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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Schoepfia arenaria.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Schoepfia arenaria]]''
|taxon = Schoepfia
|authority = Schreb.<ref name=POWO_28283-1/>
|synonyms =
  {{Genus list
  |Codonium|Vahl
  |Diplocalyx|A.Rich.
  |Haenkea|Ruiz & Pav.
  |Pseudogonocalyx|Bisse & Berazaín
  |Ribeirea|Allemão
  |Schoepfiopsis|Miers
  }}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO_28283-1/>
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = [[#Species|See text]].
}}

'''''Schoepfia''''' is a [[genus]] of small [[hemiparasitic]] trees, [[flowering plant]]s belonging to the family [[Schoepfiaceae]]. The genus has long been placed in the [[Olacaceae]] family.

==Description==
[[File:Schoepfia brasiliensis A. DC. (5946175148).jpg|thumb|Flowers and fruit of ''[[Schoepfia brasiliensis]]'' near [[Entre Rios, Bahia]], Brazil]]

Plants in this genus are small trees or [[shrub]]s which exhibit [[heterostyly]] - individuals can have both often cylindrical brachystylous (short styled) flowers and somewhat bell-shaped dolichostylous (longer styled) flowers. In most plants where heterostyly occurs, there is a sexual differentiation between flower types, the brachystylous flowers being functionally male, or one type of flower is [[cleistogamous]] or self-fertile. In ''Schoepfia'' species both flowers are bisexual and can form fruit, the reason for two flower forms is mysterious.<ref name=Sleumer1984>{{cite journal |last1=Sleumer |first1=Hermann Otto |author-link1=Hermann Otto Sleumer |date=15 May 1984 |title=Olacaceae |journal=Flora Neotropica Monographs |volume=38 |pages=14, 19, 20 |jstor=4393778}}</ref>

The flowers are fragrant and small. They arise from a short [[Peduncle (botany)|peduncle]] which grows from the leaf axils of a stem. The peduncle is subtended by persistent, imbricate perular [[bract]]s. The flower is subtended by a three-lobed [[epicalyx]], it is composed of a bract and two [[bracteole]]s, which are all united into a single structure. The actual [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]] is inconspicuous, it is completely fused to the truncated, cup-shaped base of the flower. From the edges of this base, generally four or five [[petal]]s arise, rarely three or six. The lower part of these petals are fused to each other to form a tube of sorts.<ref name=Sleumer1984/>

The leaves of all species are simple, entire, alternate, penninerved and have [[Petiole (botany)|petioles]]. The fruits are single-seeded [[drupe]]s. The [[epicarp]] is derived from the swollen base of the flower.<ref name=Sleumer1984/>

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Schoepfia republicensis SRIC SR 98-11-05.jpg|thumb|right|upright|''[[Schoepfia republicensis]]'' leaf fossil]]
It is now placed in the [[Schoepfiaceae]] family.<ref name=POWO_28283-1/> The genus has long been placed in the [[Olacaceae]] family, although many researchers noted the differences between it and the rest of the family. Recent molecular studies have shown ''Schoepfia'' to be more closely related to the families [[Misodendraceae]] and [[Loranthaceae]], and to uphold the criteria of [[monophyly]] it must be excluded from Olacaceae.<ref name=APweb>{{Citation |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |title=Schoepfiaceae |work=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/santalalesweb2.htm#Schoepfiaceae |accessdate=2013-08-14 }}</ref><ref>Der Joshua P. & Nickrent Daniel L., 2008 [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aspt/sb/2008/00000033/00000001/art00013 A Molecular Phylogeny of Santalaceae (Santalales)], Systematic Botany, Volume 33, Number 1, 3/2008, tr. 107-116(10)</ref>

