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{{good}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of India
| common_name            = India
| native_name            = {{transl|hi|ISO|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}<!-- native script removed, because we follow the English Wikipedia policy in this case. -->
| image_flag             = Flag of India.svg
| alt_flag               = Horizontal tricolour flag bearing, from top to bottom, deep saffron, white, and green horizontal bands. In the centre of the white band is a navy-blue wheel with 24 spokes.
| image_coat             = File:Emblem of India.svg<!-- please stop changing the emblem. Its colours are black, not brown. This is reflected throughout all versions of Wikipedia. -->
| symbol_width           = 60px
| symbol_type            = [[State Emblem of India|State Emblem]]
| other_symbol           = {{native phrase|sa|"[[Vande Mataram|Vande Mātaram]]"|italics=off}}{{efn|The language of "Vande Mātaram" is a [[wikt:combination|combination]] of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].}}<br />"I Bow to Thee, Mother"{{lower|0.2em|{{efn|"[...] ''Jana Gana Mana'' is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song ''Vande Mataram'', which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with ''Jana Gana Mana'' and shall have equal status with it." {{harv|Constituent Assembly of India|1950}}.<!--end efn:-->}}{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}<!--end lower:--><ref name="india.gov.in" />}}<br/>
<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Vande Mataram on Mohan Veena.ogg]]</div>
| other_symbol_type      = National song
| national_motto         = {{native phrase|sa|"[[Satyameva Jayate]]"|italics=off}}
| englishmotto           = "Truth Alone Triumphs"{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}}}
| national_anthem        = {{native phrase|hi|"[[Jana Gana Mana]]"|italics=off|paren=omit}}{{efn|The language of "Jana Gana Mana" was originally written in a [[wikt:combination|combination]] of [[Sanskrit]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. It was adopted as the national anthem in its Hindi translation.}}<ref name="india.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=National Symbols &#124; National Portal of India |url=https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204121208/https://india.gov.in/india-glance/national-symbols |archive-date=4 February 2017 |access-date=1 March 2017 |publisher=[[India.gov.in]] |quote=The National Anthem of India Jana Gana Mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950.}}</ref><ref name="tatsama">{{Cite news |date=14 August 2012 |title=National anthem of India: a brief on 'Jana Gana Mana' |publisher=[[News18 India|News18]] |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |access-date=7 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417194530/https://www.news18.com/news/india/national-anthem-of-india-a-brief-on-jana-gana-mana-498576.html |archive-date=17 April 2019}}</ref><br />"Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People"{{lower|0.2em|{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p=1}}<ref name="india.gov.in" />}}<br />
<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg]]</div>
| image_map              = India (orthographic projection).svg
| map_width              = 250px
| alt_map                = Image of a globe centred on India, with India highlighted.
| map_caption            = Land under the control of India is shown in dark green.<br/>[[List of disputed territories of India|Land claimed but not under the control of India]] is shown in light green.
| capital                = [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates            = {{Coord|28|36|50|N|77|12|30|E|type:city_region:IN}}
| largest_city           = {{plainlist|
* [[Mumbai]] ([[city proper]]—within the limits of the [[city]])
* [[Delhi]] ([[metropolitan area]]—city and [[suburb]]s)
}}
| official_languages     = {{hlist|[[Hindi]]|[[Indian English|English]]{{efn|[[Part XVII of the Constitution of India]] says that [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]] in the [[Devanagari]] script (writing system) is the [[official language]] of the Union (central government). [[Indian English|English]] is an additional official language.{{sfn|National Informatics Centre|2005}}{{sfn|Ministry of Home Affairs 1960}}<ref name="india.gov.in2">{{Cite web |title=Profile &#124; National Portal of India |url=https://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830064815/https://india.gov.in/india-glance/profile |archive-date=30 August 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013 |publisher=[[India.gov.in]]}}</ref> [[States and union territories of India]] can have their own official languages in place of Hindi or English.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutional Provisions – Official Language Related Part-17 of the Constitution of India |url=https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/constitutional-provisions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418112326/https://rajbhasha.gov.in/en/constitutional-provisions |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=[[Department of Official Language]] via [[Government of India]]}}</ref>}}
| regional_languages     = {{collapsible list
 |titlestyle = background:transparent;color: inherit; text-align:left;
 |title = [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule]]<ref name="langoff">{{Cite web |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |url=https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref>
 |1= {{hlist
 | [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
 | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
 | [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
 | [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
 | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
 | [[Hindi]]
 | [[Kannada]]
 | [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
 | [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
 | [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
 | [[Malayalam]]
 | [[Meitei language|Manipuri]]
 | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
 | [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
 | [[Odia language|Odia]]
 | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
 | [[Sanskrit]]
 | [[Santali language|Santali]]
 | [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
 | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
 | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
 | [[Urdu]]
 }}
}}<br/>
{{collapsible list
 |titlestyle = background:transparent;color: inherit; text-align:left;
 |title = [[Languages with official status in India#Official languages of states|Used by the states]]{{efn|Not all the official languages used by the states are in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]]. Also, not all the languages listed in the Eighth Schedule are used by the states as official languages. For example, the [[Sindhi language]] is listed in the Eighth Schedule. But it is not used by any state.}} 
 |1= {{hlist
 | [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
 | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
 | [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
 | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
 | [[Hindi]]
 | [[Kannada]]
 | [[Kokborok]]
 | [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
 | [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]
 | [[Malayalam]]
 | [[Meitei language|Manipuri]]
 | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
 | [[Mizo language|Mizo]]
 | [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
 | [[Odia language|Odia]]
 | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
 | [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]
 | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
 | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
 }}
}}
| languages_type         = [[Native language]]s
| languages              = [[Languages of India|447 languages]]{{efn|Different sources give different figures. [[Ethnologue]] lists 461 languages of India (out of 6,912 worldwide). 447 of these languages are living languages and 14 are extinct languages.<ref name="Ethnologue">{{Cite web |year=2014 |editor-last=Lewis, M. Paul |editor2-last=Simons, Gary F. |editor3-last=Fennig, Charles D. |title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World : India |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/IN |access-date=15 December 2014 |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] by SIL International |edition=17th |location=Dallas, Texas}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue2">{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue : Languages of the World (Seventeenth edition) : Statistical Summaries |url=https://archive.ethnologue.com/15/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=area |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217151950/https://archive.ethnologue.com/15/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=area |archive-date=17 December 2014 |access-date=17 December 2014 |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] by SIL International}}</ref>}}
| demonym                = {{hlist|[[Indian people|Indian]]|[[Names for India|others]]}}
| government_type        = [[Federal]] [[parliamentary system|parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1          = [[President of India|President]]
| leader_name1           = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| leader_title2          = [[Vice President of India|Vice President]]
| leader_name2           = [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
| leader_title3          = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3           = [[Narendra Modi]]
| legislature            = [[Parliament of India|Parliament]]
| upper_house            = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| lower_house            = [[Lok Sabha]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[Indian independence movement|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note       = from the [[United Kingdom]]
| established_event1     = [[Dominion of India|Dominion]]
| established_date1      = [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]]
| established_event2     = [[Republic]]
| established_date2      = [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 1950]]
| area_km2               = 3,287,263<ref name="india.gov.in" />
| area_footnote          = {{efn|The country's exact size is [[wikt:dispute|disputed]] by other countries. The [[government of India]] lists the total area as {{convert|3287260|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and the total land area as {{convert|3060500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The [[United Nations]] lists the total area as {{convert|3287263|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and the total land area as {{convert|2973190|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Library of Congress|2004}} }}
| area_rank              = 7th
| percent_water          = 9.6
| population_estimate    = {{increaseNeutral}} 1,428,627,663<ref name="WPP UN">{{Cite web |title=World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/ |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=population.un.org}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_estimate_rank = 1st
| population_census      = {{increaseNeutral}} 1,210,854,977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumeration Data (Final Population) |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522213913/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/population_enumeration.html |archive-date=22 May 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A – 2 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430213141/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2016 |access-date=17 June 2016 |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_census_rank = 2nd
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = 30th
| GDP_PPP                           = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$14.594 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.IN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=534,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April Edition. (India) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024|access-date=16 April 2024}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 3rd
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = {{increase}} $10,123<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 125th
| GDP_nominal            = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$3.937 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 5th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,731<ref name="IMFWEO.IN" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 136th
| Gini                   = 32.8 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year              = 2021
| Gini_change            = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref               = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gini index (World Bank estimate) – India |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=IN |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref>
| HDI                    = 0.644 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year               = 2022 <!--Please use the year to which the HDI [[Human Development Index]] data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change             = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = {{ordinal|134}}
| currency               = [[Indian rupee]] (₹)
| currency_code          = INR
| time_zone              = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset             = +05:30
| utc_offset_DST         = 
| DST_note               = ''[[Daylight saving time|DST]] is not observed''
| time_zone_DST          = 
| date_format            = {{ubl
| {{nowrap|{{abbr|dd|day}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|yyyy|year}}}}{{efn|See [[Date and time notation in India]].}}
}}
| drives_on              = left<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=List of all left- & right-driving countries around the world |url=https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/ |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=worldstandards.eu}}</ref>
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91]]
| cctld                  = [[.in]] ([[.in#Internationalised domain names and country codes|others]])
| religion_year          = 2011
| religion               = {{ubl
 | 79.8% [[Hinduism in India|Hinduism]]
 | 14.2% [[Islam in India|Islam]]
 | 2.3% [[Christianity in India|Christianity]]
 | 1.7% [[Sikhism in India|Sikhism]]
 | 0.7% [[History of Buddhism in India|Buddhism]]
 | 0.4% [[Jainism in India|Jainism]]
 | 0.23% [[Irreligion in India|unaffiliated]]
 | 0.65% [[Religion in India|other]]<ref name="Census2011religion" />
 }}
| official_website       = <!-- do not add www.gov.in – The article is about the country, not the government – from Template:Infobox country, do not use government website (e.g. usa.gov) for countries (e.g. United States) -->
| iso3166code            = IN
}}

