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{{short description|None}}

The [[Talmud]] uses many types of [[logical argument]]s. Some of the most common arguments and terms are discussed here.

==''Chazakah'' (presumption)==
{{main article|Chazakah}}
The term ''chazakah'' ({{langx|he|חזקה}} — literally, "strong") usually refers to the default assumption; i.e., what is assumed until there is evidence to the contrary. For example, if one is known to have owned [[real estate]], it is assumed that he still owns it until proven otherwise. However, with movable items, the ''chazakah'' lies with whoever currently has the item in his possession, not with the one who had previously owned it.

This principle also applies in ritual law. For example: Food known to be kosher maintains its status until there is evidence to the contrary. Also, one who engages in acts done only by ''[[kohanim]]'' is assumed to be a ''kohen'' himself, until proven otherwise (see [[Presumption of priestly descent]]).

==''De'oraita'' and ''derabanan''==
A law is ''de'oraita'' (Aramaic: דאורייתא, "of the Torah," i.e. scriptural) if it was given with the written [[Torah]]. A law is ''derabbanan'' (Aramaic: דרבנן, "of our rabbis," Rabbinic) if it is ordained by the rabbinical sages.<ref>''Promising Justice: Derrida with Jewish Jurisprudence'' A Hirvonen - Law and Critique, 2001 - Springer "Thus, those commandments (mitzvot) that come directly from the Torah (de'oraita) and are biblical, are a superior authority to those rabbinic ones which do not come from it (de'rabbanan). The de'oraita ... "</ref> The concepts of ''de'oraita'' and ''derabbanan'' are used extensively in [[Jewish]] law.

Sometimes it is unclear whether an act is ''de'oraita'' or ''derabbanan''. For example: the Talmud says the prohibition of reciting an unnecessary [[berakhah]] (blessing formulated with God's name) violates the verse ''[[Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain]]''.<ref>The Hebrew source text: "כל המברך ברכה שאינה צריכה עובר משום לא תשא" ([[:he:s:ברכות לג א|Berachot 33a]])</ref> [[Maimonides]] sees the Talmud as proving a ''de'oraita'' prohibition,<ref>[[Mishneh Torah]], [[:he:s:רמב"ם הלכות ברכות א טו|Berachot 1, 15]]</ref> while [[Tosafot]] considers the law to be only ''derabbanan'', and sees the Talmud's scriptural reference as only an [[Asmachta (Talmudical hermeneutics)|asmachta]] (support).<ref>The Aramaic source text: "ומשום דמברך ברכה שאינה צריכה וקעבר משום בל תשא ליכא דההיא דרשה דרבנן" (Tosafot on [[:he:s:ראש השנה לג א|Rosh Hashanah 33a]])</ref>

An article by R' [[Osher Weiss]] makes further distinctions between various types of ''de'oraita'' or ''derabbanan'' commandments, describing a hierarchy of no less than 18 levels of significance for ''[[mitzvot]]''.<ref>[http://www.torahbase.org/mitzvot-deoraita-derabanan-5775/?fref=gc י"ח דרגות בין דאורייתא לדרבנן]</ref>

===Examples===
Examples of the application of these two terms abound. Examples include:
* ''[[Birkat Hamazon]]'' contains four blessings. While the first three are considered ''de'oraita'', the fourth blessing was added much later on in Jewish history and is ''derabbanan''.<ref>[[Babylonian Talmud]], [[Berakhot (Talmud)|Brachot]] 45b</ref>
* Regarding the verse "Thou shall not boil a kid in its mother's milk": From this, many laws of ''kashrut'' are derived by the rabbis. One might think this would make it ''derabbanan'' because it was derived by the rabbis, but the laws are actually ''de-'oraita'' because they are derived by interpreting the Torah.<ref>[[Chullin]] 104a, 113a</ref> However, the extension of this prohibition to eating chicken with milk is ''derabbanan'', as it is the product of a specific rabbinic enactment.<ref>[[Mishneh Torah]] Hilchot Mamrim 2:9; [[Shulchan Aruch]] Yoreh Deah 87:3.</ref>

===Modern observance===
The application of differences between rabbinic and biblical ''mitzvot'' can sometimes make practical differences.

;''Sofek'' (doubt)
:In a case where it is uncertain whether a commandment applies: If the commandment is ''de'oraita'' one must follow the stricter of the two possibilities; if the commandment is ''derabbanan'' one may take the lenient position.
;''Bediavad'' (extenuating circumstances)
:In cases of extenuating circumstances regarding a ''derabbanan'', [[Poskim|decisors of Jewish law]] sometimes apply the law leniently.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yoatzot.org/article.php?id=88 |title=Torah & Rabbinic Law (D'Oraita & d'Rabbanan) - Nishmat - Women's Health and Halacha |access-date=2016-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027152448/http://www.yoatzot.org/article.php?id=88 |archive-date=2014-10-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==''Kal vachomer'' (''a fortiori'')==
{{main article|Talmudical hermeneutics}}
A ''kal vachomer'' ({{langx|he|קל וחומר}}, literally "lenient and strict") derives one law from another through the following logic: If a case that is generally strict has a particular leniency, a case that is generally lenient will certainly have that leniency. The argument can also work in reverse, and also in areas where ''lenient'' or ''strict'' might not be precisely applicable.

==''Migo''<!--Migos redirects here-->==
A ''migo'' (Aramaic: מיגו, literally "out of" or "since") is an argument for a defendant that he ought to be believed regarding a certain claim, because he could have made a different claim which would definitely have been believed.<ref>[https://ohr.edu/this_week/its_not_quite_that_simple/5986 If You Borrow from Us, Do We Not Get it Back?]</ref>

For example, if one party claims (without evidence) that another borrowed money, the latter person could claim that he never borrowed anything, so he is believed if he states that he borrowed and repaid it.<ref>[https://www.etzion.org.il/en/talmud/seder-nashim/massekhet-kiddushin/migo Migo]</ref>

==See also==
* {{section link|Mitzvah|Rabbinical mitzvot}}
* [[Takkanah]]
* [[Talmudical hermeneutics]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Halakha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talmudic principles}}
[[Category:Aramaic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Jewish law principles]]
[[Category:Judaism-related lists]]
[[Category:Talmud concepts and terminology| ]]

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