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Since the late 20th century, believers have attributed healing from illnesses or conversion to the Orthodox Church to their prayers to Maria and Alexei, as well as to the rest of the family.<ref>{{cite web | author=Serfes, Demetrios | year= 2000| title= ''Miracle of the Child Martyr Grand Duchess Maria''| work= The Royal Martyrs of Russia| url= http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleofmaria.htm | access-date= February 25, 2007| url-status = dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060213165440/https://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleofmaria.htm | archive-date= February 13, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author= Serfes, Demetrios| year= 2000| title= A Miracle Through the Prayers of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexis| work= The Royal Martyrs of Russia| url= http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleprayers.htm| access-date= February 25, 2007|url-status = dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070206173420/http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleprayers.htm| archive-date= February 6, 2007}}</ref>
Since the late 20th century, believers have attributed healing from illnesses or conversion to the Orthodox Church to their prayers to Maria and Alexei, as well as to the rest of the family.<ref>{{cite web | author=Serfes, Demetrios | year= 2000| title= ''Miracle of the Child Martyr Grand Duchess Maria''| work= The Royal Martyrs of Russia| url= http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleofmaria.htm | access-date= February 25, 2007| url-status = dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060213165440/https://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleofmaria.htm | archive-date= February 13, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author= Serfes, Demetrios| year= 2000| title= A Miracle Through the Prayers of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexis| work= The Royal Martyrs of Russia| url= http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleprayers.htm| access-date= February 25, 2007|url-status = dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070206173420/http://www.serfes.org/royal/miracleprayers.htm| archive-date= February 6, 2007}}</ref>


==Discovery of bodies==
⚫
==Gallery==
The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were discovered in 1979. Remains of two of the children, believed to be Maria and Alexei, were missing from the unmarked grave. The discovery of the Romanov remains was not acknowledged by the government until 1989 during the ''[[glasnost]]'' period. Following confirmation of identities through forensic and DNA analysis, the Imperial Family was interred in a state funeral at [[Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg|St. Peter and Paul Cathedral]] in St. Petersburg on 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were murdered.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Yeltsin-Life-Timothy-J-Colton-ebook/dp/B00CW0PSUI/ref=cm_cr_arp_d_product_top?ie=UTF8|title=Yeltsin: A Life|date=8 April 2008|publisher=Basic Books }}</ref>

It was not until 2007 that the remains of Alexei and one of his sisters were found at a second unmarked gravesite, about 70 meters from the first.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shevchenko, Maxim |year=2000 |title=The Glorification of the Royal Family |work=Nezavisemaya Gazeta |url=http://www.struggler.org/GlorificationOfTheRoyalFamily.html |access-date=December 10, 2006 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824094901/http://www.struggler.org/GlorificationOfTheRoyalFamily.html |archive-date=August 24, 2005 }}</ref> On 23&nbsp;August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site at [[Ganina Yama]] near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in assassin [[Yakov Yurovsky]]'s memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones are from a boy who was roughly between the ages of ten and thirteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three years old. Anastasia was seventeen years, one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old; and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found "shards of a container of [[sulfuric acid]], nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber."<ref>[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/resurrecting-the-czar-64545030/?page=1 Hammer, Joshua. "Resurrecting the Czar", ''Smithsonian Magazine'', November 2010]</ref>

Preliminary testing indicated a "high degree of probability" that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, Russian forensic scientists announced on 22 January 2008.<ref name="Study">{{cite web | author=Interfax| year=2008| title = Suspected remains of tsar's children still being studied | work= Interfax | url=http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=4189| access-date= January 23, 2008}}</ref> The Yekaterinburg region's chief forensic expert Nikolai Nevolin indicated the results would be compared against those obtained by foreign experts.{{cn|date=April 2023}} On April 30, 2008, Russian forensic scientists announced that DNA testing proves that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters.<ref name="Eckel">{{cite web|author=Eckel, Mike |year=2008 |title=DNA confirms IDs of czar's children |work=yahoo.com |url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080430/ap_on_re_eu/russia_czar_s_family |access-date=April 30, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501043005/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20080430/ap_on_re_eu/russia_czar_s_family |archive-date=May 1, 2008 |url-status = dead}}</ref>