'''India''' ([[Hindi]] pronunciation: {{transl|hi|ISO|Bhārat}}), officially the '''Republic of India''' ([[Hindi]] pronunciation: {{transl|hi|ISO|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}),<ref>–{{citation|title=The Essential Desk Reference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjcOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA76|year=2002|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-512873-4|page=76}} "Official name: Republic of India.";<br />–{{citation|author=John Da Graça|title=Heads of State and Government|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0YfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA421 |year=2017|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-349-65771-1|page=421}} "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat Ganarajya (Hindi)";<br />–{{citation|author=Graham Rhind |title=Global Sourcebook of Address Data Management: A Guide to Address Formats and Data in 194 Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA302|year=2017|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-1-351-93326-1|page=302}} "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat.";<br />–{{citation|last=Bradnock|first=Robert W.|title=The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzjbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|year=2015|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-40511-5|page=108}} "Official name: English: Republic of India; Hindi:Bharat Ganarajya";<br />–{{citation|title=Penguin Compact Atlas of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLw-ReHIgvQC&pg=PA140|year=2012|publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin]] |isbn=978-0-7566-9859-1|page=140}} "Official name: Republic of India";<br />–{{citation|title=Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA515|year=1997|isbn=978-0-87779-546-9 |edition=3rd |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]|pages=515–516}} "Officially, Republic of India";<br />–{{citation|title=Complete Atlas of the World: The Definitive View of the Earth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5moCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54-IA10 |edition=3rd|year=2016|publisher=[[DK Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4654-5528-4|page=54}} "Official name: Republic of India";<br />–{{citation|title=Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQWhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA726|year= 2013|publisher=[[CQ Press]]|isbn=978-1-4522-9937-2|page=726}} "India (Republic of India; Bharat Ganarajya)"</ref> also commonly called as '''Hindustan''',<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barrow|first=Ian J.|date=2003|title=From Hindustan to India: Naming Change in Changing Names|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/085640032000063977|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=37–49|doi=10.1080/085640032000063977|issn=0085-6401}}</ref> is a country in [[South Asia]]. It is the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|seventh-largest country by area]]. It is also the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|largest country]] by [[population|number of people]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|last2=|first2=|date=2023-04-24|title=India overtakes China to become world’s most populous country|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/24/india-overtakes-china-to-become-worlds-most-populous-country|access-date=2023-04-29|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> It is the [[world]]'s largest [[democracy]] by number of people since 1947.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=327|ps=: "Even though much remains to be done, especially in regard to eradicating poverty and securing effective structures of governance, India's achievements since independence in sustaining freedom and democracy have been singular among the world's new nations."}}<ref name="stein-arnold">{{Citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |year=2012 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |series=The Blackwell History of the World Series |edition=2 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |quote=One of these is the idea of India as 'the world's largest democracy', but a democracy forged less by the creation of representative institutions and expanding electorate under British rule than by the endeavours of India's founding fathers – Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Ambedkar – and the labours of the Constituent Assembly between 1946 and 1949, embodied in the Indian constitution of 1950. This democratic order, reinforced by the regular holding of nationwide elections and polling for the state assemblies, has, it can be argued, consistently underpinned a fundamentally democratic state structure – despite the anomaly of the Emergency and the apparent durability of the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty. |author-link=Burton Stein |editor-link=David Arnold (historian)}}</ref>{{sfn|Fisher|2018|pp=184–185|ps=: "Since 1947, India's internal disputes over its national identity, while periodically bitter and occasionally punctuated by violence, have been largely managed with remarkable and sustained commitment to national unity and democracy."}}

India is a [[peninsula]]. It has the [[Indian Ocean]] on the south, the [[Arabian Sea]] on the southwest, the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the southeast, and the [[Himalayas]] on the north. It has six neighbours: [[Pakistan]] in the northwest;{{efn|The [[Government of India]] also gives [[Afghanistan]] as a neighbouring country. It claims all of [[Kashmir]] as the part of India. But [[Pakistan]] [[Kashmir conflict|disputes]] this claim. Pakistan controls the region of Kashmir bordering Afghanistan. Source: {{cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management) |url=https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf|access-date=1 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317182910/https://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2015|url-status=dead}} }} [[China]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]] in the north; and [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]] in the east. [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]] are nearby to the south. Its [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] are near [[Indonesia]], Myanmar and [[Thailand]].

