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{{Short description|Subspecies of deer}}
{{subspeciesbox
| name = Porcupine caribou
| image = Caribou.jpg
| image_caption = Male Porcupine caribou (''R. a. arcticus'') grazing in [[Alaska]]
| genus = Rangifer
| species = arcticus
| species_link = Reindeer
| subspecies = arcticus, {{nobold|pearyi, fortidens, montanus, osborni, stonei, dawsoni (extinct)}}
| authority = [[John Richardson (naturalist)|Richardson]], 1829
| range_map = File:Rangifer tarandus Map CAN-US.svg
| range_map_caption = Approximate range of Porcupine caribou in yellow. Overlap with other subspecies of caribou is possible for contiguous range.  1. Woodland caribou (''Rangifer  caribou''), which is subdivided into ecotypes: [[Boreal woodland caribou|boreal]], [[Migratory woodland caribou|migratory]] and mountain, 2. [[Queen Charlotte Islands caribou|''R. a. dawsoni'']] (extinct 1908), '''3. ''R. a. arcticus''''', 4. [[Barren-ground caribou|''R. t. groenlandicus'']], 5. ''R. a. arcticus'', 6. [[Peary caribou|''R. a. pearyi'']]
}}

The '''Porcupine caribou''' is a herd or [[ecotype]] of the mainland [[barren-ground caribou]] (''Rangifer arcticus arcticus'', [[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''R. tarandus groenlandicus''<ref name="Harding22">Harding LE (2022) Available names for Rangifer (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) species and subspecies. ZooKeys 1119: 117-151. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1119.80233.</ref>), the [[subspecies]] of the [[reindeer]] or caribou found in [[Alaska]], United States, and [[Yukon]] and the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]].

Migratory caribou herds are named after their calving grounds, in this case the [[Porcupine River]], which runs through a large part of the range of the Porcupine herd. Though numbers fluctuate, the herd comprises about 218,000 animals (based on a July 2017 photocensus).<ref name="Alaska">{{citation |last=Campbell |first=Cora |title=Porcupine Caribou Herd shows growth |date=2 March 2011 |url=http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=pressreleases.pr03022011 |number=99811 |series=Press release |location=Juneau, Alaska |access-date=27 January 2014 |institution=Alaska Department of Fish and Game}}</ref> They migrate over {{convert|1500|mi|abbr=on}} a year between their winter range and calving grounds at the [[Beaufort Sea]], the longest land migration route of any land mammal on Earth. Their range spans the Alaska-Yukon border and is a valued resource cooperatively managed by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Canadian wildlife agencies and local [[aboriginal peoples]]. The caribou are the primary sustenance of the [[Gwichʼin]], a [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]]/[[Alaska Native]] people, who traditionally built their communities to align with the caribou's migration patterns. They are also routinely hunted by other indigenous peoples, including the [[Inupiat people|Inupiat]], the [[Inuvialuit]], the [[Hän people|Hän]] and the [[Northern Tutchone]].

By July 2017, the Porcupine herd had reached a record high of about 202,000 to 235,000 animals. Sixteen years earlier, in 2001 the same herd was only half as large. While other barren-ground caribou herds have declined by 90%, the Porcupine herd has remained relatively stable.

==Taxonomy==
The Porcupine caribou is a herd of the barren-ground [[caribou]] found in [[Alaska]], United States, and [[Yukon]] and the [[Northwest Territories]], [[Canada]]. It is included in the subspecies called the [[barren-ground caribou]] (''R. tarandus groenlandicus'').<ref name="MSW3">{{MSW3 Grubb|id=14200328}}</ref><ref name="Cronin">{{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=Matthew A. |first2=Michael D. |last2=Macneil |first3=John C.  |last3=Patton |year=2005 |title=Variation in Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite DNA in Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in North America |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=86 |number=3 |pages=495–505 |doi=10.1644/1545-1542(2005)86[495:VIMDAM]2.0.CO;2|doi-access=free }}</ref> The Porcupine caribou was first named ''Rangifer ogilviensis'' Millais, 1915 <ref>Millais JG (1915) The caribou. In: Carruthers D, Millais JG, Byl PBVD, Wallace HF, Kennion L-CRL, Barklay FG (Eds) The Gun at Home and Abroad. London & Counties Press Association Ltd., London, U.K., 255-280.</ref> after the Ogilvie Mountains, part of its Yukon winter range. It has also been known as Grant's caribou (''R. a. granti;'' subsequently ''R. t. granti'').

