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{{other ships|MS Fernglen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image=MS Fernglen after being launched at Akers Mekaniske Verksted (1929).jpg
| Ship caption=''Fernglen'' shortly after launch in 1929
}}
{{Infobox ship career
| Hide header=
| Ship name=*''Fernglen'' (1929–1934)
*''Sandhamn'' (1934–1939)
*''Sinfra'' (1939–1943)
| Ship namesake=*[[Sandhamn]], Sweden
*[[Sinfra Department|Sinfra]], Ivory Coast
| Ship owner=*A/S Glittre (1929–1934)
*Rederi A/B Jamaica (1934–1939)
*Cie Generale de Nav a Vapeur Cyprien 
*Fabre (1939–42)
*German government (1942–1943)
| Ship operator=Mittelmeer Reederei GmbH (1942–1943)
| Ship registry=*{{flagicon|Norway|civil}} Oslo, Norway (1929–1934)
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} Stockholm, Sweden (1934–1939)
*{{flagicon|France}} Marseille, France (1939–1942)
*{{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} (1942–1943)
| Ship route=Fern Line (1929–1934)
| Ship ordered=
| Ship builder=Akers Mekaniske Verksted, Oslo, Norway
| Ship original cost=
| Ship yard number=434
| Ship way number=
| Ship laid down=
| Ship launched=15 May 1929
| Ship completed=July 1929
| Ship christened=
| Ship acquired=
| Ship maiden voyage=
| Ship in service=
| Ship out of service=
| Ship identification=*[[Code letters]]:
*LHKB (1930–34)
*{{ICS|Lima}}{{ICS|Hotel}}{{ICS|Kilo}}{{ICS|Bravo}}
*SEVA (1934–39)
*{{ICS|Sierra}}{{ICS|Echo}}{{ICS|Victor}}{{ICS|Alpha}}
| Ship fate=Sunk by air attack 19 October 1943
| Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
| Hide header=
| Header caption=
| Ship class=
| Ship tonnage=*As built:
*{{GRT|4,444}}
*{{NRT|2,669}}
*8,190 [[deadweight tonnage|DWT]]
*3,992 tons under deck
*After 1934:
*{{GRT|4,470}}
*{{NRT|2,577}}
*3,979 tons under deck
| Ship displacement=
| Ship length={{convert|117.4|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| Ship beam={{convert|16.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| Ship height=
| Ship draught=
| Ship draft=
| Ship depth={{convert|7|m|ft|0}}
| Ship decks=2
| Ship deck clearance=
| Ship ramps=
| Ship ice class=
| Ship sail plan=
| Ship power=624 [[nominal horsepower]]
| Ship propulsion=2 6-cylinder 4S.C.SA diesel engines, twin screw propellers
| Ship speed={{convert|12.5|kn|km/h}}
| Ship capacity=
| Ship crew=
| Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''''Sinfra''''' was a cargo ship built in 1929 as ''Fernglen'' by [[Akers Mekaniske Verksted]] in [[Oslo]], Norway, for a Norwegian shipping company. The ship was sold to [[Sweden|Swedish]] owners in 1934 and to a [[France|French]] company in 1939, on the last occasion having her name changed to ''Sinfra''.

''Sinfra'' was confiscated by German authorities in 1942, and used by them in the [[Mediterranean]]. On 19 October 1943, ''Sinfra'' was bombed and sunk by Allied aircraft north of [[Souda Bay]], [[Crete]]. Around 2,000 people were killed in the sinking, the majority being [[Italian military internees|Italian POWs]].