The genus is split into three [[Section (botany)|sections]]: two occur exclusively in Asia, with four species altogether, the third section, which includes the [[type species]], only occurs in the Americas and contains all the other species.<ref name=Sleumer1984/> The type species is ''Schoepfia schreberi''.<ref name=Urban1907>{{cite journal |last1=Urban |first1=Ignatz |author-link1=Ignatz Urban |date=20 May 1907 |title=Olacaceae |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/688210 |journal=Symbolae Antillanae, Seu, Fundamenta Florae Indiae Occidentalis |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=184 |language=de, la |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.144 |access-date=29 December 2021}}</ref> One possible fossil species, {{extinct}}''[[Schoepfia republicensis|S. republicensis]]'', has been described from [[Ypresian]] leaves found in the [[Klondike Mountain Formation]] of Washington state.<ref name="WandW87">{{cite report |last1=Wolfe |first1=J.A. |last2= Wehr |first2=W.C. |year=1987 |title=Middle Eocene dicotyledonous plants from Republic, northeastern Washington |series= Bulletin |publisher=United States Geological Survey |volume=1597 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.3133/b1597 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Species===
{{As of|2021|April}}, [[Plants of the World Online]] accepted the following species:<ref name=POWO_28283-1/>
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*''[[Schoepfia arenaria]]'' <small>Britton</small>
*''[[Schoepfia brasiliensis]]'' <small>A.DC.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia californica]]'' <small>Brandegee</small>
*''[[Schoepfia chinensis]]'' <small>Gardner & Champ.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia clarkii]]'' <small>Steyerm.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia cubensis]]'' <small>Britton & P.Wilson</small>
*''[[Schoepfia didyma]]'' <small>C.Wright ex Griseb.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia flexuosa]]'' <small>(Ruiz & Pav.) Roem. & Schult.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia fragrans]]'' <small>Wall.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia griffithii]]'' <small>Tiegh. ex Steenis</small>
*''[[Schoepfia haitiensis]]'' <small>Urb. & Britton</small><ref>{{cite iucn |author=Timyan, J. |date=2021 |title=''Schoepfia haitiensis'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T121984999A121986665 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T121984999A121986665.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Schoepfia harrisii]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia jasminodora]]'' <small>Siebold & Zucc.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia lucida]]'' <small>Pulle</small>
*''[[Schoepfia macrophylla]]'' <small>Lundell</small>
*''[[Schoepfia multiflora]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia obovata]]'' <small>C.Wright</small> - white beefwood<ref name=USDAplants>{{cite web |url=https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SCHOE5 |title=''Schoepfia'' Schreb. |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=USDA Plants Database |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]], [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]] |access-date=30 December 2021}}</ref>
*''[[Schoepfia paradoxa]]'' <small>(Bisse & Berazaín) Berazaín ex Acev.-Rodr.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia parvifolia]]'' <small>Planch.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia pringlei]]'' <small>B.L.Rob.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia schreberi]]'' <small>J.F.Gmel.</small> - gulf graytwig<ref name=USDAplants/>
*''[[Schoepfia scopulorum]]'' <small>Alain</small>
*''[[Schoepfia shreveana]]'' <small>Wiggins</small>
*''[[Schoepfia stenophylla]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia tepuiensis]]'' <small>Steyerm.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia tetramera]]'' <small>Herzog</small>
*''[[Schoepfia vacciniiflora]]'' <small>Planch. ex Hemsl.</small>
*''[[Schoepfia velutina]]'' <small>Sandwith</small>
{{Div col end}}

==Distribution==
The genus has a discontinuous distribution, being native to the [[Himalaya]]s through China, Japan and Taiwan to [[Sumatra]], and to tropical and subtropical America.<ref name=POWO_28283-1/> The genus is most diverse in tropical America.<ref name=Sleumer1984/> Three species occur in territories belonging to the United States: ''Schoepfia arenaria'', ''S. obovata'' and ''S. schreberi''; ''S. schreberi'' occurs in Florida and the Caribbean, the other two are only found in the US Caribbean possessions.<ref name=USDAplants/>

==Ecology==
Species in this genus are root [[hemiparasite]]s, deriving a portion of their nutrition by invading the roots and stealing the nutrients of neighbouring plants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://parasiticplants.siu.edu/Schoepfiaceae/description.html |title=Schoepfiaceae Blume |last=Nickrent |first=Daniel L. |date=19 October 2010 |website=Parasitic Plant Connection |publisher=[[Southern Illinois University Carbondale]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref> They do not appear to be very particular in choice of [[host plant]]s. A 1979 study of ''Schoepfia schreberi'' in Florida and the Bahamas found [[haustoria]] (specialised organs on the roots used for parasitism) connected to ten different species, belonging to eight different [[Family (taxonomy)|botanical families]]. Haustoria were also firmly welded to the wrong things: rocks, buried pipes, concrete building foundations, etc.<ref name=Sleumer1984/>

The young leaves of the ''S. schreberi'' are fed upon by the balloon-collared caterpillars of the [[Riodinidae|metalmark butterfly]] ''[[Calydna sturnula]]'', which are only known to feed upon this species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Jason P. W. |last2=Harvey |first2=Donald J. |last3=Janzen |first3=Daniel H. |date=March 2004 |title=Life History of ''Calydna sturnula'' with a Review of Larval and Pupal Balloon Setae in the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera) |url=http://www.butterfliesofecuador.com/reprints/2004HHJ_LH.pdf |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=97 |issue=2 |pages=310–321 |doi= 10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0310:LHOCSW]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=85559617 |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=POWO_28283-1>{{citation |title=''Schoepfia'' Schreb. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:28283-1 |access-date=2021-04-29 }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5224017}}

[[Category:Schoepfiaceae]]
[[Category:Santalales genera]]


{{Santalales-stub}}

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