Grant's caribou was described as a small, pale form occupying a limited range at the west end of the Alaska Peninsula and nearby islands. Originally described as ''Rangifer granti'' (Allen, 1902),<ref>Allen JA (1902) A new caribou from the Alaska Peninsula. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History XVI: 119-127</ref> it was brought under barren-ground caribou as ''R. arcticus granti'' <ref>Osgood WH (1909) Biological investigations in Alaska and Yukon Territory. US Department of Agriculture Biological survey of North American fauna 1: 1-285.</ref><ref>Murie OJ (1935) Alaska-Yukon caribou. Vol. 54, United States Department of Agriculture Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington D.C., 93 pp.</ref><ref>Anderson RM (1946) Catalogue of Canadian Recent mammals. National Museum of Canada Bulletin No. 102, Biological Series 31, Ottawa, Ontario, 238 pp.</ref> because its size and form were closer to the barren-ground type than to the larger, darker montane forms in Alaska. When Banfield revised the ''Rangifer'' genus, bringing all reindeer and caribou under ''Rangifer tarandus'', he gave the subspecies name ''granti'' to all the caribou in Alaska and some in Yukon, thus greatly expanding its range. Subsequently, taxonomists comparing Alaskan or Yukon migratory barren-ground caribou with those of mainland Canada labelled their Alaska/Yukon samples as ''R. t. granti''. Youngman (1975)<ref>Youngman PM (1975) Mammals of the Yukon Territory. National Museum of Canada, Publications in Zoology No. 10, 192 pp</ref> re-assigned it to Canada/Alaska barren-ground caribou, ''R. tarandus groenlandicus'' after Banfield's (1961)<ref>Banfield AWF (1961) A revision of the reindeer and caribou, genus Rangifer. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 177, Biological Series No. 66, Ottawa, Ontario, 137 pp.</ref> name change. Because Geist (1998),<ref>Geist V (1998) Deer of the world: their evolution, behavior, and ecology. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, 421 pp.</ref> and others, could find no morphological features to distinguish Alaskan from Canadian barren-ground caribou, ''granti'' was not accepted in the authoritative reference work, ''Mammalian Species of the World'' (Grubb, ''Artiodactyla'' in Wilson and Reeder 2005)<ref name="MSW3" /> and its replacement, ''Handbook of the mammals of the World'' (Mattioli, ''Cervidae'', in Wilson and Mittermeier 2011).<ref>Mattioli S (2011) Family Cervidae: Deer. In: Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA (Eds) Handbook of the mammals of the world 2 Hoofed mammals. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain, 350-443.</ref> Caribou geneticists agree that Alaska/Yukon migratory barren-ground and Canadian barren-ground caribou are barely distinguishable (e.g., Cronin et al. 2005;<ref>Cronin MA, MacNeil MD, Patton JC (2005) Variation in mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA in caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in North America. Journal of Mammalogy 86: 495-505.</ref> Yannic et al. 2013<ref>Yannic G, Pellissier L, Ortego J, Lecomte N, Couturier S, Cuyler C, Dussault C, Hundertmark KJ, Irvine RJ, Jenkins DA, Kolpashikov L, Mager K, Musiani M, Parker KL, Røed KH, Sipko T, Þórisson SG, V.Weckworth B, Guisan A, Bernatchez L, Côté SD (2013) Genetic diversity in caribou linked to past and future climate change. Nature Climate Change 4: 132-137. doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2074.</ref>). Further history of the name ''granti'' is given in [[Reindeer]].