==Description==
The vessel was a {{GRT|4,444}} ({{NRT|2,669}}, 8,190 [[deadweight tonnage|DWT]], tonnage under deck: 3,992) steel-hulled cargo ship, built in 1929 by the shipyard [[Akers Mekaniske Verksted]] in [[Oslo]], Norway, as ''Fernglen''. She had [[yard number]] 434.<ref name=Miramar>{{csr|register=MSI|id=3007978 |shipname=Sinfra |accessdate=18 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=Lloyds-30>{{cite book | title = Register of Ships | edition = 1930–31 }} {{cite web | url =https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/30/30b0411.pdf | title = Scan of page 'Fer' | publisher =  Plimsoll Ship Data | accessdate = 20 August 2015 }}</ref><ref name=lardex>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lardex.net/FEARNLI/skipstekst/1929fernglen.htm |title=1929 Fernglen |accessdate=21 August 2015 |work=Lardex Group }}</ref>

The ship was {{convert|117.4|m|ft|0}} long, with a beam of {{convert|16.7|m|ft|0}} and a depth of {{convert|7|m|ft|0}}. She had electric lighting, [[Wireless telegraphy|wireless telegraph]] and two [[Deck (ship)|decks]]. The ship was propelled by two 6-cylinder 4S.C.SA [[diesel engine]]s with a combined total of {{convert|624|hp|kW|lk=on}}, which gave her a top speed of {{convert|12.5|kn|km/h}}.<ref name=Miramar/><ref name=Lloyds-30/><ref name=Lloyds-40>{{cite book | title = Register of Ships | edition = 1940–41 }} {{cite web | url =https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/40/40a0853.pdf | title =Scan of page 'SIM–SIN' | publisher =  Plimsoll Ship Data | accessdate = 20 August 2015 }}</ref> Each of the engines, also built by Akers Mekaniske Verksted, powered a [[Propeller|screw propeller]].<ref name=Lloyds-30/>{{#tag:ref|Having a separate engine for each screw was a common security measure at the time of the ''Fernglen''{{'}}s construction.<ref name=wasberg144>Wasberg 1971, p. 144</ref>|group=Note}}

==History==
[[File:MS Fernglen being launched at Akers Mekaniske Verksted (1929).jpg|thumb|left|''Fernglen'' being [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] at Akers Mekaniske Verksted in 1929]]
''Fernglen'' was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 15 May 1929, and completed in July of the same year.<ref name=Miramar/> She was built for [[Aksjeselskap|A/S]] Glittre of Oslo, Norway (a [[subsidiary]] of the shipping company [[Fearnley & Eger]]).<ref name=Lloyds-30/><ref>Grøtvedt 1999, p. 102</ref> The ship was assigned the [[code letters]] LHKB.<ref name=Lloyds-30/> While ''Fernglen'' was under construction, Norwegian painter [[Thorolf Holmboe]] visited the shipyard and painted the scene. The [[Marine art|maritime painting]] {{lang|no|To skip i flytedokk ved Akers Mek. Verksted}} portrays ''Fernglen'' under construction, as well as the [[Fred. Olsen & Co.]] cargo ship {{MS|Borgå|1922|2}} undergoing maintenance in the neighbouring [[floating dry dock]] at Akers Mekaniske Verksted.<ref>Grøtvedt 1999, pp. 102–103</ref>{{#tag:ref|As of 1999, {{lang|no|To skip i flytedokk ved Akers Mek. Verksted}} was owned by the [[Norwegian Shipowners' Association]].<ref>Grøtvedt 1999, p. 103</ref>|group=Note}}

''Fernglen'' was one of nine ships belonging to Fearnley & Eger that formed the "Fern Line".{{#tag:ref|The other ships employed on the Fern Line concurrently with ''Fernglen'' were {{MS|Fernbank|1924|2}}, {{MS|Ferncliff|1924|2}}, {{MS|Ferndale|1925|2}}, {{MS|Fernhill|1926|2}}, {{MS|Fernlane|1927|2}}, {{MS|Fernmoor|1928|2}}, {{MS|Fernwood|1930|2}} and {{MS|Fernbrook|1932|2}}.<ref name=alnas>Alnæs 1999, p. 260</ref><ref>Wasberg 1971, pp. 140, 144</ref> |group=Note}} The Fern Line ships were employed primarily in liner trade, carrying [[phosphate]] and cotton to Japan, then sailing from the Philippines to the United States with cargoes of [[copra]].<ref name=alnas/>