Modern [[human]]s came to the [[Indian subcontinent]] from [[Africa]] more than 55,000 years ago.<ref name="PetragliaAllchin">{{harvnb|Petraglia|Allchin|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA10 10]}}, "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka."</ref><ref name="Dyson2018p1">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}, "Modern human beings—''Homo sapiens''—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. ... it is virtually certain that there were ''Homo sapiens'' in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present."</ref><ref name="Fisher2018p23">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}}, "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the ''Homo sapiens'' range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation, spreading into each habitable land they encountered. One human channel was along the warm and productive coastal lands of the Persian Gulf and northern Indian Ocean. Eventually, various bands entered India between 75,000 years ago and 35,000 years ago."</ref> They have lived there for long time. At first, they had lived in the subcontinent as [[hunter-gatherer]]s. The Indian subcontinent is the second most [[wikt:diverse|diverse]] region after Africa.<ref name="Dyson2018-28a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28]}}</ref> Humans began to create [[settlement]]s in the subcontinent 9,000 years ago, on the western banks of the [[Indus River]]. The settlements became parts of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] in the third millennium [[Common Era|BCE]].<ref name="Combined-2">(a) {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4–5]}};<br />(b) {{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 33]}}</ref> By 1200 BCE, [[Sanskrit]], an [[Indo-European language]], [[wikt:spread|spread]] to India from the northwest.<ref name="Lowe2015">{{Cite book |last=Lowe |first=John J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L07CBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=Participles in Rigvedic Sanskrit: The syntax and semantics of adjectival verb forms |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-100505-3 |pages=1–2 |quote=(The Rigveda) consists of 1,028 hymns (suktas), highly crafted poetic compositions originally intended for recital during rituals and for the invocation of and communication with the Indo-Aryan gods. Modern scholarly opinion largely agrees that these hymns were composed between around 1500&nbsp;BCE and 1200&nbsp;BCE, during the eastward migration of the Indo-Aryan tribes from the mountains of what is today northern Afghanistan across the Punjab into north India.}}</ref><ref name="Combined-4-Rigveda">(a) {{cite book|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|last=Witzel|first=Michael|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0-470-99868-7|editor=Gavin Flood|pages=68–70|chapter=Vedas and Upanisads|quote=It is known from internal evidence that the Vedic texts were orally composed in northern India, at first in the Greater Punjab and later on also in more eastern areas, including northern Bihar, between ca. 1500 BCE and ca. 500–400 BCE. The oldest text, the Rgveda, must have been more or less contemporary with the Mitanni texts of northern Syria/Iraq (1450–1350 BCE); ... The Vedic texts were orally composed and transmitted, without the use of script, in an unbroken line of transmission from teacher to student that was formalised early on.  This ensured an impeccable textual transmission superior to the classical texts of other cultures; it is in fact something of a ''tape-recording'' of ca. 1500–500 BCE. Not just the actual words, but even the long-lost musical (tonal) accent (as in old Greek or in Japanese) has been preserved up to the present. (pp. 68–69) ... The RV text was composed before the introduction and massive use of iron, that is before ca. 1200–1000 BCE. (p. 70)|author-link=Michael Witzel|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C&pg=PA68}}<br />(b) {{citation|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|title=On Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUnaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR18|pages=xviii, 10|year=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-936009-3|quote=A Chronology of Hinduism: ca. 1500–1000 BCE Rig Veda; ca. 1200–900 BCE Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda (p. xviii); Hindu texts began with the ''Rig Veda'' ('Knowledge of Verses'), composed in northwest India around 1500 BCE (p. 10)|author-link=Wendy Doniger}}<br />(c) {{harvnb|Ludden|2014|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pBq9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 19]}}, "In Punjab, a dry region with grasslands watered by five rivers (hence 'panch' and 'ab') draining the western Himalayas, one prehistoric culture left no material remains, but some of its ritual texts were preserved orally over the millennia. The culture is called Aryan, and evidence in its texts indicates that it spread slowly south-east, following the course of the Yamuna and Ganga Rivers. Its elite called itself Arya (pure) and distinguished themselves sharply from others. Aryans led kin groups organized as nomadic horse-herding tribes. Their ritual texts are called Vedas, composed in Sanskrit. [[Vedic Sanskrit]] is recorded only in hymns that were part of Vedic rituals to Aryan gods. To be Aryan apparently meant to belong to the elite among pastoral tribes. Texts that record Aryan culture are not precisely datable, but they seem to begin around 1200 BCE with four collections of Vedic hymns (Rg, Sama, Yajur, and Artharva)."
<br />(d) {{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 14–15]}}, "Although the collapse of the Indus valley civilization is no longer believed to have been due to an 'Aryan invasion' it is widely thought that, at roughly the same time, or perhaps a few centuries later, new Indo-Aryan-speaking people and influences began to enter the subcontinent from the north-west. Detailed evidence is lacking. Nevertheless, a predecessor of the language that would eventually be called Sanskrit was probably introduced into the north-west sometime between 3,900 and 3,000 years ago. This language was related to one then spoken in eastern Iran; and both of these languages belonged to the Indo-European language family. ... It seems likely that various small-scale migrations were involved in the gradual introduction of the predecessor language and associated cultural characteristics. However, there may not have been a tight relationship between movements of people on the one hand, and changes in language and culture on the other. Moreover, the process whereby a dynamic new force gradually arose—a people with a distinct ideology who eventually seem to have referred to themselves as 'Arya'—was certainly two-way. That is, it involved a blending of new features which came from outside with other features—probably including some surviving Harappan influences—that were already present. Anyhow, it would be quite a few centuries before Sanskrit was written down. And the hymns and stories of the Arya people—especially the Vedas and the later Mahabharata and Ramayana epics—are poor guides as to historical events. Of course, the emerging Arya were to have a huge impact on the history of the subcontinent. Nevertheless, little is known about their early presence."; <br /> (e) {{harvnb|Robb|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA46 46–]}}, "The expansion of Aryan culture is supposed to have begun around 1500 BCE. It should not be thought that this Aryan emergence (though it implies some migration) necessarily meant either a sudden invasion of new peoples, or a complete break with earlier traditions. It comprises a set of cultural ideas and practices, upheld by a Sanskrit-speaking elite, or Aryans. The features of this society are recorded in the Vedas."</ref> The first presence of Sanskrit is found in the hymns (songs of worship) of the ''[[Rigveda]]''. The hymns were spread from one person to another [[wikt:orally|orally]], not by any book. They show the early forms of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Combined-3">(a) {{citation|last1=Jamison|first1=Stephanie|author-link1=Stephanie W. Jamison|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel |title=The Rigveda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LTRDwAAQBAJ|year=2020|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-063339-4|pages=2, 4|quote=The RgVeda is one of the four Vedas, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the earliest evidence for what will become Hinduism. (p. 2)  Although Vedic religion is very different in many regards from what is known as Classical Hinduism, the seeds are there. Gods like Visnu and Siva (under the name Rudra), who will become so dominant later, are already present in the Rgveda, though in roles both lesser than and different from those they will later play, and the principal Rgvedic gods like Indra remain in later Hinduism, though in diminished capacity (p. 4).}};<br />(b) {{citation|last=Flood|first=Gavin|author-link=Gavin Flood|editor=Gavin Flood|title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Practice: Hindu Practice|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4yT3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|year= 2020|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-105322-1|pages=4–|chapter=Introduction|quote=I take the term 'Hinduism to meaningfully denote a range and history of practice characterised by a number of features, particularly reference to Vedic textual and sacrificial origins, belonging to endogamous social units (jati/varna), participating in practices that involve making an offering to a deity and receiving a blessing (puja), and a first-level cultural polytheism (although many Hindus adhere to a second-level monotheism in which many gods are regarded as emanations or manifestations of the one, supreme being).}};<br />(c) {{cite book|last=Michaels|first=Axel|author-link=Axel Michaels|editor=Patrick Olivelle, Donald R. Davis|title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Hindu Law: A New History of Dharmaśāstra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QAJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|year=2017|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-100709-5|pages=86–97|quote=Almost all traditional Hindu families observe until today at least three ''samskaras'' (initiation, marriage, and death ritual).  Most other rituals have lost their popularity, are combined with other rites of passage, or are drastically shortened.  Although ''samskaras'' vary from region to region, from class (''varna'') to class, and from caste to caste, their core elements remain the same owing to the common source, the Veda, and a common priestly tradition preserved by the ''Brahmin'' priests. (p 86)}}<br />(d) {{cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin D.|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA35|year=1996|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|page=35|quote=It is this Sansrit, vedic, tradition which has maintained a continuity into modern times and which has provided the most important resource and inspiration for Hindu traditions and individuals.  The Veda is the foundation for most later developments in what is known as Hinduism.}}</ref> The [[Indo-Aryan languages]] replaced the [[Dravidian languages]] in the northern and western regions of India.<ref name="Combined-4">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 25]}}</ref> By 400 BCE, the [[caste]] system was developed within Hinduism.<ref name="Dyson2018-16a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16]}}</ref> [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] were also developed in India at the same time.<ref name="Fisher2018-59">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59 59]}}</ref>

India has been a [[federal republic]] since 1950. [[Government of India|Its government]] is a democratic [[parliamentary system]]. It is a [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] (multiple languages) and [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] (multiple cultures) society.<ref name="Dyson2018-219">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 219], 262}}</ref> The [[capital city]] of India is [[New Delhi]]. India has the second largest [[Indian Armed Forces|military force]] in the world and is also a [[nuclear weapon]] state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/nuke/index.html |title=India Nuclear Forces |accessdate=11 April 2009 |publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref> India's economy became the world's fastest growing in the [[G20 developing nations]] during 2014, replacing the People's Republic of China.<ref name="India clocks 7.5% growth in January-March quarter, becomes world's fastest growing economy">{{cite news|title=India clocks 7.5% growth in January-March quarter, becomes world's fastest growing economy|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/node/2090462%20DNA,Indian%20economy%20overtaken%20china%20growth%20rate|accessdate=29 August 2016|newspaper=DNA India|date=29 May 2015}}</ref> India's [[literacy]] and wealth are also rising.<ref>{{cite web |last =Singh |first =Gyanant |title =Rising economic wealth and literacy behind increase of court cases, claims report |work =India Today |date =16 January 2013 |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-economic-wealth-literacy-rising-court-cases-report-india-today/1/242401.html |accessdate =11 January 2016  }}</ref>