⚫
==Gallery==
<gallery widths="250" heights="150">
<gallery widths="250" heights="150">
Image:Yekaterinburg cathedral on the blood 2007.jpg|[[Yekaterinburg]]'s "[[Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg|Church on the Blood]]," built on the spot where Nicholas II and his family were murdered in 1918
Image:Yekaterinburg cathedral on the blood 2007.jpg|[[Yekaterinburg]]'s "[[Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg|Church on the Blood]]," built on the spot where Nicholas II and his family were murdered in 1918

Revision as of 00:50, 25 December 2023

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Family
Icon of the Romanov Tsar family
Royal Martyrs, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Family (ROCOR)
Royal Passion-Bearers, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Family (Moscow Patriarchate)
Born18 May [O.S. 6 May] 1868 (Nicholas II)
6 June [O.S. 25 May] 1872 (Alexandra)
15 November [O.S. 3 November] 1895 (Olga)
10 June [O.S. 29 May] 1897 (Tatiana)
26 June [O.S. 14 June] 1899 (Maria)
18 June [O.S. 5 June] 1901 (Anastasia)
12 August [O.S. 30 July] 1904 (Alexei)
Peterhof, Russia;
New Palace, Darmstadt, Hesse, German Empire
(Tsarina Alexandra)
Died17 July 1918
Yekaterinburg, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Venerated inRussian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
Greek Orthodox Church[1]
Serbian Orthodox Church[2]
Antiochian Orthodox Church[3]
Romanian Orthodox Church
Bulgarian Orthodox Church
Russian Catholic Church
Canonized1981 (ROCOR) and 2000 (Moscow Patriarchate), United States and Russia by Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate
Major shrineChurch on Blood, Yekaterinburg, Russia
Feast17 July [O.S. 4 July]

The canonization of the Romanovs (also called "glorification" in the Russian Orthodox Church) was the elevation to sainthood of the last Imperial Family of Russia – Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Tsarina Alexandra, and their five children Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei – by the Russian Orthodox Church.

The family was killed by the Bolsheviks on 17 July 1918 at the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg.[4] The house was later demolished. The Church on Blood was built on this site, and the altar stands over the execution site.[5]

Canonization

On 1 November 1981, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (the younger brother of Nicholas II) and his secretary, Nicholas Johnson, were canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia.[6] The two men were both murdered at Perm on 13 June 1918.[7][8]

On 15 August 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church announced the canonization of Nicholas II and his immediate family for their "'humbleness, patience and meekness'" during their imprisonment and execution by the Bolsheviks.[9]

On 3 February 2016, the Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church canonized Nicholas II's personal physician, Eugene Botkin, as a righteous passion bearer.[10]

Controversy

See also: Tsarebozhiye

The canonizations were controversial for both branches of the Russian Orthodox Church. In 1981, opponents noted Nicholas II's perceived weaknesses as a ruler and said that his actions had led to the Bolshevik Revolution, which caused so much damage for Russia and its people. One priest of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad noted that martyrdom in the Russian Orthodox Church has nothing to do with the martyr's personal actions but was instead related to why he or she was killed.[11] Other critics noted that the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad appeared to be blaming Jewish revolutionaries for the deaths and equating the political assassination with a ritual murder.[12]

Others rejected the family's being classified as new martyrs because they were not killed because of their religious faith. There was no proof that the execution was a ritual murder. Religious leaders in both churches also had objections to canonizing the Tsar's family because they perceived him to have been a weak emperor whose incompetence led to the revolution, and the suffering of his people. They said he was at least partially responsible for his own murder and the murders of his wife and children. For these opponents, the fact that the Tsar was said to be, in private life, a kind man and a good husband and father did not override his poor governance of Russia.[11]

Despite their official designation as "passion-bearers" by the August 2000 Council, the family are referred to as "martyrs" in Church publications, icons, and in popular veneration by the people.[13][14]

Since the late 20th century, believers have attributed healing from illnesses or conversion to the Orthodox Church to their prayers to Maria and Alexei, as well as to the rest of the family.[15][16]

Discovery of bodies

The bodies of Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarina Alexandra, and three of their daughters were discovered in 1979. Remains of two of the children, believed to be Maria and Alexei, were missing from the unmarked grave. The discovery of the Romanov remains was not acknowledged by the government until 1989 during the glasnost period. Following confirmation of identities through forensic and DNA analysis, the Imperial Family was interred in a state funeral at St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg on 17 July 1998, eighty years after they were murdered.[17]