On 13 August 1933, she ran aground {{convert|30|nmi|km}} south of [[Cape Guardafui]], [[Italian Somaliland]] whilst on a voyage from [[Pante Macassar|Macassar]], [[Netherlands East Indies]] to [[Aarhus]], Denmark with a load of 7,422 tons of copra. The British [[tugboat|tug]] {{ship|ST|Preserver||2}} and the Dutch passenger ship {{MV|Christiaan Huygens||2}} went to her aid.<ref name=Times150833>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Norwegian motor vessel ashore |date=15 August 1933 |page=18 |issue=46523 |column=G }}</ref><ref name=Times190833>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=News of the Fernglen |date=19 August 1933 |page=13 |issue=46527 |column=G }}</ref> The British tug {{ship|ST|Protector||2}} was sent from [[Suez]], Egypt on 22 August to assist ''Preserver''.<ref name=Times230833>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=East African stranding |date=23 August 1933 |page=19 |issue=46530 |column=B }}</ref> ''Fernglen'' was refloated on 8 November and taken in to [[Alula, Somalia|Ras Alula]], Italian Somaliland for examination. The necessity of discharging her cargo by hand was the main factor in the delay in refloating her.<ref name=Times091133>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Japanese steamer in distress |date=9 November 1933 |page=22 |issue=46597 |column=G }}</ref> The damage caused by the grounding was such that the ship was considered [[constructive total loss|beyond economic repair]].<ref name=wasberg144/>{{#tag:ref|In order to replace ''Fernglen'', Fearnley & Eger ordered a new ship, also named {{MS|Fernglen|1936|2}}, from a Swedish shipyard.<ref name=wasberg144/>|group=Note}} The refloated wreck was towed to [[Rotterdam]] in the Netherlands.<ref name=skeppsbyggnadskonst>{{cite journal |date=March 1935 |editor1-last=Ljungzell |editor1-first=Nils J. |title=Varv och verkstäder |url=https://runeberg.org/tektid/1935s/0020.html |journal=[[Teknisk Tidskrift]] |location=Nörrköping |publisher=Svenska Teknologiföreningen |volume=65 |issue=3, ''Skeppsbyggnadskonst'' |page=18 |access-date=23 August 2015 |language=sv}}</ref>

In 1934 the wreck of ''Fernglen'' was nevertheless sold to the [[Stockholm]]-based company Rederi [[Aktiebolag|A/B]] Jamaica, repaired and renamed ''Sandhamn''.<ref name=Miramar/><ref name=wasberg144/> The repairs and rebuild work on the ship was carried out at [[Öresundsvarvet]] at [[Landskrona]] and entailed the replacement of 600 tons of steel and the complete disassembly and refurbishing of the ship's machinery. Öresund Shipyard's work on rebuilding the ship was one of the largest [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]] repair jobs ever carried out in Sweden at the time. The rebuilding was completed on 5 December 1934.<ref name=skeppsbyggnadskonst/> The ship's tonnage had been changed to {{GRT|4,470}} ({{NRT|2,577}}, tonnage under deck: 3,979). The vessel was assigned the code letters SEVA.<ref name=Lloyds-34>{{cite book | title = Register of Ships | edition = 1934–35 }} {{cite web | url =https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/34/34b0993.pdf | title = Scan of page 'S' | publisher =  Plimsoll Ship Data | accessdate = 20 August 2015 }}</ref> Rederi Jamaica employed ''Sandhamn'' on trade lines abroad.<ref name=skeppsbyggnadskonst/> In 1939 she was sold on to [[Fabre Line|''Cie Generale de Nav a Vapeur Cyprien Fabre'']] of [[Marseille]], France. The new French owners renamed her ''Sinfra''.<ref name=Miramar/><ref name=Lloyds-40/>