India has the fifth largest economy by nominal [[GDP]], the third largest by [[GDP PPP|GDP (PPP)]] and is one of the fastest growing major economy. According to New World Wealth, India is the fifth richest country in the world with a total individual wealth of $12.6&nbsp;trillion.<ref name="India on 10 wealthiest country list, takes 5th spot">{{cite news|title=India on 10 wealthiest country list, takes 5th spot|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-on-10-wealthiest-country-list-takes-7th-spot/articleshow/53825462.cms|accessdate=29 August 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|date=23 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="India's large population helps push it to 7th position in wealthiest nations list">{{cite news|title=India's large population helps push it to 5th position in wealthiest nations list|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/indias-large-population-helps-push-it-to-7th-position-in-wealthiest-nations-list/articleshow/53825341.cms|accessdate=29 August 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=23 August 2016}}</ref> However, it still has many [[Social issue|social]] and economic issues, for example [[Poverty in India|poverty]], [[pollution]], [[social equality]], [[Religious persecution|religious extremism]], [[terrorism]] and [[corruption]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-08-25|title=Hindu extremists are 'hunting down' Muslims, with impunity|language=en|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/08/25/in-the-indian-state-of-haryana-hindu-extremists-are-hunting-down-muslims-with-impunity_6107478_4.html|access-date=2024-01-21}}</ref> India has reduced [[Poverty in India|its rate of poverty]]. But its [[economic inequality]] has increased.<ref name="Dyson2018-216-a">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA216 216]}}</ref> 

India is a founding member of the [[World Trade Organisation]] (WTO), and has signed the [[Kyoto Protocol]]. It is also a member of the [[G20]] developing nations. India has its own [[Indian Space Research Organisation|space agency]] (ISRO). It has done much [[research]] throughout the [[Solar System]]. It has sent [[List of Solar System probes|spacecraft]] to the [[Moon]] and [[Mars]]. [[Cinema of India|Indian movies]], [[Music of India|music]] and spiritual teachings are becoming more important in global culture.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2012-266">{{harvnb|Metcalf|Metcalf|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mjIfqyY7jlsC&pg=PA266 266]}}</ref> Sources describe it as a [[potential superpower]], because of its rising economy and increase in global influence. India is a [[List of states with nuclear weapons|country with nuclear weapons]]. It also has a high [[wikt:rank|rank]] in [[List of countries by military expenditures|military expenditure]]. It has disputes over [[Kashmir]] with its neighbours, Pakistan and China, since the middle of the 20th century.<ref name="kashmir-disputes">(a) {{citation |title=Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |access-date=15 August 2019 |url-access=subscription |quote=Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent{{nbsp}}... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813203817/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent |archive-date=13 August 2019 |url-status=live}};<br />(b) {{citation |last1=Pletcher |first1=Kenneth |title=Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |access-date=16 August 2019 |url-access=subscription |quote=Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, ... constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402090308/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin |archive-date=2 April 2019}};<br />(c) {{cite encyclopedia|title=Kashmir|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Americana]]: Jefferson to Latin |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6 |page=328 |first=C. E |last=Bosworth |quote=KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947}}</ref> 

India has the fouth largest number of spoken languages per country in the world, only behind  [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/enterprise-faq/which-countries-have-most-languages|title = Which countries have the most languages?|website = Ethnologue|date = 8 February 2023}}</ref> Most of Indians follow [[Hinduism]] at 80%, but people of different religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Islam]] also live there.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kramer|first=Stephanie|title=Key findings about the religious composition of India|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/09/21/key-findings-about-the-religious-composition-of-india/|access-date=2024-01-21|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Origin of the name==
The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (third edition 2009) says that the name "India" comes from the [[Classical Latin]] name ''India''. It was originally used for [[South Asia]] and the areas to its east. Latin took the name from [[Hellenistic Greek]] ''India'' (''Ἰνδία''), from [[ancient Greek]] ''Indos'' (''Ἰνδός'') and then from [[Old Persian]] ''Hinduš''. The Old Persian name was used for the eastern province of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. The name has a relation with the [[Sanskrit]] word ''sindhu''. It means "river", [[wikt:especially|especially]] the [[Indus River]].<ref>{{Citation |title=India (noun) |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/94384#eid677811 |work=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |year=2009 |edition=3rd}} (subscription required)</ref>{{sfn|Thieme|1970|pp=447–450}} The [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] called Indians as ''Indoi'' (''{{ISO 639-2|GRC|Ἰνδοί}}''), which means "the people of the Indus".{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p = 86}}

The name ''Bhārat'' ({{lang|hi|भारत}}; {{IPA-hi|ˈbʱaːɾət|pron|hi-Bharat.ogg}}) is found in both [[Indian epic poetry]] and the [[Constitution of India]].{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}<ref>{{Citation |title=The Constitution of India |date=1 December 2007 |url=https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |access-date=3 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Ministry of Law and Justice]] |quote=Article 1(1): India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States. |archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> It is used in different [[languages of India|Indian languages]] in different forms. ''Bhārat'' is a modern form of the older name ''Bharātavarṣa'' ({{lang|sa|भारतवर्ष}}). It original meaning was the [[North India|northern part]] of India.<ref name="Jha2014">{{Citation |last=Jha |first=Dwijendra Narayan |title=Rethinking Hindu Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqDgBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 |page=11 |year=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-317-49034-0}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2017|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dYM4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253 253]}} It has become a very popular name for India since the middle of the 19th century.{{sfn|Clémentin-Ojha|2014}}{{sfn|Barrow|2003}}

''Hindustān'' ({{IPA-hns|ɦɪndʊˈstaːn||Hindustan.ogg}}) is a [[Middle Persian]] name for India. It became popular by the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Paturi |first1=Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCo5DAAAQBAJ |title=World Religions & Cults Volume 2: Moralistic, Mythical and Mysticism Religions |last2=Patterson |first2=Roger |date=2016 |publisher=New Leaf Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-89051-922-6 |editor-last=Hodge |editor-first=Bodie |location=United States |pages=59–60 |chapter=Hinduism (with Hare Krishna) |quote=The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the Indus River. The term Hindu originated as a geographical term and did not refer to a religion. Later, Hindu was taken by European languages from the Arabic term al-Hind, which referred to the people who lived across the Indus River. This Arabic term was itself taken from the Persian term Hindū, which refers to all Indians. By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as a popular alternative name for India, meaning the "land of Hindus." |editor-last2=Patterson |editor-first2=Roger}}</ref> It is used widely since the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Hindustan |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266465/Hindustan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main|History of India}}
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|400px|left|The [[British Raj]]]].
It is a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site. It is thought to be of "outstanding universal value".<ref name="UNESCO_TM">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list|title=Taj Mahal|accessdate=28 September 2007|work=World Heritage List|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|quote=The World Heritage List includes 851 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value.}}</ref>

One of the oldest language of the world, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], was born in today's India. It is more than 3000 years old.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/dravidian-language-family-is-4500-years-old-study/article23314180.ece|title=Dravidian language family is 4,500 years old: study|date=21 March 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 April 2019|others=PTI|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later, a king named Chandragupt Maurya built an empire called the [[Maurya Empire]] in 300 BC. It made most of South Asia into one whole country.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Maurya dynasty
|url=http://www.livius.org/man-md/mauryas/mauryas.html
|author = Jona Lendering
|accessdate = 17 June 2007
|archive-date = 8 February 2012
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65IEUKA7W?url=http://www.livius.org/man-md/mauryas/mauryas.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> From 180 BC, many other countries invaded India. Even later (100 BC &nbsp;AD 1100), other Indian dynasties (empires) came, including the Chalukyas, Cholas, Pallavas, and Pandyas.<ref>{{cite web
|title = South India
|url=http://www.webindia123.com/history/MEDIEVAL/history%20south.htm
|accessdate = 19 June 2007
|publisher = Suni System Ltd.
|year = 2007}}</ref> Southern India at that time was famous for its science, art, and writing. The [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] of [[Thanjavur]] were pioneers at war in the seas and influenced [[Malaya]], [[Borneo]], Cambodia. The influence of [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] are still noticeable in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-were-main-achievements-raja-raja-chola-285062|title=What were the main achievements of Raja Raja Chola and Rajendra Chola of the Chola dynasty in south India {{!}} eNotes|website=eNotes|accessdate=26 August 2017|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106165149/http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-were-main-achievements-raja-raja-chola-285062|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Many [[dynasty|dynasties]] ruled India around the year 1000. Some of these were the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]], and the [[Maratha dynasty|Maratha]] empires. In the 1600s, European countries invaded India, and the British controlled most of India by 1856.<ref>{{cite web
|title = From Trade to Colonization - Historic Dynamics of the East India Companies
|url=http://india_resource.tripod.com/eastindia.html
|accessdate = 19 June 2007
|date = 3 June 2007
|at = paragraph 18
|archive-date = 5 December 2012
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205034929/india_resource.tripod.com/eastindia.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

In the early 1900s, [[million]]s of people peacefully started to [[wikt:protest|protest]] against British control. One of the people who led the freedom movement was [[Mahatma Gandhi]], who only used peaceful tactics, including a way called "[[ahimsa]]", which means "non-violence".<ref name="CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA 3">{{cite book
|title = Concise Encyclopedia
|publisher = Dorling Kindersly Limited
|year = 1997
|pages = 455
|isbn = 0-7513-5911-4}}</ref> On 15 August 1947, India peacefully became free and independent from the [[British Empire]]. India's constitution was founded on 26 January 1950. Every year, on this day, Indians celebrate Republic Day. The first official leader (Prime Minister) of India was [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].

