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Persist data with SQLite

Contents

If you are writing an app that needs to persist and query large amounts of data on the local device, consider using a database instead of a local file or key-value store. In general, databases provide faster inserts, updates, and queries compared to other local persistence solutions.

Flutter apps can make use of the SQLite databases via the sqflite plugin available on pub.dev. This recipe demonstrates the basics of using sqflite to insert, read, update, and remove data about various Dogs.

If you are new to SQLite and SQL statements, review the SQLite Tutorial to learn the basics before completing this recipe.

This recipe uses the following steps:

  1. Add the dependencies.
  2. Define the Dog data model.
  3. Open the database.
  4. Create the dogs table.
  5. Insert a Dog into the database.
  6. Retrieve the list of dogs.
  7. Update a Dog in the database.
  8. Delete a Dog from the database.

1. Add the dependencies

#

To work with SQLite databases, import the sqflite and path packages.

  • The sqflite package provides classes and functions to interact with a SQLite database.
  • The path package provides functions to define the location for storing the database on disk.

To add the packages as a dependency, run flutter pub add:

flutter pub add sqflite path

Make sure to import the packages in the file you'll be working in.

dart
import 'dart:async';

import 'package:flutter/widgets.dart';
import 'package:path/path.dart';
import 'package:sqflite/sqflite.dart';

2. Define the Dog data model

#

Before creating the table to store information on Dogs, take a few moments to define the data that needs to be stored. For this example, define a Dog class that contains three pieces of data: A unique id, the name, and the age of each dog.

dart
class Dog {
  final int id;
  final String name;
  final int age;

  const Dog({
    required this.id,
    required this.name,
    required this.age,
  });
}

3. Open the database

#

Before reading and writing data to the database, open a connection to the database. This involves two steps:

  1. Define the path to the database file using getDatabasesPath() from the sqflite package, combined with the join function from the path package.
  2. Open the database with the openDatabase() function from sqflite.
dart
// Avoid errors caused by flutter upgrade.
// Importing 'package:flutter/widgets.dart' is required.
WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
// Open the database and store the reference.
final database = openDatabase(
  // Set the path to the database. Note: Using the `join` function from the
  // `path` package is best practice to ensure the path is correctly
  // constructed for each platform.
  join(await getDatabasesPath(), 'doggie_database.db'),
);

4. Create the dogs table

#

Next, create a table to store information about various Dogs. For this example, create a table called dogs that defines the data that can be stored. Each Dog contains an id, name, and age. Therefore, these are represented as three columns in the dogs table.

  1. The id is a Dart int, and is stored as an INTEGER SQLite Datatype. It is also good practice to use an id as the primary key for the table to improve query and update times.
  2. The name is a Dart String, and is stored as a TEXT SQLite Datatype.
  3. The age is also a Dart int, and is stored as an INTEGER Datatype.

For more information about the available Datatypes that can be stored in a SQLite database, see the official SQLite Datatypes documentation.

dart
final database = openDatabase(
  // Set the path to the database. Note: Using the `join` function from the
  // `path` package is best practice to ensure the path is correctly
  // constructed for each platform.
  join(await getDatabasesPath(), 'doggie_database.db'),
  // When the database is first created, create a table to store dogs.
  onCreate: (db, version) {
    // Run the CREATE TABLE statement on the database.
    return db.execute(
      'CREATE TABLE dogs(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)',
    );
  },
  // Set the version. This executes the onCreate function and provides a
  // path to perform database upgrades and downgrades.
  version: 1,
);

5. Insert a Dog into the database

#

Now that you have a database with a table suitable for storing information about various dogs, it's time to read and write data.

First, insert a Dog into the dogs table. This involves two steps:

  1. Convert the Dog into a Map
  2. Use the insert() method to store the Map in the dogs table.
dart
class Dog {
  final int id;
  final String name;
  final int age;

  Dog({
    required this.id,
    required this.name,
    required this.age,
  });

  // Convert a Dog into a Map. The keys must correspond to the names of the
  // columns in the database.
  Map<String, Object?> toMap() {
    return {
      'id': id,
      'name': name,
      'age': age,
    };
  }

  // Implement toString to make it easier to see information about
  // each dog when using the print statement.
  @override
  String toString() {
    return 'Dog{id: $id, name: $name, age: $age}';
  }
}
dart
// Define a function that inserts dogs into the database
Future<void> insertDog(Dog dog) async {
  // Get a reference to the database.
  final db = await database;

  // Insert the Dog into the correct table. You might also specify the
  // `conflictAlgorithm` to use in case the same dog is inserted twice.
  //
  // In this case, replace any previous data.
  await db.insert(
    'dogs',
    dog.toMap(),
    conflictAlgorithm: ConflictAlgorithm.replace,
  );
}
dart
// Create a Dog and add it to the dogs table
var fido = Dog(
  id: 0,
  name: 'Fido',
  age: 35,
);

await insertDog(fido);

6. Retrieve the list of Dogs

#

Now that a Dog is stored in the database, query the database for a specific dog or a list of all dogs. This involves two steps:

  1. Run a query against the dogs table. This returns a List<Map>.
  2. Convert the List<Map> into a List<Dog>.
dart
// A method that retrieves all the dogs from the dogs table.
Future<List<Dog>> dogs() async {
  // Get a reference to the database.
  final db = await database;

  // Query the table for all the dogs.
  final List<Map<String, Object?>> dogMaps = await db.query('dogs');

  // Convert the list of each dog's fields into a list of `Dog` objects.
  return [
    for (final {
          'id': id as int,
          'name': name as String,
          'age': age as int,
        } in dogMaps)
      Dog(id: id, name: name, age: age),
  ];
}
dart
// Now, use the method above to retrieve all the dogs.
print(await dogs()); // Prints a list that include Fido.

