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{{Short description|Japanese spacecraft}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Yohkoh
| names_list            = Solar-A (before launch<!--list of previous names if the spacecraft has been renamed. 
Include the dates applicable if possible, and separate each name with a linebreak. 
Omit if the spacecraft has only ever been known by one name. 
Do not include Harvard, COSPAR/NSSDC or SATCAT/NORAD/NASA designations as alternative names-->

<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
| image                 = [[File:Yohkoh.jpg|220px]]
| image_caption         = Artist concept of the Japanese Yohkoh spacecraft
| image_alt             = <!--image alt text-->
| image_size            = <!--include px/em; defaults to 220px-->

<!--Basic details-->
| mission_type          = Heliophysics
| operator              = [[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science|ISAS]] / [[NASA]] / [[PPARC]]
| Harvard_designation   = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| COSPAR_ID             = 1991-062A
| SATCAT                = 21694
| website               = [http://www.isas.ac.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/past/yohkoh.html Yohkoh home page]
| mission_duration      = {{Time interval|30 August 1991 02:30|14 December 2001 20:58:33}} (achieved)
| distance_travelled    = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)-->
| orbits_completed      = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit-->
| suborbital_range      = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->
| suborbital_apogee     = <!--altitude reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->

<!--Spacecraft properties-->
| spacecraft            = <!--Spacecraft name/serial number (eg. Space Shuttle ''Discovery'', Apollo CM-118), etc-->
| spacecraft_type       = <!--eg. GPS Block II, Kobalt-M, US-K, etc-->
| spacecraft_bus        = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| manufacturer          = <!--company or companies who built the satellite-->
| launch_mass           = {{convert|390|kg}}
| BOL_mass              = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit at beginning of operational life, after LEOP phase-->
| landing_mass          = <!--Mass after landing (recovered spacecraft only)-->
| dry_mass              = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel-->
| payload_mass          = <!--Mass of cargo carried by spacecraft (eg. for Space Shuttle), or total mass of instrumentation/equipment/experiments for mission-->
| dimensions            = {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} x {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} x {{convert|4|m|abbr=on}}
| power                 = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->

<!--Launch details-->
| launch_date           = {{start date|df=yes|1991|08|30|02|30|7=Z}}
| launch_rocket         = [[Mu (rocket family)|Mu-3S-II]]
| launch_site           = [[Uchinoura Space Center|Kagoshima M1]]
| launch_contractor     = <!--organisation(s) that conducted the launch (eg. United Launch Alliance, Arianespace, etc)-->
| deployment_from       = <!--place where deployed from-->
| deployment_date       = <!--date deployed-->
| entered_service       = <!--date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch-->
<!-- * - e.g. Proton-M/Briz-M not Proton-M, but Titan IV(401)A not Titan IV(401)A-Centaur-->

<!--end of mission-->
| disposal_type         = Spacecraft lost accidentally<!--Whether the spacecraft was deorbited, decommissioned, placed in a graveyard orbit, etc-->
| deactivated           = <!--when craft was decommissioned-->
| destroyed             = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact          = 14 December 2001
<!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
| recovery_by           = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_date         = <!--recovery date-->
| decay_date            = 12 September 2005
| landing_date          = <!--when the spacecraft made a controlled landing, not needed if it did not return intact-->
| landing_site          = <!--where the craft landed; site/runway or coordinates-->
<!--
    The following template should be used for ONE of the three above fields "end_of_mission", "decay" or "landing" if the spacecraft is no longer operational.
    If it landed intact, use it for the landing time, otherwise for the date it ceased operations, or the decay date if it was still operational when it re-entered.
    {{end date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|hh|mm|ss|TZ=Z}} (for Zulu/UTC) or {{end date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} (if time unknown) 
-->