In a stunning sequel, caribou geneticists discovered that caribou still living at the western end of the Alaskan Peninsula and nearby islands—which contains the type locality of ''Rangifer granti'' Allen 1902—are genetically distinct from, and do not interbreed with, nearby forms of caribou. Its range encompasses the type locality designated by Allen 1902.<ref>Mager KH, Colson KE, Groves P, Hundertmark KJ (2014) Population structure over a broad spatial scale driven by nonanthropogenic factors in a wide-ranging migratory mammal, Alaskan caribou. Molecular Ecology 23: 6045-6057</ref><ref>Colson KE, Mager KH, Hundertmark KJ (2014) Reindeer introgression and the population genetics of caribou in southwestern Alaska. Journal of Heredity 105: 585-596</ref><ref>Yannic G, Ortego J, Pellissier L, Lecomte N, Bernatchez L, Côté SD (2018) Linking genetic and ecological differentiation in an ungulate with a circumpolar distribution. Ecography 41: 922-937.</ref> Thus, ''R. a. granti'' was rediscovered in its original, limited range and its type species in the American Museum of Natural History remains valid.

A recent revision<ref name="Harding22"></ref> returns the Porcupine and other herds of barren-ground caribou to ''R. arcticus arcticus'' Richardson 1829.<ref>Richardson J (1829) Fauna boreali-americana; or, the zoology of the northern parts of British America; containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. Vol. 1 Quadrupeds, John Murray, London, U.K., 300 pp.</ref>

==Range==
[[File:Anwrmap.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Boundary of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) in yellow]]
The Porcupine herd range covers {{convert|1500|mi|abbr=on}}, from the calving grounds, the [[Porcupine River]] after which they are named, to "the river valleys and slopes in the Ogilvie and Richardson Mountains in the Yukon and the southern Brooks Range in Alaska."<ref name="PCMB_Russell_2005"/>{{rp|3}} The calving area is located on {{convert|1.5|e6acre|e6ha|abbr=unit}} in the [[Porcupine River]] coastal region of the [[Beaufort Sea]] known as the 1002 area, which is part of the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]].<ref name="natgeo"/> The area runs through a large part of the range of the Porcupine herd.<ref name="Alaska" /><ref name="Kolpashikov">{{cite journal |last1=Kolpashikov |first1=L. |last2=Makhailov |first2=V. |last3=Russell |first3=D. |year=2014 |title=The role of harvest, predators and socio-political environment in the dynamics of the Taimyr wild reindeer herd with some lessons for North America |journal=Ecology and Society |volume=20 |doi=10.5751/ES-07129-200109 |doi-access=free|hdl=10535/9749 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In the spring the pregnant cows move "northeast from the Alaskan winter ranges or north and northwest from the Canadian winter ranges. If snowmelt is early, they will then move westward along the north slope of the Brooks Range into Alaska."<ref name="PCMB_Russell_2005"/>{{rp|3}}

[[File:Caribou calving map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35| [[Caribou]] calving grounds, 1983–2001 ]] Most Porcupine caribou calves are born in the first week of June and they are at their most vulnerable from their primary predators on the calving ground—golden eagles, grizzly bears and wolves—during the first three weeks when they are dependent on milk from their mothers. About one quarter of them die during this period.<ref name="PCMB_Russell_2005"/>{{rp|5,6}} Their {{convert|840|mile|km|abbr=|adj=on}} annual land migration between their winter range in the boreal forests of Alaska and Yukon over the mountains to the coastal plain and their calving grounds on the [[Beaufort Sea]] coastal plain,<ref name="longest">{{cite magazine |last1=Giaimo |first1=Cara |title=Nature’s Best Long-Distance Runners |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/13/science/land-mammal-migrations.html?module=inline |magazine=The New York Times |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-10-15|publication-date=13 November 2019|page= 2, Section D}}</ref> is the longest of any land mammal on earth.

