The University of Utah Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-87480-778-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=King |first1=Frank W. |title=It's how you play the game : the inside story of the Calgary Olympics |date=1991 |publisher=Script, the Writers' Group |location=Calgary |isbn=978-0-9694287-5-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/itshowyouplaygam0000king |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wallechinsky |first1=David |author1-link=David Wallechinsky |last2=Loucky |first2=Jaime |title=The complete book of the Winter Olympics |date=2009 |publisher=Aurum |location=London |isbn=978-1-84513-491-4 |edition=2010 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781845134914 |url-access=registration}}

==Further reading==
;Calgary bid documents
* {{cite book |author1=Calgary Olympic Development Association |title=Calgary, Canada (Candidature File) |date=1981 |publisher=Calgary Olympic Development Association |location=Calgary |url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-56437 |language=en, fr |ref={{harvid|CODA|1981a}}}}
* {{cite book |author1=Calgary Olympic Development Association |title=Calgary, Canada: Technical Data |date=1981 |publisher=Calgary Olympic Development Association |location=Calgary |url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-57429 |language=en |ref={{harvid|CODA|1981b}}}}
* {{cite book |author1=Calgary Olympic Development Association |title=Calgary, Canada: I.O.C. Television and Radio Questionnaire |date=1981 |publisher=Calgary Olympic Development Association |location=Calgary |url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-209645 |language=en |ref={{harvid|CODA|1981c}}}}

;Cortina d'Ampezzo bid documents
* {{cite book |author1=Industria Pubblicazioni Audiovisivi. Milano |title=Candidature of Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games |date=1981 |location=Cortina d'Ampezzo |url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-56346 |language=en, fr}}
* {{cite book |author1=Industria Pubblicazioni Audiovisivi. Milano |title=Candidature of Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games: Replies to the Questionnaires of the International Olympic Committee and of the International Sports Federations |date=1981 |location=Cortina d'Ampezzo |language=en |url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-38700}}
* {{cite book |author1=Industria Pubblicazioni Audiovisivi. Milano |title=Candidature of Cortina d'Ampezzo for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games: I.O.C. Television and Radio Questionnaire |date=1981 |location=Cortina d'Ampezzo |language=en, fr |url=https://library.olympics.com/Default/digital-viewer/c-38781}}

{{Olympics bids}}

[[Category:1988 Winter Olympics|Bids]]
[[Category:September 1981 events in Europe]]
[[Category:1980s in Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:1981 in West Germany]]
[[Category:Events in Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Winter Olympics bids|1988]]

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Return to Bids for the 1988 Winter Olympics.

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