<!--orbit parameters-->
<!--as science-related articles, SI units should be the principal units of measurement, however we usually use {{convert}} to display imperial units in parentheses after the initial values-->
| orbit_reference       = [[Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime          = <!--high, low, medium, molniya, GSO - please link (e.g. [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]] - please don't use acronyms-->
| orbit_longitude       = <!--geosynchronous satellites only-->
| orbit_slot            = <!--Designation of orbital position or slot, if not longitude (e.g plane and position of a GPS satellite)-->
| orbit_semimajor       = <!--semimajor axis-->
| orbit_eccentricity    = <!--orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_periapsis       = {{convert|516|km|mi}}
| orbit_apoapsis        = {{convert|754|km|mi}}
| orbit_inclination     = 31.3° 
| orbit_period          = 97.4 min
| orbit_RAAN            = <!--right ascension of the ascending node-->
| orbit_arg_periapsis   = <!--argument of perigee/periapsis-->
| orbit_mean_anomaly    = <!--mean anomaly at epoch, only use in conjunction with an epoch value-->
| orbit_mean_motion     = <!--mean motion of the satellite, usually measured in orbits per day-->
| orbit_repeat          = <!--repeat interval/revisit time-->
| orbit_velocity        = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_epoch           = <!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct-->
| orbit_rev_number      = <!--revolution number-->
| apsis                 = gee

<!--transponder parameters-->
| trans_band            = <!--Transponder frequency bands-->
| trans_frequency       = <!--specific frequencies-->
| trans_bandwidth       = <!--bandwidth-->
| trans_capacity        = <!--capacity of the transponders-->
| trans_coverage        = <!--area covered-->
| trans_TWTA            = <!--TWTA output power-->
| trans_EIRP            = <!--equivalent isotropic power-->
| trans_HPBW            = <!--half-power beam width-->

<!--Only use where a spacecraft/mission is part of a clear programme of sequential missions. 
If in doubt, leave it out-->
| programme             = 
| previous_mission      =
| next_mission          =

<!--mission insignia or patch-->
| insignia              = <!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| insignia_caption      = <!--image caption-->
| insignia_alt          = <!--image alt text-->
| insignia_size         = <!--include px/em; defaults to 180px-->
}}

'''Yohkoh''' ({{langx|ja|ようこう}}, 'Sunbeam'), known before launch as '''Solar-A''', was a [[Sun|Solar]] observatory spacecraft of the  [[JAXA|Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]]  (Japan), in collaboration with space agencies in the [[NASA|United States]] and the [[PPARC|United Kingdom]]. It was launched into [[Earth]] [[low Earth orbit|orbit]] on August&nbsp;30, 1991 by the [[Mu (rocket)|M-3SII]] rocket from [[Kagoshima Space Center]]. It took its first soft X-ray image on 13 September 1991, 21:53:40,<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 1992PASJ...44L..41O | title=The status of YOHKOH in orbit - an introduction to the initial scientific results | journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan | volume=44 | page=L41 | year=1992 |last1=Ogawara |first1=Yoshiaki |last2=Acton |first2=Loren W. |last3=Bentley |first3=Robert D. |last4=Bruner |first4=Marilyn E. |last5=Culhane |first5=J. Leonard |last6=Hiei |first6=Eijiro |last7=Hirayama |first7=Tadashi |last8=Hudson |first8=Hugh S. |last9=Kosugi |first9=Takeo |last10=Lemen |first10=James R. |last11=Strong |first11=Keith T. |last12=Tsuneta |first12=Saku |last13=Uchida |first13=Yutaka |last14=Watanabe |first14=Tetsuya |last15=Yoshimori |first15=Masato}}</ref> and movie representations of the X-ray corona over 1991-2001 are available at the [http://ylstone.physics.montana.edu/ylegacy/ Yohkoh Legacy site].

==Description==
The satellite was three-axis stabilized and in a near-circular orbit. It carried four instruments: a Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT), a Hard X-ray Telescope (HXT), a Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS), and a Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS). About 50 [[megabyte|MB]] were generated each day and stored on board by a 10.5 MB [[bubble memory]] recorder.