After 1947, India had a socialist planned economy. It is one of the founding members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the United Nations. It has fought many wars since independence from Britain, including the wars in 1947-48, 1965, 1971, and 1999 with [[Pakistan]] and in 1962 with [[People's Republic of China|China]]. It also fought a war to capture [[Goa]], a Portuguese-built [[harbour|port]] and a city that was not a part of India until 1961. The British refused to give it to the country, and so India had to use force and the British were defeated. India has also done nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998. It is one of the few countries that have [[nuclear bomb]]s.<ref name="India is a Nuclear State">{{cite web
|title = India Profile
|url=http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/India/index.html
|accessdate = 20 June 2007
|year = 2003
|publisher = NTI}}</ref> Since 1991, India has been one of the fastest-growing economies in the world.<ref>{{cite web
| author = Montek S. Ahluwalia
| title = Economic Reforms in India since 1991: Has Gradualism Worked?
| version =
| publisher = Journal of Economic Perspectives
| year = 2002
|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/speech/spemsa/msa008.doc
| format = MS Word
| accessdate = 13 June 2007
| archive-date = 4 March 2010
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304170307/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/speech/spemsa/msa008.doc
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Indiarivers.png|thumb|Rivers of India]]

India is the seventh biggest country in the world. It is the main part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The [[Borders of the Republic of India|countries next to India]] are [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]], [[China]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Nepal]]. It is also near [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Maldives]], two [[island country|island countries]]. The [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], a [[union territory]] of India, is near [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]] and Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands · India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Andaman+and+Nicobar+Islands,+India/@10.213225,91.00633,7z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3064a00f2b650ff3:0xce80055648fccb2c!8m2!3d11.7400867!4d92.6586401?hl=en|access-date=3 June 2021|website=Andaman and Nicobar Islands · India|language=en-AU}}</ref>

India is a [[peninsula]], which means that it is surrounded on three sides by water. In the west is the [[Arabian Sea]], in the south is the Indian Ocean, and in the east is the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The [[coastline]] of India is of about {{convert|7517|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="sanilkumar">{{cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=V. Sanil|first2=K. C. |last2=Pathak|first3= P.|last3= Pednekar|first4= N. S. N. |last4=Raju|title=Coastal processes along the Indian coastline|journal=Current Science|volume=91|issue=4|year=2006|pages=530–536|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/350/1/Curr_Sci_91_530.pdf}}</ref> The northern part of India has many mountains. The most famous mountain range in India is the [[Himalayas]], which have some of the tallest mountains in the world. There are many rivers in India. The main rivers are the [[Ganges]], the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]], the [[Yamuna]], the Godavari, the Kaveri, the Narmada, and the Krishna.

India's total [[coastline]] is {{Convert|7517|km|mi|-2|adj=on|abbr=off}} long. The mainland's coastline is {{Convert|5423|km|mi|-2|adj=on|abbr=off}} long. The [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]], [[Nicobar Islands|Nicobar]] and [[Lakshadweep]] islands have {{Convert|2094|km|mi|-2|adj=on|abbr=off}} long coastlines in total.{{sfn|Kumar|Pathak|Pednekar|Raju|2006}} From the [[Indian Navy|Indian naval]] [[hydrography|hydrographic]] [[chart]]s, 43% of the mainland coast are sandy beaches, 11% are rocky shores and cliffs, and 46% are [[mudflat]]s or [[marsh]]y shores.{{sfn|Kumar|Pathak|Pednekar|Raju|2006}}

India has different climates.<ref name="CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA 4">{{cite book
|title = Concise Encyclopedia
|publisher = Dorling Kindersley Limited
|year = 1997
|pages = 333
|isbn = 0-7513-5911-4}}</ref> In [[South India]], the climate is mainly [[tropics|tropical]], which means it can get very hot in summer and cool in winter.<ref name="CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA 4"/> The northern part, though, has a cooler climate, called [[subtropics|subtropical]]. The mountainous regions can be [[alpine climate|alpine]].<ref name="CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA 4"/> The [[Himalayas]], in the alpine climate region, can get extremely cold. The Himalayas do not allow the cold Central Asian winds from blowing into the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It keeps the most of the subcontinent warmer than most places at same [[latitude]]s.{{sfn|Posey|1994|p = 118}}{{sfn|Wolpert|2003|p = 4}} There is very heavy rainfall along the west coast and in the Eastern Himalayan foothills. The west, though, is drier. Because of some of the [[desert]]s of India, all of India gets rain for four months of the year. That time is called the [[monsoon]]. That is because the deserts attract water-filled winds from the Indian Ocean, which give rain when they come into India. When the monsoon rains come late or not so heavily, droughts (when the land dries out because there is less rain) are possible. Monsoons normally come around July–August.

==Politics==
{{multiple image
|perrow=1
|total_width=250
|image1=Rashtrapati Bhavan Wide New Delhi India.jpg
|caption1=The [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]] is the official residence (house where a person lives) of the [[President of India]].
|image2=Glimpses of the new Parliament Building, in New Delhi (2).jpg
|caption2=The [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]] (''Sansad Bhavan'') in [[New Delhi]] is the place where the [[Parliament of India]] meets. 
}}
India is a [[parliamentary republic]] with a [[multi-party system]].{{sfn|Burnell|Calvert|1999|p = 125}} It is the democracy in the world by the number of people.<ref name="largestdem1">{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1154019.stm
| title = Country profile: India
| accessdate= 14 March 2019
| date = 19 April 2012
| publisher = BBC
}}</ref> It has six{{nbsp}}[[List of political parties in India|national parties]], for example the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). It also has more than 50{{nbsp}}[[List of political parties in India|regional parties]].{{sfn|Election Commission of India}} The Congress is known as [[Centrism|centre]] in Indian [[political culture]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sáez |first1=Lawrence |last2=Sinha |first2=Aseema |year=2010 |title=Political cycles, political institutions and public expenditure in India, 1980–2000 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_british-journal-of-political-science_2010-01_40_1/page/91 |journal=[[British Journal of Political Science]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=91–113 |doi=10.1017/s0007123409990226 |s2cid=154767259 |issn = 0007-1234}}</ref> while the BJP is known as [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]].{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}}{{sfn|Banerjee|2005|p=3118}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Halarnkar |first=Samar |date=13 June 2012 |title=Narendra Modi makes his move |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18352532 |quote=The right-wing Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), India's primary opposition party}}</ref> The Congress was the [[wikt:majority|majority]] in the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] from 1950 to the end of the 1980s. From the end of the 1980s, the BJP{{sfn|Sarkar|2007|p=84}} and the powerful regional parties are getting more seats in the Parliament over time. This forced the national parties to create [[coalition government]]s.{{sfn|Chander|2004|p=117}}

===Government===
{{Main|Government of India|Constitution of India}}
India is ruled under the Constitution of India. It is the country's highest [[wikt:document|document]] of law. It came into effect on 26 January 1950.{{sfn|Pylee|2003a|p = 4}} Its original form said that India would be a "[[Sovereignty|sovereign]], [[liberal democracy|democratic]] [[republic]]". In 1971, the statement was changed to "sovereign, [[socialist]], [[Secularism|secular]], democratic republic".{{sfn|Dutt|1998|p = 421}} India's has been said to be a "quasi-[[federation|federal]]" form of government. That means, the country would have a strong [[federal government]] and weak state governments.{{sfn|Wheare|1980|p = 28}} The federal government is often called the "union government" or the "central government". But after political, economic and social changes at the end of the 1990s, the government became federal.{{sfn|Echeverri-Gent|2002|pp = 19–20}}{{sfn|Sinha|2004|p = 25}}

The union government is divided into three parts: the [[legislature]] (the one that make laws), the [[executive (government)|executive]] (the one that applies laws), and the [[judiciary]] (the one that makes sure that the laws are obeyed).<ref name="constitution">[[s:Constitution of India (2020)|Constitution of India]]</ref> All three parts are in [[New Delhi]], the [[capital city]] of India.

