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{{Short description|Family of viruses}}
{{Virusbox
| image             = Phage S-PM2.png
| image_caption     = [[Transmission Electron Microscope|TEM]] Image of a ''Synechococcus Phage S-PM2'' virion
| taxon             = Myoviridae
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies and genera
| subdivision       = see text
}}
'''''Myoviridae''''' was a family of [[bacteriophage]]s in the order ''[[Caudovirales]]''. The family ''Myoviridae'' and order ''[[Caudovirales]]'' have now been abolished, with the term '''myovirus''' now used to refer to the morphology of viruses in this former family.<ref name="pmid36683075">{{cite journal |vauthors=Turner D, Shkoporov AN, Lood C, Millard AD, Dutilh BE, Alfenas-Zerbini P, van Zyl LJ, Aziz RK, Oksanen HM, Poranen MM, Kropinski AM, Barylski J, Brister JR, Chanisvili N, Edwards RA, Enault F, Gillis A, Knezevic P, Krupovic M, Kurtböke I, Kushkina A, Lavigne R, Lehman S, Lobocka M, Moraru C, Moreno Switt A, Morozova V, Nakavuma J, Reyes Muñoz A, Rūmnieks J, Sarkar BL, Sullivan MB, Uchiyama J, Wittmann J, Yigang T, Adriaenssens EM |title=Abolishment of morphology-based taxa and change to binomial species names: 2022 taxonomy update of the ICTV bacterial viruses subcommittee |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=168 |issue=2 |pages=74 |date=January 2023 |pmid=36683075 |pmc=9868039 |doi=10.1007/s00705-022-05694-2}}</ref> [[Bacteria]] and [[archaea]] serve as natural hosts. There were 625 species in this family, assigned to eight subfamilies and 217 genera.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/140.html|publisher=ExPASy|access-date=1 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=ICTV>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |date=March 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021}}</ref>

==Subdivisions==
The subfamily ''Tevenvirinae'' (synonym: ''Tequatrovirinae'') is named after its [[type species]] ''[[Enterobacteria phage T4]]''. Members of this subfamily are morphologically indistinguishable and have moderately elongated heads of about 110 nanometers (nm) in length, 114&nbsp;nm long tails with a collar, base plates with short spikes and six long kinked tail fibers. The genera within this subfamily are divided on the basis of head morphology with the genus ''Tequatrovirus'' (Provisional name: ''T4virus'') having a head length of 137&nbsp;nm and those in the genus ''Schizotequatrovirus'' being 111&nbsp;nm in length. Within the genera on the basis of protein homology the species have been divided into a number of groups.

The subfamily ''Peduovirinae'' have virions with heads of 60&nbsp;nm in diameter and tails of 135 × 18&nbsp;nm. These phages are easily identified because contracted sheaths tend to slide off the tail core. The P" phage is the type species.

The subfamily ''Spounavirinae'' are all virulent, broad-host range phages that infect members of the ''[[Bacillota]]''. They possess isometric heads of 87-94&nbsp;nm in diameter and conspicuous [[Capsomere|capsomers]], striated 140-219&nbsp;nm long tails and a double base plate. At the tail tip are globular structures now known to be the base plate spikes and short kinked tail fibers with six-fold symmetry. Members of this group usually possess large (127–142 kb) nonpermuted genomes with 3.1–20 kb terminal redundancies. The name for this subfamily is derived from SPO plus ''una'' (Latin for one).