Because SXT utilized a [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) as its readout device, perhaps being the first X-ray astronomical telescope to do so, its "data cube" of images was both extensive and convenient, and it revealed much interesting detail about the behavior of the solar corona. 
Previous solar soft X-ray observations, such as those of [[Skylab]], had been restricted to film as a readout device. 
Yohkoh therefore returned many novel scientific results, especially regarding solar flares and other forms of magnetic activity.<ref>[http://solar.physics.montana.edu/nuggets/ Yohkoh Science Nuggets]</ref>

The mission ended after more than ten years of successful observation when it went into its "safehold" mode during an annular eclipse on 14 December 2001, 20:58:33 and the spacecraft lost lock on the Sun. Operational mistakes and other flaws combined in such a way that its solar panels could no longer charge the batteries, which drained irreversibly; several other solar eclipses had successfully been observed.{{fact|date=August 2024}}

On 12 September 2005, the spacecraft burned up during reentry over South Asia.  The time of reentry, as provided by the [[US space surveillance network|U.S. Space Surveillance Network]], was 6:16 pm [[Japan Standard Time]] (JST).{{fact|date=August 2024}}

==Instruments==
''Yohkoh'' carried four instruments&nbsp;:<ref>[http://www.darts.isas.ac.jp/solar/yohkoh/analysis.html ''Yohkoh'' Analysis Guide version 2.9x / Instrument Manual.] Eds. M.D.Morrison, R.D.Bentley. 1999.</ref>
* The '''Soft X-ray Telescope''' (SXT)<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 1991SoPh..136...37T | title=The Soft X-ray Telescope for the SOLAR-A Mission | journal=Solar Physics | volume=136 | page=37 | year=1991 | author1=Tsuneta, S.|author2=Acton, L.|author3=Bruner, M.|author4=Lemen, J.|author5=Brown, W.|author6=Caravalho, R.|author7=Catura, R.|author8=Freeland, S.|author9=Jurcevich, B.|author10=Morrison, M.|author11=Ogawara, Y.|author12=Hirayama, T.|author13=Owens, J.| issue=1 |doi = 10.1007/BF00151694 | s2cid=125772827 }}</ref> was an X-ray telescope with glancing incidence X-ray mirror and a CCD sensor. There was also a co-aligned optical telescope using the same CCD, but after the failure of the entrance filter in November 1992 it became unusable.

The CCD was 1024×1024 pixels with pixel angular size of 2.45″×2.45″, a point-spread function (core width [[Full width at half maximum|FWHM]]) of about 1.5 pixels (i.e. 3.7″), a field of view of 42′×42′, which was a little larger than the whole solar disk. Typical time resolution was 2&nbsp;s in flare mode and 8&nbsp;s in quiet (no flare) mode, the maximum time resolution in 0.5&nbsp;s.