In December 1942, the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupiers of France]] confiscated the ship. They retained the French name of the vessel.<ref name=Miramar/><ref name=lardex/> Management of the ship was transferred to the German semi-public {{Interlanguage link multi|Mittelmeer-Reederei|de|lt=Mittelmeer-Reederei}},<ref name=williams>Williams 2012, section "Sinfra ex-Sandhamn ex Fernglen (7/1929)"</ref> which managed all civilian ships confiscated by the Germans in the Mediterranean.

===Transporting prisoners of war===
The Greek island of [[Crete]] had been captured by the Germans and Italians in the [[Battle of Crete]] in May 1941 and was occupied by a mixed German-Italian force. The Italian garrison unit was the [[51 Infantry Division Siena|51st ''Siena'' Infantry Division]], consisting of 21,700 men, which occupied the easternmost prefecture of [[Lasithi]].<ref name=williams/>

On 8 September 1943 the [[Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces]] was signed, and the Italians in Crete and elsewhere were [[Operation Achse|disarmed]] by the Germans without major resistance. As elsewhere, they were given the choice to continue the war alongside Germany or to be sent to the [[Reich]] to [[Italian military internees|perform forced labour]].<ref name=williams/> The Germans employed ships to transport Italian prisoners in the Mediterranean. Of these a dozen were lost, causing the deaths of at least 13,000 prisoners in total.<ref name=schreiber274>Schreiber 1990, p. 274</ref>

A minority of the Italian soldiers on Crete chose to continue the fight on the German side and formed the ''Legione Italiana Volontaria Creta''.<ref name=williams/>

===Sinking===
On 18 October 1943, 2,389 Italian prisoners were loaded into the cargo hold of ''Sinfra'' to be transported to [[Piraeus]] on the Greek mainland.<ref>Schreiber 1990, p. 282</ref>{{#tag:ref|Of the Italian prisoners embarked on the ship, 155 were officers.<ref name=schreiber264/>|group=Note}} There were 204 Germans on board the ship, as well as a cargo of [[Aerial bomb|bombs]].<ref name=schreiber264>Schreiber 1990, p. 264</ref><ref name=schreiber265>Schreiber 1990, p. 265</ref> Less than an hour after departing [[Souda Bay]], accompanied by the escort vessels ''GK 05'' and ''GK 06'',<ref name=schreiber265/> the ship came under Allied air attack. A total of ten [[USAAF]] [[North American B-25 Mitchell]] and [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] [[Bristol Beaufighter]] aircraft engaged the ship, some {{convert|19|nmi|km}} north of Souda Bay. At 22:05, after nightfall, ''Sinfra'' was struck by a [[Aerial torpedo|torpedo]] near the front hatch, and at 23:00 the ship was hit by a bomb that penetrated the [[engine room]].<ref name=schreiber264/><ref name=dejong65>de Jong 2015, p. 65</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/kriegsrecht/kriegsrecht-alt.htm |title=Verletzung der Menschenrechte im Seekrieg 1939–1945 |accessdate=21 August 2015 |work=[[Württembergische Landesbibliothek|Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart]] |language=de }}</ref> The hits knocked out the ship's steering and set ''Sinfra'' on fire. At 02:31 on 19 October, the ship blew up and sank.<ref name=schreiber265/> Most of those who died in the sinking were Italian POWs. The number of dead is disputed, with estimates ranging from 1,857 or 2,098 killed, up to 5,000 dead.<ref name=Miramar/><ref name=schreiber274/><ref name=seekrieg194310>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/43-10.htm |title=Seekrieg 1943, Oktober |accessdate=19 August 2015 |last=Rohwer |first=Jürgen |author-link=Jürgen Rohwer |author2=Gerhard Hümmelchen |work=Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart |language=de }}</ref> Amongst the survivors were 597 Italians, 197 Germans and 13 Greeks. Some 3% of the Germans on board died in the sinking, while according to conservative estimates close to 77% of the Italians perished.<ref name=schreiber265/>

