Malagasy peoples

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Malagasy

Top: A Malagasy street vendor; Bottom: A traditional Malagasy Valiha orchestra
Total population
c. 30+ million
Regions with significant populations
Madagascar, Comoros, Mayotte, Réunion, Mauritius, France, United Kingdom, United States, South Africa, Australia, Canada, New Zealand
Languages
Malagasy (L1) French (L2)
Religion
Christianity, Traditional Faiths, Islam
Related ethnic groups
Austronesian peoples Bantu peoples Cape Coloureds Ma'anyan Banjar Dusun Paku Lawangan other Barito Ambonese Moluccans Native Oceanians

The Malagasy (French: Malgache or Malagasy: Gasy ^[1]) are a group of Austronesian-speaking ethnic groups indigenous to the island country of Madagascar, formed through generations of interaction between Austronesians originally from southern Borneo and Bantus from Southeast Africa. Traditionally, the population have been divided into sub-ethnic groups. Examples include "Highlander" (ethnically mixed ancestry but more Austronesian and slightly less Bantu) groups such as the Merina and Betsileo of the central highlands around Antananarivo, Alaotra (Ambatondrazaka) and Fianarantsoa, and the "coastal dwellers" (predominantly Bantu with less Austronesian traits sometimes like mulatto) such as the Sakalava, Bara, Vezo, Betsimisaraka, Mahafaly, etc.

The Merina are further divided into two subgroups. The “Merina A” are the Hova and Andriana, and have an average of 30–40% Bantu ancestry. The second subgroup is the “Merina B”, the Andevo, who have an average of 40–50% Bantu ancestry. The latter make up less than 2/3 of Merina society.^[2] The Malagasy population was 2,242,000 in the first census in 1900. Their population had a massive growth in the next hundred years, especially under French Madagascar.^{[citation needed]}

An island-wide survey of the genetic diversity was performed from 2008 to 2018. This project was called "MAGE" (for Madagascar, Anthropology Genetics Ethno-linguistic^[3]). Around 3000 inhabitants of Madagascar participated in this study and provided their saliva for a genetic study. Three hundred villages across Madagascar were sampled in terms of genetic, linguistic and cultural diversity. This research was led and performed by Malagasy and European researchers and academics. This study demonstrated that all Malagasy people have mixed African and Asian ancestry.^[4]

But the proportion of ancestral genes differs. Coastal Malagasy populations, including the Temoro, Vezo, and Mikea, etc. have approximately 70% African ancestry and 30% Asian ancestry,^[5] while highlander tribes tend to have lower African ancestry at around 45%.^[4] In a recent island-wide survey the male-only Y chromosomes of African origin are more common than those of East Asian origin, but it varies depending on the study (70.7 vs. 20.7 or 51% vs 34%).^[6] However the mtDNA lineages, passed down from mother to child, are the opposite (42.4% African origin vs. 50.1% East Asian origin).^[7][8] Male-only Y chromosome of East/Southeast Asian paternal frequencies such as Haplogroup O-M175 varies from 45% in Antalaotra, 16% in the Ampanabaka, 5% Anteony. In contrast, African male haplogroup such as E1b1a1 constituted 76% of the Ampanabaka genetic diversity, but only 7% in the Antalaotra and 12% in the Anteony.^[9]

Due to the proximity to Africa, the connection with Asian populations aroused the most curiosity. Around 1996, a study was launched in an attempt to identify the presence of the Polynesian motif in the Malagasy population (mtDNA haplotype B4a1a1a). A more recent study identified two additional mutations (1473 and 3423A) found in all Polynesian motif carriers of Madagascar, hence was named the Malagasy motif.^[10] The frequency varied among three ethnic groups: 50% in Merina, 22% in Vezo, and 13% in Mikea.