The legislature of India is called the [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] ({{lang|hi|संसद}} {{transl|hi|ISO|Sansad}}). It is divided into two houses: the upper house [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States); and the lower house [[Lok Sabha]] (House of the People).{{sfn|Gledhill|1970|p = 127}} The Rajya Sabha has 245 members. They remain members for six years.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 161}} Most members are [[election|elected]] indirectly by the legislatures of [[States and union territories of India|state and union territories]].{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 162}} The Lok Sabha has 545 members. They remain members for five years. They are elected directly by the people's vote.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 143}}

The executive is made up of the [[President of India|President]], the [[Vice President of India|Vice President]], the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Union Council of Ministers]]. The President is the [[head of state]] of India.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 31}} The presidents are elected by an [[electoral college (India)|electoral college]] for a period of five years. The electoral college is made up of members of central and state legislatures.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 138}}{{sfn|Gledhill|1970|p = 112}} The Prime Minister is the [[head of government]] of India. The President can choose the Prime Minister, who has most of the power.{{sfn|Sharma|2007|p = 162}} The President has less power than the Prime Minister. The Union Council of Ministers helps the Prime Minister. It is similar to a [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]] in many countries.

The judicial branch is made up of three types of [[court of law|courts of law]]: the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], the 24 [[High Courts of India|High Courts]] and a number of trial courts.{{sfn|Neuborne|2003|p = 478}} The [[Chief Justice of India]] is the head of the Supreme Court. The members of the court have the power to stop a law being passed by Parliament if they think that the law contradicts (opposes) the Constitution.{{sfn|Sripati|1998|pp=423–424}} They can make any government action [[wikt:invalid|invalid]] if it contradicts the Constitution.{{sfn|Pylee|2003b|p = 314}}

===Divisions===
For [[administration]] purposes, India has been divided into smaller pieces. Most of these pieces are called [[state]]s, some are called [[Union territory|union territories]]. States and union territories are different in the way they are represented. Most union territories are ruled by administrators (called Lieutenant Governors) sent by the central government. All the states, and the territories of Delhi, and Puducherry [[election|elect]] their local government themselves. In total, there are twenty-eight states and eight union territories.<ref name="LOC PROFILE"/>

[[File:IndiaStatesByRTOcodes.png|300px|right|These are the states and territories of India, including 29 states and 7 union territories.]]
'''States:'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!State
!Capital
!Code
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || Amaravati || AP
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || Itanagar || AR
|-
| [[Assam]] || Dispur || AS
|-
| [[Bihar]] || Patna || BR
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || Raipur || CG
|-
| [[Goa]] || Panaji || GA
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || Gandhi nagar || GJ
|-
| [[Haryana]] || Chandigarh || HR
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || Shimla || HP
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || Ranchi || JH
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || Bangalore || KA
|-
| [[Kerala]] || Tiruvanananthapuram || KL
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || Bhopal || MP
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || Mumbai || MH
|-
| [[Manipur]] || Imphal || MN
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || Shillong || ML
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || Aizawl || MZ
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || Kohima || NL
|-
| [[Odisha]] || Bhubaneswar || OD
|-
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || Chandigarh || PB
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || Jaipur || RJ
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || Gangtok || SK
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || Chennai || TN
|-
| [[Telangana]] || Hyderabad || TG
|-
| [[Tripura]] || Agartala || TR
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || Lucknow || UP
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || Dehra Dun || UK
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || Kolkata || WB
|}

'''Union territories:'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Union territory
!Capital
|-
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|Port Blair
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]
|Chandigarh
|-
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|Daman
|-
|[[Delhi]]
|Delhi
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Srinagar (summer capital) and Jammu (winter capital)
|-
|[[Ladakh]]
|Leh
|-
|[[Lakshadweep]]
|Kavaratti
|-
|[[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|Puducherry
|-
|}

== Military ==
{{Main|Indian Armed Forces}}
The '''Indian Armed Forces''' is the military of India. It is made up of an [[Indian Army|Army]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]]. There are other parts like Paramilitary and Strategic Nuclear Command.

The President of India is the Commander-in-Chief. However, it is managed by the Ministry of Defence. In 2010, the Indian Armed Forces had 1.32&nbsp;million active personnel. This makes it one of the largest militaries in the world.<ref>IISS 2010, pp. 358</ref>

The Indian Army is becoming more modern by buying and making new weapons. It is also building defenses against missiles of other countries.<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/06/18/MNRR11AJK9.DTL&type=science India's army seeks military space program] ''San Francisco Chronicle''.</ref> In the years 2018-2022, India imported more arms than any other nation in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=2023-03-27|title=India 'largest arms importer' in 2018-2022, but defence exports hit 'all-time high' of Rs 13,399 cr in 2022-23|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-largest-arms-importer-in-2018-2022-but-defence-exports-hit-all-time-high-of-rs-13399-cr-in-2022-23/1475142/|access-date=2023-10-02|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> Since its independence in 1947, India fought four wars with Pakistan and a war with China.

== National symbols ==
[[File:Emblem of India.svg|left|thumb|National emblem of India]]
The national emblem of India shows four lions standing back-to-back. The lions symbolize power, pride, confidence, and courage. Only the government can use this emblem, according to the State Emblem of India (Prohibition of Improper Use) Act, 2005.

The name India comes from the Greek word, '<nowiki/>''[[Indus River|Indus]]'''. This came from the word ''sindhu'', which, over time, turned into Hind, [[Hindustani language|Hindi]], or [[Hinduism|Hindu]]. The preferred endonym (the name given to the country by its own people) is "Bhārat" in [[Hindi]] and other Indian languages as contrasted with names from outsiders. Some of the national symbols are:
* National anthem: [[Jana Gana Mana]]
* National song: [[Vande Mataram]]
* National animal: [[Tiger]]
* National bird: [[Peacock]]
* National flower: [[Nelumbo|Lotus]]
* National tree: [[Banyan]]
* National river: [[Ganges]] (Ganga)
* National Aquatic Animal: [[Ganges River Dolphin]]
* National fruit: [[Mango]]
* National heritage animal: [[Elephant]]
* National heritage bird: [[Eagle|Indian eagle]]
<gallery>
File:Bengal Tiger Karnataka.jpg|<div align="center">''[[Tiger|Panthera tigris]]'' <br>Tiger<br>(national animal)</div>
File:Peacock, East Park, Hull - panoramio.jpg|<div align="center">''[[Indian Peafowl|Pavo cristatus]]''<br>Peacock<br>(national bird)</div>
File:Lotus Nelumbo nucifera Flower Close 2048px.jpg|<div align="center">''[[Nelumbo]]nucifera'' <br>Lotus<br> (national flower)</div>
File:Banyan 02 in Tenganan by Line1.jpg|<div align="center">''[[Ficus benghalensis]]''<br>Banyan<br> (national tree)</div>
File:Sunset on river Ganges 02.jpg|Ganges river
File:GangeticDolphin.jpg|Ganges river dolphin
File:Mango hedgehog.jpg|Mango
File:Indian Spotted Eagle near Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary.jpg|Indian eagle
</gallery>

== Border Disputes ==
There are [[wikt:dispute|disputes]] about certain parts of the Indian borders. Countries do not agree on where the borders are.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/05/indian_pakistani_and_chinese_border_disputes |title=Fantasy frontiers |date=8 February 2012 |website= |publisher=The Economist Newspaper Limited |accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref> [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] do not recognise the disputed territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name=ipbdMOI>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/jammu-kashmir/india-pakistan-border-dispute.html |title=India - Pakistan Border Dispute |website= |publisher=Maps of India |accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref> The Indian government claims it as an Indian state.<ref name=ipbdMOI/> Similarly, the Republic of India does not recognise the Pakistani and Chinese parts of Kashmir.<ref name=ipbdMOI/>