==Management==
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Canadian wildlife agencies, and local [[aboriginal peoples]] cooperatively manage the Porcupine herd. The Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB) advisory board was established under the Porcupine Caribou Management Agreement in 1985, whose members include representatives from the Gwich'in Tribal Council, Na-cho Nyäk Dün, Vuntut Gwitchin, Government of Yukon, Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in, Inuvialuit Game Council, the Government of the Northwest Territories and the Government of Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcmb.ca/about |title=About |work=Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB) |location=[[Whitehorse, Yukon]]}}</ref> The PCMB publish an annual Porcupine Caribou Harvest Report.<ref name="PCMB_Harvest_Report_2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcmb.ca/PDF/ahm/2018%20Annual%20Harvest%20Meeting%20Documents/Annual%20Harvest%20Meeting%20Report%202018.pdf |title=Porcupine Caribou Harvest Management Plan Annual Harvest Meeting 2018 |date=February 14, 2018 |location=[[Dawson City, Yukon]]}}</ref> In their February 2018 report they recorded that a 2017 photocensus (survey) estimated a mean of 218,457 caribou (95% CI = 202,106 to 234,808) caribou, indicative of an increasing trend from 2010 to 2017, from 169,000 to about 218,000.<ref name="PCMB_Harvest_Report_2018"/>{{rp|2}} On July 17, 1987, the United States and the Canadian governments signed the "Agreement on the Conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd," a treaty designed to protect the subspecies from damage to its habitat and migration routes.<ref name="PCMB_1987_UN_agreement">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcmb.ca/PDF/international_conservation_agreement.pdf |title=Agreement Between the Government of the United States and the government of Canada on the Conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd |date=1987 |location=New York}}</ref><ref name="untreaty">[[United Nations]]. ''[https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%202174/v2174.pdf Agreement Between the Government of the United States and the government of Canada on the Conservation of the Porcupine Caribou Herd]'' New York: UNU. 1987.[http://arcticcircle.uconn.edu/ANWR/anwrint-agreement.html]</ref> Both the [[Ivvavik National Park]] and [[Vuntut National Park]] border the ANWR. The treaty required an impact assessment and required that where activity in one country is "likely to cause significant long-term adverse impact on the Porcupine Caribou Herd or its habitat, the other Party will be notified and given an opportunity to consult prior to final decision".<ref name=untreaty /> This focus on the Porcupine caribou led to the animal becoming a visual rhetoric or symbol of the drilling issue much in the same way the [[polar bear]] has become the symbol of global warming.<ref>"Cox, R. Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere, 2013, Sage Publications"</ref>

=== Herd size ===
{{blockquote|"We might have just recorded [July 2017] the largest number for this herd since modern scientific monitoring started in the 1970s... Given the state of caribou worldwide right now, it's a positive, shining light in the caribou world — that there are some herds that are doing well."|Mike Suitor, regional biologist, North Yukon Region with Environment Yukon, Dawson City. 2018. CBC News}}

Unlike many other ''Rangifer'' species, subspecies and their ecotypes, the Porcupine herd is stable at relatively high numbers. Some barren-ground caribou herds have "declined more than 90 per cent from historic averages", causing the [[Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada]] (COSEWIC), to sound the alarm.<ref name="CBC_Morin_2018">{{cite news |last=Morin |first=Philippe |date=January 4, 2018 |title=Porcupine caribou numbers 'highest ever recorded' |work=CBC News |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/porcupine-caribou-numbers-1.4471935 |access-date=March 21, 2018 |quote="'It's a positive, shining light in the caribou world,' says Yukon biologist"}}</ref>

According to an aerial count reported in July 2017, the size of the Porcupine herd had increased to "between 202,000 and 235,000 animals, nearly twice the number of animals recorded at a low point in 2001.<ref name="CBC_Morin_2018" />

A previous peak population occurred in 1989 with 178,000 animals and was followed by a decline by 2001 to 123,000. A recovery was observed in 2010 with an increase to 169,000 animals.<ref name="Alaska" /><ref name="Kolpashikov" />