Based on this result, a study suggested that Madagascar was settled approximately 1,200 years ago by a very small group, which consisted of approximately 30 women; 28 (93%) of them had maritime Southeast Asian descent and 2 (7%) of them were of African descent.^[10] The Malagasy population developed through the intermixing of the first small founding population with African males. The closest Asian parental population of the Malagasy are found in what is now Indonesia, among the Banjar and other South Kalimantan Dayak people of south east Borneo.^[11][12] Language footprints of their ancestors from Southeastern Asia can be traced by the many shared words of basic vocabulary with Ma'anyan, a language from the region of the Barito River in southern Borneo.

The difference in origins remains somewhat evident between the highland and coastal regions ^{[citation needed]}. In addition to the distinction in term of ancestral proportion between highland and coastal Malagasy, one may speak of a political distinction as well. Merina monarchs in the late 18th and early 19th century, united the Merina principalities and brought the neighbouring Betsileo people under their administration first. They later extended Merina control over the majority of the coastal areas. The neighbouring island of Moheli was also ruled by a Muslim Merina dynasty founded by Abderremane, Sultan of Mohéli, who was a brother-in-law of King Radama I. The military resistance and eventual defeat of most of the coastal communities assured their subordinate position vis-à-vis the Merina-Betsileo alliance. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the French colonial administration capitalized on and further exacerbated these political inequities by appropriating existing Merina governmental infrastructure to run their colony. This legacy of political inequity dogged the people of Madagascar after gaining independence in 1960; candidates' ethnic and regional identities have often served to help or hinder their success in democratic elections.^{[citation needed]}

Within these two broad ethnic and political groupings, the Malagasy were historically subdivided into specifically named ethnic groups, who were primarily distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural practices. These were namely agricultural, hunting, or fishing practices; construction style of dwellings; music; hair and clothing styles; and local customs or taboos, the latter was known in the Malagasy language as fady.^{[citation needed]} The number of such ethnic groups in Madagascar has been debated. The practices that distinguished many of these groups are less prevalent in the 21st century than they were in the past. But, many Malagasy are proud to proclaim their association with one or several of these groups as part of their own cultural identity.^{[citation needed]}

• "Highlander" ethnic groups
  • Merina
  • Sihanaka
  • Betsileo
    • Zafimaniry
• Coastal ethnic groups
  • Antaifasy or Antefasy
  • Antaimoro or Temoro or Antemoro
  • Antaisaka or Antesaka
  • Antambahoaka
  • Antandroy or Tandroy
  • Antankarana
  • Antanosy or Tanosy
  • Bara
  • Betsimisaraka
  • Bezanozano
  • Mahafaly
  • Makoa
  • Mikea
  • Sakalava
  • Tanala
  • Tsimihety
  • Vezo

Countries with a significant Malagasy diaspora include France (specifically the overseas departments of Mayotte and Réunion),^[13] Comoros (specifically the island of Moheli), South Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean and the United States.^{[citation needed]}

The Malagasy diaspora in the United States includes those descended from people who, slave or free, came during the 18th and 19th centuries.^[14] Other Americans of Malagasy ancestry are recent immigrants from Madagascar. Some notable Americans who have Malagasy ancestry include Andy Razaf, Katherine Dunham, Regina M. Anderson, William H. Hastie, George Schuyler and Philippa Schuyler, Muhammad Ali,^[15] Robert Reed Church and Mary Church Terrell, Frederick D. Gregory,^[16] Thomas P. Mahammitt,^[17] Paschal Beverly Randolph, Maya Rudolph,^[18] Claude McKay, Jess Tom, Ben Jealous,^[19] and Keenen Ivory Wayans.^[20]

The first recorded African slave in Canada, Olivier Le Jeune, was taken from Madagascar to New France in 1628.^{[citation needed]}

• Malagasy language
• Culture of Madagascar
• Culture of Indonesia
• Culture of Oceania
• Seychellois Creole people
• Mauritian Creoles
• Cafres
• Cape Malay

• Memories of Madagascar and Slavery in the Black Atlantic by Wendy Wilson-Fall, 2015, Ohio University Press—Malagasy diaspora
• Sandra Evers, Gwyn Campbell, Michael Lambek (2013). Contest for Land in Madagascar: Environment, Ancestors and Development. African Social Studies Series. Brill. ISBN 9004256237, ISBN 9789004256231.