7. Update a Dog in the database

#

After inserting information into the database, you might want to update that information at a later time. You can do this by using the update() method from the sqflite library.

This involves two steps:

  1. Convert the Dog into a Map.
  2. Use a where clause to ensure you update the correct Dog.
dart
Future<void> updateDog(Dog dog) async {
  // Get a reference to the database.
  final db = await database;

  // Update the given Dog.
  await db.update(
    'dogs',
    dog.toMap(),
    // Ensure that the Dog has a matching id.
    where: 'id = ?',
    // Pass the Dog's id as a whereArg to prevent SQL injection.
    whereArgs: [dog.id],
  );
}
dart
// Update Fido's age and save it to the database.
fido = Dog(
  id: fido.id,
  name: fido.name,
  age: fido.age + 7,
);
await updateDog(fido);

// Print the updated results.
print(await dogs()); // Prints Fido with age 42.

8. Delete a Dog from the database

#

In addition to inserting and updating information about Dogs, you can also remove dogs from the database. To delete data, use the delete() method from the sqflite library.

In this section, create a function that takes an id and deletes the dog with a matching id from the database. To make this work, you must provide a where clause to limit the records being deleted.

dart
Future<void> deleteDog(int id) async {
  // Get a reference to the database.
  final db = await database;

  // Remove the Dog from the database.
  await db.delete(
    'dogs',
    // Use a `where` clause to delete a specific dog.
    where: 'id = ?',
    // Pass the Dog's id as a whereArg to prevent SQL injection.
    whereArgs: [id],
  );
}

Example

#

To run the example:

  1. Create a new Flutter project.
  2. Add the sqflite and path packages to your pubspec.yaml.
  3. Paste the following code into a new file called lib/db_test.dart.
  4. Run the code with flutter run lib/db_test.dart.
dart
import 'dart:async';

import 'package:flutter/widgets.dart';
import 'package:path/path.dart';
import 'package:sqflite/sqflite.dart';

void main() async {
  // Avoid errors caused by flutter upgrade.
  // Importing 'package:flutter/widgets.dart' is required.
  WidgetsFlutterBinding.ensureInitialized();
  // Open the database and store the reference.
  final database = openDatabase(
    // Set the path to the database. Note: Using the `join` function from the
    // `path` package is best practice to ensure the path is correctly
    // constructed for each platform.
    join(await getDatabasesPath(), 'doggie_database.db'),
    // When the database is first created, create a table to store dogs.
    onCreate: (db, version) {
      // Run the CREATE TABLE statement on the database.
      return db.execute(
        'CREATE TABLE dogs(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT, age INTEGER)',
      );
    },
    // Set the version. This executes the onCreate function and provides a
    // path to perform database upgrades and downgrades.
    version: 1,
  );

  // Define a function that inserts dogs into the database
  Future<void> insertDog(Dog dog) async {
    // Get a reference to the database.
    final db = await database;

    // Insert the Dog into the correct table. You might also specify the
    // `conflictAlgorithm` to use in case the same dog is inserted twice.
    //
    // In this case, replace any previous data.
    await db.insert(
      'dogs',
      dog.toMap(),
      conflictAlgorithm: ConflictAlgorithm.replace,
    );
  }

  // A method that retrieves all the dogs from the dogs table.
  Future<List<Dog>> dogs() async {
    // Get a reference to the database.
    final db = await database;

    // Query the table for all the dogs.
    final List<Map<String, Object?>> dogMaps = await db.query('dogs');

    // Convert the list of each dog's fields into a list of `Dog` objects.
    return [
      for (final {
            'id': id as int,
            'name': name as String,
            'age': age as int,
          } in dogMaps)
        Dog(id: id, name: name, age: age),
    ];
  }

  Future<void> updateDog(Dog dog) async {
    // Get a reference to the database.
    final db = await database;

    // Update the given Dog.
    await db.update(
      'dogs',
      dog.toMap(),
      // Ensure that the Dog has a matching id.
      where: 'id = ?',
      // Pass the Dog's id as a whereArg to prevent SQL injection.
      whereArgs: [dog.id],
    );
  }

  Future<void> deleteDog(int id) async {
    // Get a reference to the database.
    final db = await database;

    // Remove the Dog from the database.
    await db.delete(
      'dogs',
      // Use a `where` clause to delete a specific dog.
      where: 'id = ?',
      // Pass the Dog's id as a whereArg to prevent SQL injection.
      whereArgs: [id],
    );
  }

  // Create a Dog and add it to the dogs table
  var fido = Dog(
    id: 0,
    name: 'Fido',
    age: 35,
  );

  await insertDog(fido);

  // Now, use the method above to retrieve all the dogs.
  print(await dogs()); // Prints a list that include Fido.

  // Update Fido's age and save it to the database.
  fido = Dog(
    id: fido.id,
    name: fido.name,
    age: fido.age + 7,
  );
  await updateDog(fido);

  // Print the updated results.
  print(await dogs()); // Prints Fido with age 42.

  // Delete Fido from the database.
  await deleteDog(fido.id);

  // Print the list of dogs (empty).
  print(await dogs());
}

class Dog {
  final int id;
  final String name;
  final int age;

  Dog({
    required this.id,
    required this.name,
    required this.age,
  });

  // Convert a Dog into a Map. The keys must correspond to the names of the
  // columns in the database.
  Map<String, Object?> toMap() {
    return {
      'id': id,
      'name': name,
      'age': age,
    };
  }

  // Implement toString to make it easier to see information about
  // each dog when using the print statement.
  @override
  String toString() {
    return 'Dog{id: $id, name: $name, age: $age}';
  }
}

Unless stated otherwise, the documentation on this site reflects the latest stable version of Flutter. Page last updated on 2024-04-04. View source or report an issue.