The haloviruses HF1 and HF2 belong to the same genus but since they infect archaea rather than bacteria are likely to be placed in a separate genus once their classification has been settled.<ref name=Tang2004>{{cite journal | last1 = Tang | first1 = SL | last2 = Nuttall | first2 = S | last3 = Dyall-Smith | first3 = M | year = 2004 | title = Haloviruses HF1 and HF2: evidence for a recent and large recombination event | journal = J Bacteriol | volume = 186 | issue = 9| pages = 2810–7 |pmid=15090523 |pmc=387818 | doi = 10.1128/JB.186.9.2810-2817.2004 }}</ref>

A dwarf group has been proposed on morphological and genomic grounds. This group includes the phages Aeromonas salmonicida phage 56, Vibrio cholerae phages 138 and CP-T1, Bdellovibrio phage φ1422 and Pectobacterium carotovorum phage ZF40.<ref name=Comeau2012>{{cite journal | last1 = Comeau | first1 = AM | last2 = Tremblay | first2 = D | last3 = Moineau | first3 = S | last4 = Rattei | first4 = T | last5 = Kushkina | first5 = AI | last6 = Tovkach | first6 = FI | last7 = Krisch | first7 = HM | last8 = Ackermann | first8 = HW | year = 2012 | title = Phage morphology recapitulates phylogeny: the comparative genomics of a new group of myoviruses | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 7 | issue = 7| page = e40102 |pmid=22792219 |pmc=3391216 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0040102 | bibcode = 2012PLoSO...740102C | doi-access = free }}</ref> Their shared characteristics include an identical virion morphology, characterized by usually short contractile tails and all have genome sizes of approximately 45 kilobases. The gene order in the structural unit of the genome is in the order: terminase—portal—head—tail—base plate—tail fibers.

==Virology==
[[File:Structure of a Myoviridae bacteriophage 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25| Typical structure of a myovirus]]
Viruses in the former family ''Myoviridae'' are non-enveloped, with head-tail (with a neck) geometries. Genomes are linear, double-stranded DNA, around 33-244kb in length. The genome codes for 40 to 415 proteins.<ref name=ViralZone/> It has terminally redundant sequences. The [[GC-content]] is ~35%. The genome encodes 200-300 proteins that are transcribed in operons. [[5-Hydroxymethylcytosine]] may be present in the genome (instead of [[thymidine]]).

The tubular tail has helical symmetry and is 16-20&nbsp;nm in diameter. It consists of a central tube, a contractile sheath, a collar, a base plate, six tail pins and six long fibers. It is similar to ''[[Tectiviridae]]'', but differs in the fact that a myovirus' tail is permanent.

Contractions of the tail require [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]]. On contraction of the sheath, sheath subunits slide over each other and the tail shortens to 10–15&nbsp;nm in length.

==Life cycle==
[[File:118913 web phage PAK P3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Reproduction cycle of Pseudomonas bacteriophage PAK_P3, genus ''[[Nankokuvirus]]'']]
[[File:Viruses-12-00910-g003 SPN3US edit.png|thumb|Micrograph of a plastic thin section of a ''Salmonella'' cell with Phage SPN3US capsids lined up at the cell membrane. Scale bar: 2000 Å. Credit: J. Bernard Heymann ''et&nbsp;al.'' (2020)<ref name=Heymann2020>J. Bernard Heymann, Bing Wang, William W. Newcomb, Weimin Wu, Dennis C. Winkler, Naiqian Cheng, Erin R. Reilly, Ru-Ching Hsia, Julie A. Thomas, Alasdair C. Steven: The Mottled Capsid of the ''Salmonella'' Giant Phage SPN3US, a Likely Maturation Intermediate with a Novel Internal Shell. In: Viruses 2020, 12(9). Special Issue ''Giant or Jumbo Phages'', 910. [[doi:10.3390/v12090910]].</ref>]]
On attaching to a host cell, the virus uses its contractile sheath like a syringe, piercing the cell wall with its central tube and injecting the genetic material into the host. The injected DNA takes over the host cell's mechanisms for [[transcription (biology)|transcription]] and [[translation]] and begins to manufacture new viruses. Replication follows the replicative transposition model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by -1 [[ribosomal frameshifting]]. The virus exits the host cell by [[lysis]], and [[holin]]/[[endolysin]]/[[spanin]] proteins.
[[Bacteria]] and [[archaea]] serve as the natural host. Transmission route is passive [[diffusion]].<ref name=ViralZone/>

Although Myoviruses are in general [[lytic]], lacking the genes required to become [[lysogenic]], a number of [[Temperateness (virology)|temperate]] species are known.