In 1914, [[British India]] and [[Tibet]] agreed on the [[McMahon Line]], as part of the [[Simla Accord (1914)|Simla Accord]].<ref name=simlaCFR>{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/tibet/convention-between-great-britain-china-tibet-simla-accord/p16007 |title=Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet (Simla Accord) |website= |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |accessdate=6 November 2016 |archive-date=8 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008210826/http://www.cfr.org/tibet/convention-between-great-britain-china-tibet-simla-accord/p16007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In July 1914, China withdrew from the agreement.<ref name=simlaCFR/> Indians and Tibetans see this line as the official border. China does not agree, and both mainland China and [[Taiwan]] do not recognize that Arunachal Pradesh belongs to India. According to them, it is a part of [[South Tibet]], which belongs to China.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/china/2005/china-050405-irna01.htm
|title=China revives claims on Indian territory
|agency=Islamic Republic News Agency
|accessdate=26 August 2007
}}</ref><ref name="IPCS">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/article_details.php?articleNo=2322|title=IPCS - Institute Of Peace & Conflict Studies|website=ipcs.org}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of India}}

The economy of the country is among the world's fastest growing. It is the 7th largest in the world with a nominal GDP of [[Dollar|$]]2,250&nbsp;billion ([[United States dollar|USD]]), and in terms of [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]], the economy is 3rd largest (worth US$8.720&nbsp;trillion).<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Countries by Projected GDP|url=http://statisticstimes.com/economy/countries-by-projected-gdp.php|work=Statistics Times|date=21 October 2016|accessdate=30 March 2017}}</ref> The growth rate is 8.25% for fiscal 2010. However, that is still $3678 (considering PPP) per person per year. India's economy is based mainly on:
* [[Service sector]]: 43%
* Industries: 41%
* Information technology: 7%
* Farming: 7%
* Outsourcing: 2%.

India's economy is diverse. Major industries include [[automobile]]s, cement, [[chemical]]s, [[consumer electronics]], [[food processing]], [[machinery]], mining, petroleum, [[pharmaceuticals]], steel, transportation equipment, and textiles.<ref name="CIA"/>

However, despite economic growth, India continues to suffer from [[Poverty in India|poverty]]. 27.5% of the population was living in poverty in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/news/prmar07.pdf|title=Poverty estimates for 2004-05|publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India|accessdate=12 August 2009|archive-date=14 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914014726/http://www.planningcommission.gov.in/news/prmar07.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, 80.4% of the population live on less than US$2 a day,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/24.html|title=Human Development Report 2007/2008 - Population living below $2 a day (%)|accessdate=12 August 2009|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|archive-date=21 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221190342/http://hdrstats.undp.org/indicators/24.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> which was lowered to 68% by 2009.<ref>Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html FIELD LISTING: POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LINE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221103537/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2046.html |date=21 December 2016 }}</ref>

== People ==
[[File:India population density map en.svg|thumb|This is a map of the population density of India.]]
There are 1.4&nbsp;billion people living in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Population Dashboard|url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard|access-date=2023-05-26|website=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> In 2023, India passed China to become the world's most [[population|populous]] country.<ref name="pop">{{cite web|title=India will surpass China in population next year, UN projects|url=https://www.axios.com/2022/07/11/china-india-world-population-trends|website=Axios|date=July 11, 2022|last=Nocera|first=Kate}}</ref> About 65% of Indians live in rural areas, or land set aside for farming.<ref name="Census">{{cite web|title=Census of India 2001|work=Census of India|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/index.html|accessdate=12 April 2007|archive-date=9 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409015114/http://www.censusindia.net/results/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The largest cities in India are [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], Delhi, [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], and [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="LOC PROFILE">{{cite web
|title = Country Profile: India
|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/India.pdf
|accessdate = 24 June 2007
|publisher = Library of Congress - Federal Research Division
|date = December 2004
}}</ref> [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]] are Official languages of India. India has 23 officially recognised languages.<ref name="languages of India>{{cite web |title=Languages of India |work=India image |url=http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm |accessdate=14 August 2005 |archive-date=7 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107200105/http://indiaimage.nic.in/languages.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Altogether, 1,625 languages are spoken in India.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite book |first=K.M. |last=Matthew |title=Manorama Yearbook 2003 |publisher=Malayala Manorama |year=2006 |isbn= 81-89004-07-7}}</ref>

== Languages ==
There are many different languages and cultures in India.<ref name="LOC PROFILE"/> There are two main language families in India, the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and the [[Dravidian languages]]. About 69% of Indians speak an Indo-Arayan language, and about 26% speak a Dravidian language. Other languages spoken in India come from the [[Austro-Asiatic languages|Austro-Asiatic]] group. Around 5% of the people speak a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language.

[[Hindi]] is the official language in India with the largest number of speakers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Languages by number of speakers according to 1991 census|publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages|url=http://www.ciil.org/Main/Languages/map4.htm|accessdate=2 August 2007|archive-date=29 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429185839/http://www.ciil.org/Main/languages/map4.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the official language of the union.<ref>Mallikarjun, B. (Nov. 2004), [http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2004/mallikarjunmalaysiapaper1.html Fifty Years of Language Planning for Modern Hindi–The Official Language of India], [http://www.languageinindia.com/index.html ''Language in India''], Volume 4, Number 11. ISSN 1930-2940.</ref> Native speakers of Hindi represent about 41% of the Indian population (2001 Indian census). English is also used, mostly for business and in administration. It has the status of a 'subsidiary official language'.<ref name=English-subsidiary>{{cite web|title=Notification No. 2/8/60-O.L. (Ministry of Home Affairs), dated 27 April, 1960|url=http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/preseng.htm|accessdate=4 July 2007|archive-date=6 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006230547/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/preseng.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The constitution also recognises 21 other languages. Either many people speak those languages, or they have been recognized to be very important for Indian culture. The number of [[wikt:dialect|dialect]]s in India is as high as 1,652.<ref name="Manorama"/>

In the south of India, many people speak [[Kannada]], [[Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]]. In the north, many people speak [[Chhattisgarh]]i, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia]], and [[Bihar]]i.<ref name="pandit1977">Prabodh Bechardas Pandit, "Language in a Plural Society", Dev Raj Chanana Memorial Committee, 1977.</ref><ref name="britannica1993">Robert McHenry, "The New Encyclopaedia Britannica", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1993.</ref>

India has 23 official languages. Its constitution lists the name of the country in each of the languages.<ref>{{cite web
|title = Eighth Schedule
|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/EIGHTH-SCHEDULE.pdf
|accessdate = 26 June 2007
|publisher = [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC)
|year = 2007
|archive-date = 25 December 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225052119/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/EIGHTH-SCHEDULE.pdf%0A
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> [[Hindi]] and English (listed in boldface) are the "official languages of the union" (Union meaning the Federal Government in Delhi);<ref>{{cite web
|title =The Union: Official Language
|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/official_language.php
|accessdate = 24 June 2007
|publisher = [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC)
|year = 2007}}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], and [[Odia]] are officially the "[[Classical language#Classical languages of India|classical languages of India]]."