The ship had insufficient safety equipment in relation to the number of people on board.<ref name=schreiber265>Schreiber 1990, p. 265</ref> In addition to the two escort vessels, eleven other German vessels responded to the SOS signals sent out by ''Sinfra''. The rescue vessels were under orders to prioritize the rescue of Germans.<ref name=schreiber265/> While rescue efforts were going on, a [[No. 603 Squadron RAF]] [[Bristol Beaufighter]] strafed a German [[Dornier Do 24]] flying boat which was participating in the rescue. The Do 24 later sank.<ref name=dejong65/> As ''Sinfra'' burned, the German guards on board locked the prisoners in the holds and threw hand grenades at them.<ref name=schreiber266>Schreiber 1990, p. 266</ref> When the panicking surviving prisoners broke out of the holds and charged the guards, attempting to board life boats, the guards opened fire with small arms and machine guns, killing many.<ref name=schreiber266/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/kriegsrecht/transporte.htm |title=Gefährdung von Transporten mit Kriegsgefangenen, Internierten und Flüchtlingen und Unterlassung von Hilfeleistung |accessdate=21 August 2015 |work=Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart |language=de }}</ref> According to Italian naval archives, some 500 Italians were rescued from the sinking ship, but after the survivors had been brought to [[Chania]], Crete, about half of them were executed "for undisciplined behaviour ... and the killing of guards" during the sinking.<ref name=schreiber266/><!--were there any repercussions?-->

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
;Citations
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Alnæs |first=Karsten |author-link=Karsten Alnæs |title=Historien om Norge |volume=4: En ny arbeidsdag |url=http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2008082604080 |publisher=Gyldendal |location=Oslo |year=1999 |isbn=8205230315 |language=no}}
* {{cite book|last=de Jong |first=Peter |title=Dornier Do 24 Units |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJ2pCQAAQBAJ |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=Oxford |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4728-0570-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Grøtvedt  |first=Paul |title=For fulle seil: marinemaleriet i norsk billedkunst |url=http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2010022503072 |publisher=Stenersens forl. |location=Oslo |year=1999 |isbn=8272012588 |language=no}}
* {{cite book|last=Schreiber |first=Gerhard |title=Die italienischen Militärinternierten im deutschen Machtbereich 1943–1945: Verachtet – verraten – vergessen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmDoBQAAQBAJ |publisher=R. Oldenbourg Verlag GmbH |location=Munich |year=1990 |isbn=3-486-55391-7 |language=de}}
* {{cite book|last=Wasberg  |first=Gunnar Christie |author-link=Gunnar Christie Wasberg |title=Fearnley & Eger 1869–1969 |url=http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2011102808201 |publisher=Dreyer |location=Oslo |year=1971 |language=no}}
* {{cite book|last=Williams |first=David L. |title=In the Shadow of the Titanic: Merchant Ships Lost With Greater Fatalities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VmPAwAAQBAJ |publisher=The History Press |location=Brimscombe |year=2012 |isbn=9780752477138}}
{{Commons category|Fernglen (ship, 1929)|MS Sinfra}}
{{1933 shipwrecks}}
{{October 1943 shipwrecks}}

{{coord missing|Aegean Sea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinfra}}
[[Category:1929 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Oslo]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of Norway]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1933]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of Sweden]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of France]]
[[Category:World War II merchant ships of Germany]]
[[Category:1943 in Greece]]
[[Category:Crete in World War II]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in October 1943]]
[[Category:Germany–Italy relations]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by US aircraft]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by British aircraft]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea]]

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Category:Aegean Sea articles missing geocoordinate data (edit)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
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Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
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Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Other uses (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Resolve category redirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
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Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
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Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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