==Applications==
Because most ''Myoviridae'' are lytic, rather than temperate, phages, some researchers have investigated their use as a therapy for bacterial diseases in humans and other animals.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Capparelli|first=Rosanna|title=Experimental phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in mice|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|date=August 2007|volume=51|issue=8|pages=2765–73|doi=10.1128/AAC.01513-06|pmc=1932491|pmid=17517843|display-authors=etal}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The following eight subfamilies are recognized:<ref name=ICTV />
* ''[[Emmerichvirinae]]''
* ''[[Eucampyvirinae]]''
* ''[[Gorgonvirinae]]''
* ''[[Ounavirinae]]''
* ''[[Peduovirinae]]''
* ''[[Tevenvirinae]]''
* ''[[Twarogvirinae]]''
* ''[[Vequintavirinae]]''

Additionally, the following genera are unassigned to a subfamily:<ref name=ICTV />
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* ''[[Abouovirus]]''
* ''[[Acionnavirus]]''
* ''[[Agricanvirus]]''
* ''[[Ahtivirus]]''
* ''[[Alcyoneusvirus]]''
* ''[[Alexandravirus]]''
* ''[[Anamdongvirus]]''
* ''[[Anaposvirus]]''
* ''[[Aokuangvirus]]''
* ''[[Asteriusvirus]]''
* ''[[Atlauavirus]]''
* ''[[Aurunvirus]]''
* ''[[Ayohtrevirus]]''
* ''[[Baikalvirus]]''
* ''[[Bakolyvirus]]''
* ''[[Barbavirus]]''
* ''[[Bcepfunavirus]]''
* ''[[Bcepmuvirus]]''
* ''[[Becedseptimavirus]]''
* ''[[Bellamyvirus]]''
* ''[[Bendigovirus]]''
* ''[[Biquartavirus]]''
* ''[[Bixzunavirus]]''
* ''[[Borockvirus]]''
* ''[[Brigitvirus]]''
* ''[[Brizovirus]]''
* ''[[Brunovirus]]''
* ''[[Busanvirus]]''
* ''[[Carpasinavirus]]''
* ''[[Chakrabartyvirus]]''
* ''[[Charybdisvirus]]''
* ''[[Chiangmaivirus]]''
* ''[[Colneyvirus]]''
* ''[[Cymopoleiavirus]]''
* ''[[Derbicusvirus]]''
* ''[[Dibbivirus]]''
* ''[[Donellivirus]]''
* ''[[Elmenteitavirus]]''
* ''[[Elvirus]]''
* ''[[Emdodecavirus]]''
* ''[[Eneladusvirus]]''
* ''[[Eponavirus]]''
* ''[[Erskinevirus]]''
* ''[[Eurybiavirus]]''
* ''[[Ficleduovirus]]''
* ''[[Flaumdravirus]]''
* ''[[Fukuivirus]]''
* ''[[Gofduovirus]]''
* ''[[Goslarvirus]]''
* ''[[Haloferacalesvirus]]''
* ''[[Hapunavirus]]''
* ''[[Heilongjiangvirus]]''
* ''[[Iapetusvirus]]''
* ''[[Iodovirus]]''
* ''[[Ionavirus]]''
* ''[[Jedunavirus]]''
* ''[[Jilinvirus]]''
* ''[[Jimmervirus]]''
* ''[[Kanagawavirus]]''
* ''[[Kanaloavirus]]''
* ''[[Klausavirus]]''
* ''[[Kleczkowskavirus]]''
* ''[[Kungbxnavirus]]''
* ''[[Kylevirus]]''
* ''[[Lagaffevirus]]''
* ''[[Leucotheavirus]]''
* ''[[Libanvirus]]''
* ''[[Lietduovirus]]''