{{clearleft}}

==Potential threats to the Porcupine herd==

Climate change and the increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as unprecedented late slow melting, negatively affect the Porcupine herd. As a result there was "very high early calf mortality."<ref name="PCMB_Russell_2005"/>{{rp|10}} The primary predators for calves are golden eagles, grizzly bears and wolves.<ref name="PCMB_Russell_2005">{{cite report|url=http://www.pcmb.ca/PDF/researchers/Habitat/PCH%20Summer%20Ecology%202005.pdf|title=Summer Ecology of the Porcupine Caribou Herd|last1=Russell|first1=Don E.|last2=McNeil|first2=P.|date=March 2005|publisher=Porcupine Caribou Management Board (PCMB)|location=Whitehorse, Yukon|edition=2}} This report includes detailed maps of the region.</ref> "Caribou exposed to industrial development shift away from the pipelines and roads."<ref name="PCMB_Russell_2005"/>{{rp|12}} The passage of the provision opening ANWR's 1002 to oil and gas drilling is considered to be a threat.<ref name="natgeo">{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=John |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/08/01/html/ft_20010801.3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080105054927/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/data/2001/08/01/html/ft_20010801.3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 5, 2008 |title=Oil Field or Sanctuary? |work=National Geographic |date= August 1, 2001 |access-date=March 21, 2018}}</ref> In 2001, some biologists feared development in the Refuge would "push caribou into the foothills, where calves would be more prone to predation."<ref name="natgeo" /> In their 2005 report, Russell and McNeil reiterated concerns that new calving areas would make the herd more vulnerable, as area 1002 provides a much higher quality of diet conditions than the alternatives in Canada.<ref name="PCMB_Russell_2005"/>

==Indigenous peoples==
The Porcupine caribou are a valued resource as primary sustenance to indigenous peoples in Alaska and northern Canada. [[Gwichʼin]], a [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]]/[[Alaska Native]] people traditionally built their communities to align with the caribou's migration patterns. The [[Inupiat people|Inupiat]], the [[Inuvialuit]], the [[Hän people|Hän]] and the [[Northern Tutchone]] also hunt caribou from this herd on a regular basis.

== Arctic National Wildlife Refuge ==
{{main|Arctic Refuge drilling controversy}}[[File:Caribou in Brooks range.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Caribou in the western Brooks range]] The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) covers  {{convert|19|e6acre|e6ha|abbr=unit}} of the northern [[Alaska]]n coast,<ref>Burger, Joel. "Adequate science: Alaska's Arctic refuge". ''Conservation Biology'' 15 (2): 539.</ref> in northeast Alaska<ref name="natgeo"/> between the [[Beaufort Sea]] to the north, [[Brooks Range]] to the south and [[Prudhoe Bay, Alaska|Prudhoe Bay]] to the west. It is the largest [[National Wildlife Refuge|protected]] [[wilderness]] in the United States and was created by [[United States Congress|Congress]] under the [[Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act]] of 1980.<ref>United States. [[96th United States Congress|96th Congress]]. "Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act". Fws.gov <{{cite web |url=http://alaska.fws.gov/asm/anilca/toc.html |title=ANILCA Table of Contents |access-date=2008-08-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828211846/http://alaska.fws.gov/asm/anilca/toc.html |archive-date=2008-08-28 }}>. Retrieved on 2008-8-10.</ref>