{| class = "wikitable"
!Language||Long form||English pronunciation || Short form
|-
|'''[[Assamese language|Assamese]]''' || {{lang|as|ভাৰত গণৰাজ্য}} || ''Bhārôt Gôṇôrājÿô''|| ভাৰত ''Bharot''
|-
|'''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]''' || {{lang|bn|ভারত গণরাজ্য}} || Bʰārôt Gôṇôrājÿô|| ভারত ''Bharot''
|-
|'''[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]''' || {{lang|bho|भोजपुरी}} || Bʰārôt Gôṇôrājÿô|| ভারত ''Bharot''
|-
|'''[[Indian English|English]]'''<ref name="CIA2">{{cite web
|title = CIA Factbook: India
|publisher = CIA
|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html
|accessdate = 10 March 2007
|archive-date = 11 June 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> || Republic of India || || India
|-
|'''[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]''' || {{lang|gu|ભારતીય પ્રજાસત્તાક}} || ''Bhartiya Prajasattak'' || ભારત.
|-
|'''[[Hindi]]''' || {{lang|hi|भारत गणराज्य}} || ''Bhārat Gaṇarājya'' || भारत ''Bhārat''
|-
|'''[[Kannada language|Kannada]]''' || {{lang|kn|ಭಾರತ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ}} || ''Bhārata Gaṇarājya'' || ಭಾರತ ''Bhārata''
|-
|'''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]''' || {{lang|ks|ہِندوستان}} || ''Hindustān'' ||
|-
|'''[[Konkani language|Konkani]]''' || भारोत गोणराज || || भारोत
|-
|'''[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]''' || {{lang|lep|ᰛᰩᰵᰛᰧᰵᰶ་}} || ''Hindustān'' ||
|-
|'''[[Limbu language|Limbu]]''' || {{lang|lif|ᤕᤠᤰᤌᤢᤱ ᤐᤠᤴ་}} || ''Hindustān'' ||
|-
|'''[[Magahi language|Magahi]]''' || {{lang|mag|ᤕमगही/मगधी}} || ''Hindustān'' ||
|-
|'''[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]''' || {{lang|ml|ഭാരതം}} || ''Bhāratam''|| ഭാരതം ''Bhāratam''
|-
|'''[[Meitei language|Manipuri]]''' (also Meitei or Meithei) || ভারত গণরাজ্য || || ভারত
|-
|'''[[Marathi language|Marathi]]''' || {{lang|mr|भारतीय प्रजासत्ताक}} || ''Bhartiya Prajasattak''|| भारत ''Bhārat''
|-
|'''[[Nepali language|Nepali]]''' || {{lang|ne|भारत गणराज्य}} || ''Bʰārat Gaṇarāǳya'' || भारत ''Bʰārat''
|-
|'''[[Odia language|Odia]]''' || {{lang|or|ଭାରତ}} || ''Bharata'' || ''Bharata''
|-
|'''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]''' || {{lang|pa|ਭਾਰਤ ਗਣਤੰਤਰ}} || ''{{IAST|Bhārat Gantantar}}''|| ਭਾਰਤ ''{{IAST|Bhārat}}''
|-
|'''[[Sanskrit]]''' || {{lang|sa|भारत गणराज्यम्}} || ''{{IAST|Bhārata Gaṇarājyam}}'' || भारत ''{{IAST|Bhārata}}''
|-
|'''[[Santali language|Santhali]]''' || ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ
| ||ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ
|-
|'''[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]''' || ڀارت، هندستانڀارت، || || ڀارت،
|-
|'''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''' || {{lang|ta|இந்தியக் குடியரசு}} || ''Indiyak-Kudiyarasu''|| இந்தியா ''India/Bharadham''
|-
|'''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]''' || {{lang|te|భారత గణరాజ్యము}} || ''Bʰārata Gaṇa Rājyamu'' || భారత్ ''Bhārath''
|-
|'''[[Urdu]]''' || {{lang|ur|جمہوریہ بھارت}} || ''Jumhūrīyat-e Bhārat'' || بھارت ''Bhārat''
|}

== Culture ==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in India<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Census tables|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF4500|79.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|14.23}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|#9955BB|2.30}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFDF00|1.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|#013220|0.70}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|#F4C430|0.37}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.9}}
}}
[[Cave painting]]s from the [[Stone Age]] are found across India. They show dances and [[ritual]]s and suggest there was a [[history|prehistoric]] religion. During the Epic and [[Purana|Puranic]] periods, the earliest versions of the epic poems ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]'' were written from about 500–100 BCE,<ref>{{harvnb|Goldman|2007|p=23}}.</ref> although these were [[wikt:oral|orally]] [[wikt:transmission|transmitted]] for centuries before this period.<ref name="Rine28">{{harvnb|Rinehart|2004|p=28}}.</ref> Other South Asian Stone Age sites apart from [[Pakistan]] are in modern India, such as the [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] in central [[Madhya Pradesh]] and the Kupgal petroglyphs of eastern Karnataka, contain rock art showing religious rites and evidence of possible [[ritual]]ised music.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ancient Indians made 'rock music' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=19 March 2004|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3520384.stm |accessdate=7 August 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Golden Temple India.jpg|left|thumb|175px|The Harmandir Sahib or The Golden Temple of the [[Sikh]]s]]
Several modern religions are linked to India,<ref name = EB>Adams, C. J., [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-38030/classification-of-religions Classification of religions: Geographical], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2007</ref> namely modern [[Hinduism]], [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Sikhism]]. All of these religions have different ''schools'' (ways of thinking) and traditions that are related. As a group they are called the [[Eastern religions]]. The Indian religions are similar to one another in many ways: The basic beliefs, the way [[worship]] is done and several religious practices are very similar. These similarities mainly come from the fact that these religions have a common history and common origins. They also influenced each other.

The religion of [[Hinduism]] is the main faith followed by 79.80% of people in the Republic of India; [[Islam]] – 14.23%; Christianity – 2.30%; Sikhism – 1.72%; [[Buddhism]] – 0.70% and [[Jainism]] – 0.37%.<ref name="CensusRel">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2001, Data on Religion |work=Census of India |url=http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/ |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812011525/http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Technology ==
[[File:Indian Space Research Organisation Logo.svg|thumb|The logo of ISRO]]
India sent a spacecraft to [[Mars]] for the first time in 2014. That made it the fourth country and first Asian country to do so, successfully. It was called the [[Mars Orbiter Mission]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=India Launches Mars Orbiter Mission, Heralds New Space Race |work=ABC News |last=Chang |first =John M. |date=5 November 2013 |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/india-launches-mars-orbiter-mission/story?id=20793860}}</ref>

[[Indian Space Research Organization|ISRO]] launched 104 satellites in a single mission to create a world record. India became the first nation in the world to have launched over a hundred satellites in one mission. That was more than the 2014 Russian record of 37 satellites in a single launch.

This historic event of Chandrayaan-3<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 August 2023|title=Chandrayaan 3 Mission: Detailed timeline|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/chandrayaan-3-mission-detailed-timeline/articleshow/102953638.cms|access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> is set to take place on Wednesday, August 23 at approximately 6:04pm Indian Standard Time. India's third lunar mission can be streamed live from 5:27pm.

== Pop culture ==
India has the largest movie industry in the world. The Hindi film industry is known as [[Bollywood]], and is mainly based in Bombay, now known as [[Bombay|Mumbai]]. Other industries include [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]], Kollywood, Sandalwood, Mollywood, Jollywood, Dhollywood, etc. It makes 1,000 movies a year, about twice as many as [[Hollywood]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/bollywood-100-how-big-indias-mammoth-film-industry-1236299|title = Bollywood at 100: How Big is India's Mammoth Film Industry|work = International Business Times|date = 3 May 2013}}</ref>

== Sports ==
{{main|Sports in India}}
[[File:IPL T20 Chennai vs Kolkata.JPG|thumb|alt=Cricketers in a game in front of nearly-full stands.|A 2008 Indian Premier League Twenty20 cricket match being played between the Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders]]
Indians have excelled in hockey. They have also won eight gold, one silver, and two bronze medals at the [[Olympic games]]. However, [[cricket]] is the most popular sport in India. The Indian cricket team won the 1983 and [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] and the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20]]. They [[wikt:share|shared]] the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with [[Sri Lanka]] and won the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. Cricket in India is controlled by the Board of Control for Cricket in India or BCCI. Domestic tournaments are the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy, and the Challenger Series. There is also the Indian cricket league and Indian premier league Twenty20 competitions.

Tennis has become popular due to the victories of the India Davis Cup team. Association football is also a popular sport in northeast India, West Bengal, Goa and Kerala.<ref name = Soccer>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|Bandyopadhyay|2006|pp=1–5}}</ref> The Indian national football team has won the South Asian Football Federation Cup many times. [[Chess]], which comes from India, is also becoming popular. This is with the increase in the number of Indian Grandmasters.<ref name="Anand crowned World champion">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/oct/29anand.htm|title= Anand crowned World champion|date=29 October 2008|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=29 October 2008}}</ref> Traditional sports include kabaddi, kho kho, and gilli-danda, which are played throughout India.

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Other websites ==
{{Sister project links|c=India|commonscat=India |display=India |m=India |s=India |v=India |voy=India |wikt=India }}

; Government
* [http://india.gov.in/ Official entry portal] of the Government of India
* [http://www.nic.in Official directory] of Indian Government websites

{{asia}}
{{Countries bordering the Arabian Sea}}
{{Commonwealth nations}}
{{Arab League}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:India| ]]
[[Category:Gondwana]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Commonwealth member states]]
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