* ''[[Llyrvirus]]''
* ''[[Loughboroughvirus]]''
* ''[[Lubbockvirus]]''
* ''[[Machinavirus]]''
* ''[[Marfavirus]]''
* ''[[Marthavirus]]''
* ''[[Mazuvirus]]''
* ''[[Menderavirus]]''
* ''[[Metrivirus]]''
* ''[[Mieseafarmvirus]]''
* ''[[Mimasvirus]]''
* ''[[Moabitevirus]]''
* ''[[Moturavirus]]''
* ''[[Muldoonvirus]]''
* ''[[Mushuvirus]]''
* ''[[Muvirus]]''
* ''[[Myoalterovirus]]''
* ''[[Myohalovirus]]''
* ''[[Myosmarvirus]]''
* ''[[Naesvirus]]''
* ''[[Namakavirus]]''
* ''[[Nankokuvirus]]''
* ''[[Neptunevirus]]''
* ''[[Nereusvirus]]''
* ''[[Nerrivikvirus]]''
* ''[[Nodensvirus]]''
* ''[[Noxifervirus]]''
* ''[[Nylescharonvirus]]''
* ''[[Obolenskvirus]]''
* ''[[Otagovirus]]''
* ''[[Pakpunavirus]]''
* ''[[Palaemonvirus]]''
* ''[[Pbunavirus]]''
* ''[[Peatvirus]]''
* ''[[Pemunavirus]]''
* ''[[Petsuvirus]]''
* ''[[Phabquatrovirus]]''
* ''[[Phapecoctavirus]]''
* ''[[Phikzvirus]]''
* ''[[Pippivirus]]''
* ''[[Plaisancevirus]]''
* ''[[Plateaulakevirus]]''
* ''[[Polybotosvirus]]''
* ''[[Pontusvirus]]''
* ''[[Popoffvirus]]''
* ''[[Punavirus]]''
* ''[[Qingdaovirus]]''
* ''[[Rahariannevirus]]''
* ''[[Radnorvirus]]''
* ''[[Ripduovirus]]''
* ''[[Risingsunvirus]]''
* ''[[Ronodorvirus]]''
* ''[[Rosemountvirus]]''
* ''[[Saclayvirus]]''
* ''[[Saintgironsvirus]]''
* ''[[Salacisavirus]]''
* ''[[Salmondvirus]]''
* ''[[Sarumanvirus]]''
* ''[[Sasquatchvirus]]''
* ''[[Schmittlotzvirus]]''
* ''[[Seoulvirus]]''
* ''[[Shandongvirus]]''
* ''[[Sherbrookevirus]]''
* ''[[Shirahamavirus]]''
* ''[[Shalavirus]]''
* ''[[Svunavirus]]''
* ''[[Tabernariusvirus]]''
* ''[[Takahashivirus]]''
* ''[[Tamkungvirus]]''
* ''[[Taranisvirus]]''
* ''[[Tefnutvirus]]''
* ''[[Tegunavirus]]''
* ''[[Thaumasvirus]]''
* ''[[Thetisvirus]]''
* ''[[Thornevirus]]''
* ''[[Tijeunavirus]]''
* ''[[Toutatisvirus]]''
* ''[[Tulanevirus]]''
* ''[[Vellamovirus]]''
* ''[[Vhmlvirus]]''
* ''[[Vibakivirus]]''
* ''[[Wellingtonvirus]]''
* ''[[Wifcevirus]]''
* ''[[Winklervirus]]''
* ''[[Yokohamavirus]]''
* ''[[Yoloswagvirus]]''
* ''[[Yongloolinvirus]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/140.html '''Viralzone''': Myoviridae]
* [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp '''ICTV''']
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/GenomesGroup.cgi?taxid=10662 Complete Genomes of Myoviridae]

{{Baltimore classification|I}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6770}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Myoviridae| ]]
[[Category:Virus families]]

{{Italictitle}}

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