[[Image:NPRA F1lg.gif|thumb|200px|left|The [[Alaska North Slope]] with The National Petroleum Reserve to the West, the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge with area 1002 to the east.]] On December 22, 2017, President Donald Trump signed the [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]], a provision that opened the 1002 area of ANWR to [[Oil well|oil and gas drilling]], into law. The Act contains provisions that would open 1.5{{nbsp}}million acres in the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]] to oil and gas drilling.<ref name="ShankmanDec2">{{cite news | url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01122017/tax-bill-gop-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge-oil-drilling-anwr-murkowski-curbelo-republican-opposition | work=[[InsideClimate News]] | first=Sabrina | last=Shankman | title=12 House Republicans Urge Congress to Cut ANWR Oil Drilling from Tax Bill | date=December 2, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-19/tax-bill-opens-arctic-refuge-for-oil-years-of-delay-may-follow|title=Tax Bill Opens Arctic Refuge for Oil, But Years of Delay May Follow|last1=Natter|first1=Ari|date=2017-12-19|work=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=2017-12-20|last2=Dlouhy|first2=Jennifer A.}}</ref> Opening the Arctic Refuge to drilling "unleashed a torrent of opposition from conservationists and scientists."<ref name="ShankmanNov16">{{cite news | url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/15112017/anwr-arctic-national-wildlife-refuge-oil-drilling-alaska-murkowski | work=[[InsideClimate News]] | first=Sabrina | last=Shankman | title=At Stake in Arctic Refuge Drilling Vote: Money, Wilderness and a Way of Life | date=November 16, 2017 }}</ref> Democrats<ref name="Detrow">Scott Detrow, [https://www.npr.org/2017/11/18/564909626/senate-may-approve-drilling-in-alaskan-wilderness-with-tax-bill Senate May Approve Drilling In Alaskan Wilderness With Tax Bill], NPR (November 18, 2017).</ref><ref name="Solomon">{{cite news | url=https://www.outsideonline.com/2262311/drilling-crown-jewel-arctic-refuge-grows-closer | work=Outside | first=Christopher | last=Solomon | title=The ANWR Drilling Rights in the Tax-Reform Bill | date=November 16, 2017 }}</ref> and environmentalist groups such as the [[The Wilderness Society (United States)|Wilderness Society]] criticized the Republican effort.<ref name="Solomon"/> Since 1977 area 1002, which encompasses much of the Porcupine caribou calving grounds, has been a topic of controversy.<ref name="NPR_Shogren_2005">{{cite news |last=Shogren |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5007819 |title=For 30 Years, a Political Battle Over Oil and ANWR |series=[[All Things Considered]] |work=[[National Public Radio|NPR]] |date=November 10, 2005 |access-date=March 21, 2018}}</ref> The {{convert|1500000|acre|km2}} subsection on the coastal plain, known as the "1002 area"<ref name="usdoe">{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/arctic_national_wildlife_refuge/html/overview.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403010101/http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/arctic_national_wildlife_refuge/html/overview.html|title=Potential Oil Production from the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Updated Assessment|publisher=US DOE|access-date=2009-03-14|archive-date= 3 April 2009 | url-status= dead}}</ref> is located between the [[Brooks Range]] and the [[Beaufort Sea]]. The plain "stretches west from the Yukon border more than a hundred miles, a flat expanse of tundra laced with tussock wetlands and braided rivers."<ref name="natgeo"/>

==Ivvavik National Park==
{{main|Ivvavik National Park}}
[[File:Porcupine caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) in Alaska.ogv|250px|thumb|left|Video of Porcupine caribou in [[Becharof National Wildlife Refuge]], Alaska]]

[[Ivvavik National Park]] protects a portion of the calving grounds of the Porcupine herd and restricts the number of people who may visit annually. During the calving in May, caribou are at their most vulnerable. Caribou management calls for preservation of calving grounds. Large portions of the calving grounds have been protected in the [[Arctic National Wildlife Refuge]] in Alaska, United States, and Ivvavik National Park and [[Vuntut National Park]] in Yukon, Canada.<ref name="SFU_2006">{{citation |title=Threats to the Porcupine Caribou Herd |url=https://www.sfu.ca/geog/geog351fall06/group08/threats.html |series=Atlas of the Porcupine Caribou|work=[[Simon Fraser University]] (SFU) |year=2006 |access-date=March 21, 2018 |first1=Brandi |last1=Smithson |first2=Anthony |last2=Jjumba}}</ref>

{{clearleft}}

=== Central Arctic caribou herd ===
{{Main|Caribou herds and populations in Canada}}

In 2001, proponents of the development of the oil fields at Prudhoe Bay and Kuparuk, which would be approximately {{convert|60|mi|km}} west of the refuge, argued that the Central Arctic caribou herd had increased its numbers "in spite of several hundred miles of gravel roads and more than a thousand miles of elevated pipe." However, the Central Arctic herd is much smaller than the Porcupine herd and has a range that is much larger.
{{blockquote|The 1002 coastal plain provides calving habitat for [the Porcupine herd] nearly five times as large as the central Arctic herd, in an area one-fifth as big. Some biologists fear development here could push caribou into the foothills, where calves would be more prone to predation|Mitchell ''National Geographic'' 2001<ref name="natgeo" />}}

== See also ==

* [[Arctic Refuge drilling controversy]]
* ''[[Being Caribou]]''
* [[Caribou herds and populations in Canada]]
* [[Jonathon Solomon]]
* [[Reindeer distribution]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060821005324/http://www.taiga.net/pcmb/ Porcupine Caribou Management Board]
* [http://www.fws.gov/refuge/arctic/caribou.html Arctic Refuge Caribou Alaska Fish and Wildlife]
* [http://www.nfb.ca/film/being_caribou/ Watch ''Being Caribou'' at NFB.ca]

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[[Category:Reindeer]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

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