It was not until 2007 that the remains of Alexei and one of his sisters were found at a second unmarked gravesite, about 70 meters from the first.[18] On 23 August 2007, a Russian archaeologist announced the discovery of two burned, partial skeletons at a bonfire site at Ganina Yama near Yekaterinburg that appeared to match the site described in assassin Yakov Yurovsky's memoirs. The archaeologists said the bones are from a boy who was roughly between the ages of ten and thirteen years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was roughly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-three years old. Anastasia was seventeen years, one month old at the time of the assassination, while her sister Maria was nineteen years, one month old; and her brother Alexei was two weeks shy of his fourteenth birthday. Anastasia's elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were twenty-two and twenty-one years old at the time of the assassination. Along with the remains of the two bodies, archaeologists found "shards of a container of sulfuric acid, nails, metal strips from a wooden box, and bullets of various caliber."[19]

Preliminary testing indicated a "high degree of probability" that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters, Russian forensic scientists announced on 22 January 2008.[20] The Yekaterinburg region's chief forensic expert Nikolai Nevolin indicated the results would be compared against those obtained by foreign experts.[citation needed] On April 30, 2008, Russian forensic scientists announced that DNA testing proves that the remains belong to the Tsarevich Alexei and to one of his sisters.[21]

  • Yekaterinburg's "Church on the Blood," built on the spot where Nicholas II and his family were murdered in 1918
    Yekaterinburg's "Church on the Blood," built on the spot where Nicholas II and his family were murdered in 1918
  • Church of St. Nicholas at the Romanov Monastery near the site where the Romanovs' remains were found at Ganina Yama
    Church of St. Nicholas at the Romanov Monastery near the site where the Romanovs' remains were found at Ganina Yama

See also

References

  1. ^ "Holy Royal Martyrs of Russia". Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  2. ^ "Church in Montenegro Marks Centenary of Romanovs' Deaths". 24 May 2018.
  3. ^ "St. Alexandra, Passion-Bearer". Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
  4. ^ "On This Day in 1918 the Romanov Family Was Killed". The Moscow Times. 2019-07-17. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  5. ^ "Church marks killing of Russian tsar". 2003-07-16. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  6. ^ "The Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia - Official Website". www.synod.com. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  7. ^ Yegorov, Oleg (2018-08-01). "Who among the Romanovs survived the Red Terror a century ago?". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  8. ^ Bychkova, Xenia (2019-08-01). "Tsar Nicholas II And Thailand". The Postil Magazine. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  9. ^ "Nicholas II And Family Canonized For 'Passion'". The New York Times. 2000-08-15. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  10. ^ "Определение Освященного Архиерейского Собора Русской Православной Церкви об общецерковном прославлении ряда местночтимых святых / Официальные документы / Патриархия.ru". Патриархия.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  11. ^ a b Massie, Robert K., The Romanovs: The Final Chapter, Random House, ISBN 0-394-58048-6, 1995, pp. 134-135
  12. ^ King, Greg, and Wilson, Penny, The Fate of the Romanovs, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., p. 495
  13. ^ "Patriarch Aleksy Visited the Place Where the Remains of the Royal Martyrs Had Been Burned" Archived 2005-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, Yekaterinburg, September 23, 2000, Pravoslavie.ru
  14. ^ GROUNDS FOR CANONIZATION OF THE TSAR FAMILY Archived 2009-05-26 at the Wayback Machine EXCERPTS FROM THE REPORT OF METROPOLITAN OF KRUTITSA AND KOLOMNA JUVENALY (Posted originally on the official web site of the Moscow Patriarchate)
  15. ^ Serfes, Demetrios (2000). "Miracle of the Child Martyr Grand Duchess Maria". The Royal Martyrs of Russia. Archived from the original on February 13, 2006. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  16. ^ Serfes, Demetrios (2000). "A Miracle Through the Prayers of Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarevich Alexis". The Royal Martyrs of Russia. Archived from the original on February 6, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  17. ^ Yeltsin: A Life. Basic Books. 8 April 2008.
  18. ^ Shevchenko, Maxim (2000). "The Glorification of the Royal Family". Nezavisemaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on August 24, 2005. Retrieved December 10, 2006.
  19. ^ Hammer, Joshua. "Resurrecting the Czar", Smithsonian Magazine, November 2010
  20. ^ Interfax (2008). "Suspected remains of tsar's children still being studied". Interfax. Retrieved January 23, 2008.
  21. ^ Eckel, Mike (2008). "DNA confirms IDs of czar's children". yahoo.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved April 30, 2008.
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