For spectral discrimination, SXT employed wide-band filters installed on a filter wheel. There were five usable filter positions: '''1265&nbsp;Å'''-thick '''Al''' filter (2.5&nbsp;Å–36&nbsp;Å pass band), '''Al/Mg/Mn''' filter (2.4&nbsp;Å–32&nbsp;Å), '''2.52&nbsp;μm Mg''' filter (2.4&nbsp;Å–23&nbsp;Å), '''11.6&nbsp;μm Al''' filter (2.4&nbsp;Å–13&nbsp;Å), '''119&nbsp;μm Be''' filter (2.3&nbsp;Å–10&nbsp;Å). Before the entrance filter failure in November 1992 three more filter positions were available: no analysis filter (2.5&nbsp;Å–46&nbsp;Å), Wide band optical filter (4600&nbsp;Å–4800&nbsp;Å), Narrow band optical filter (4290&nbsp;Å–4320&nbsp;Å).
* The '''Hard X-ray Telescope''' (HXT)<ref>{{cite journal | bibcode = 1991SoPh..136...17K | title=The Hard X-ray Telescope (HXT) for the SOLAR-A Mission | journal=Solar Physics | volume=136 | page=17 | year=1991 | author1=Kosugi, T.|author2=Makishima, K.|author3=Murakami, T.|author4=Sakao, T.|author5=Dotani, T.|author6=Inda, M.|author7=Kai, K.|author8=Masuda, S.|author9=Nakajima, H.|author10=Ogawara, Y.|author11=Sawa, M.|author12=Shibasaki, K.| issue=1 |doi = 10.1007/BF00151693 | s2cid=120566745 }}</ref> was a Fourier-synthesis X-ray imager with 64 bigrid collimators sparsely sampling the (u,v) plane and feeding individual scintillation-counter detectors. HXT was sensitive to photons with energies from 14&nbsp;keV to 93&nbsp;keV, this range was divided into four energy bands (called L, M1, M2,&nbsp;H). The angular resolution was about 5″, image synthesis field of view is 2′×2′, maximum time resolution was 0.5&nbsp;s.
* '''Bragg Crystal Spectrometer''' (BCS) was two bent crystal [[spectrometer]]s sensitive in four spectral lines: the line of ion Fe&nbsp;XXVI (1.76&nbsp;Å–1.81&nbsp;Å), ion Fe&nbsp;XXV (1.83&nbsp;Å–1.90&nbsp;Å), ion Ca&nbsp;XIX (3.16&nbsp;Å–3.19&nbsp;Å), and ion S&nbsp;XV (5.02&nbsp;Å–5.11&nbsp;Å). Spectral resolution varied in the range of λ/Δλ=3000–8000, typical time resolution in flare mode was 8&nbsp;s, maximum is 0.125&nbsp;s. BCS integrates radiation over the whole solar disc.
* '''Wide Band Spectrometer''' (WBS) had spectroscopic capabilities in a wide energy band from 3&nbsp;keV to 100&nbsp;MeV. WBS was a set of four subinstruments, eаch of them outputs Pulse Count (PC) corresponding to intensity integrated over a band, and Pulse Height (PH) profile which corresponded to spectrum. Time resolution for PC (0.125&nbsp;s–4&nbsp;s for different subinstruments and modes) was 8–16 times better than for PH (1&nbsp;s–32&nbsp;s). WBS integrated radiation over the whole Sun and did not resolve source position.
** Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS) consisted of two [[Proportional counter|proportional gas counters]] with nominal energy band 5&nbsp;keV–40&nbsp;keV, which was divided into two PC channels and 128 PH channels. It was found after the launch that PH to energy relationship was distorted. No energy calibration for WBS PH data was available in 1999.
** Hard X-ray Spectrometer (HXS) was a NaI(Tl) [[Scintillation counter|scintillator]]. The energy band after June 1992 was 24&nbsp;keV–830&nbsp;keV. It was divided into 2 PC channels and 32 PH channels.
** Gamma-ray Spectrometer (GRS) consisted of two identical bismuth germanate oxide scintillators. It covered energy range 0.3&nbsp;MeV–100&nbsp;MeV, which was divided into 6 PC channels and 128+16 PH channels.
** Radiation Belt Monitor (RBM) unlike the other three was not aimed at solar flare observations and served to sound the alarm for [[radiation belt]] passage.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081117105316/http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/missions/yohkoh/index.shtml JAXA/ISAS overview of mission], at the [[Wayback Machine]]
*[http://www.isas.ac.jp/missions/spacecraft/past/yohkoh.html JAXA/ISAS Yohkoh legacy home page] (Japanese)
*[http://www.isas.ac.jp/en/missions/spacecraft/past/yohkoh.html JAXA/ISAS Yohkoh legacy home page] (English)
*[http://www.lmsal.com/SXT/homepage.html SXT project page]
*[http://www.lmsal.com/SXT/Oimages.html SXT observation images]
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9387680/Yohkoh Encyclopædia Britannica, Yohkoh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060212113717/http://gedas22.stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp/HXT/ HXT project page]
*[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1991-062A NASA/NSSDC information on Yohkoh]
*[https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9758/us-european-japanese-workshop-on-space-cooperation-summary-report U.S.-European-Japanese Workshop on Space Cooperation: Summary Report], 1999
*[http://solar.physics.montana.edu/nuggets/ Yohkoh Science Nuggets]

{{Sun spacecraft}}
{{Space observatories}}
{{Japanese space program}}

[[Category:1991 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth]]
[[Category:Satellites of Japan]]
[[Category:Solar telescopes]]
[[Category:Space telescopes]]
[[Category:X-ray telescopes]]
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[[Category:1991 in Japan]]

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