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[[File:Change in Average Temperature With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Oxirgi 50 yil ichida Yer usti havo haroratining oʻzgarishi<ref>{{Cite web |title=GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4) |url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html |access-date=12 January 2024 |website=NASA}}</ref>. [[Arktika]] harorati eng koʻp oshgan hudud sifatida tarixga kirdi va umumiy olib qaraganda, quruqlikdagi harorat dengiz sathidan koʻra koʻproq koʻtarildi.]]
[[File:Global Temperature And Forces With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Sanoat inqilobi]]dan beri Yer yuzidagi oʻrtacha havo harorati deyarli 1,5°Cga oshdi. Bunga baʼzi tabiiy oʻzgarishlar ham hissa qoʻshgan boʻlsa-da, asosiy sabab insonning tabiatga taʼsirining oʻsishidir<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021|loc=SPM-7}}</ref>.]]

'''Iqlim oʻzgarishi''' (shuningdek, '''global isish''') – butun dunyodagi oʻrtacha haroratning davomli oʻsishi va uning Yer iqlimiga oʻtkazadigan taʼsiri. Global haroratning hozirgi davrdagi koʻtarilishi inson faoliyati, xususan, sanoat inqilobidan beri qazib olinayotgan yoqilgʻining yoqilishi bilan bogʻliq<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Smith|Walsh|Lamb|2024|p=2626}}: „The indicators show that, for the 2014–2023 decade average, observed warming was 1.19 [1.06 to 1.30] °C, of which 1.19 [1.0 to 1.4] °C was human-induced.“</ref><ref name=Lynas_2021>{{cite journal |last1=Lynas |first1=Mark |last2=Houlton |first2=Benjamin Z. |last3=Perry |first3=Simon |title=Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature |journal=[[Environmental Research Letters]] |date=19 October 2021 |volume=16 |issue=11 |page=114005 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966 |bibcode=2021ERL....16k4005L |s2cid=239032360 |doi-access=free  |issn = 1748-9326}}</ref><!-- <ref>{{veb manbasi |title=Global isish nima? |url=https://www.ekoloji.com/uz/ekoloji/kuresel-isinma-nedir/ |website=https://www.ekoloji.com |publisher=ekoloji.com |accessdate=15.12.2024}}</ref><ref>{{veb manbasi |title=Iqlim o‘zgarishi bo‘yicha O‘zbekiston tomonidan ko‘riladigan choralar va harakatlar |url=https://hydromet.uz/uz/node/609 |website=https://hydromet.uz |publisher=OʻZGIDROMET |accessdate=15.12.2024}}</ref><ref>{{veb manbasi |title=Oʻsmirlarda iqlim oʻzgarishi tashvishlarining kuchayishi, hayotdan qoniqishning pastligi, va atrof-muhitga moyillik bilan bogʻliq |url=https://akme.uz/akme-consalting/osmirlarda-iqlim-ozgarishi-tashvishlarining-kuchayishi-hayotdan-qoniqishning-pastligi-va-atrof-muhitga-moyillik-bilan-bogliq/# |website=https://akme.uz |accessdate=15.12.2024}}</ref> -->. Qazib olingan yoqilgʻidan foydalanish, oʻrmonlarni kesish va baʼzi qishloq xoʻjaligi va sanoat amaliyotlari iqlim oʻzgarishiga sabab boʻluvchi issiqxona gazlarini chiqaradi<ref name="Our World in Data-2020">{{harvnb|Our World in Data, 18 September|2020}}</ref>. [[Karbonat angidrid]], global isishda asosiy rol oʻynayotgan issiqxona gazi, millionlab yillar davomida kuzatilmagan darajada, taxminan, 50%ga oʻsdi<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=67}}: „Concentrations of {{CO2}}, methane ({{CH4}}), and nitrous oxide ({{N2O}}) have increased to levels unprecedented in at least 800,000 years, and there is high confidence that current {{CO2}} concentrations have not been experienced for at least 2 million years.“</ref>.

Iqlim oʻzgarishi atrof-muhitga tobora katta taʼsir koʻrsatmoqda. Xususan, [[Choʻllanish|choʻllar kengaymoqda]], issiq toʻlqinlar va [[oʻrmon yongʻinlari]] keng tarqalmoqda<ref>
* {{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL|2019|p=7}}: „Since the pre-industrial period, the land surface air temperature has risen nearly twice as much as the global average temperature (high confidence). Climate change… contributed to desertification and land degradation in many regions (high confidence).“
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=9}}: „Observed increases in areas burned by wildfires have been attributed to human-induced climate change in some regions (medium to high confidence)“</ref>. Arktikadagi havo haroratining koʻtarilishi [[Abadiy muzloq yer||abadiy muzliklar]]ning erishiga sabab boʻldi<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC|2019|p=16}}: „Over the last decades, global warming has led to widespread shrinking of the cryosphere, with mass loss from ice sheets and glaciers (very high confidence), reductions in snow cover (high confidence) and Arctic sea ice extent and thickness (very high confidence), and increased permafrost temperature (very high confidence).“</ref>. Yuqori haroratlar kuchli boʻronlar, qurgʻoqchilik va boshqa ob-havo sharoitlariga ham sabab boʻlmoqda<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch11|2021|p=1517}}</ref>. [[Togʻlar]], [[marjon riflari]] va [[Arktika]]dagi tez atrof-muhit oʻzgarishi koʻplab turlarni boshqa joyga koʻchishga yoki yoʻq boʻlib ketishga majbur qilmoqda<ref>{{cite web|author=EPA|date=19 January 2017|title=Climate Impacts on Ecosystems|url=https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html#Extinction|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127185656/https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html#Extinction|archive-date=27 January 2018|access-date=5 February 2019|quote=Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more frequent.}}</ref>. Kelajakda iqlim oʻzgarishini minimallashtirishga qaratilgan harakatlar muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirilsa-da, baʼzi taʼsirlar, masalan, okeanning isishi, okeanning kislotalanishi va dengiz sathining koʻtarilishi asrlab davom etadi<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=64}}: „Sustained net zero anthropogenic emissions of {{CO2}} and declining net anthropogenic non-{{CO2}} radiative forcing over a multi-decade period would halt anthropogenic global warming over that period, although it would not halt sea level rise or many other aspects of climate system adjustment.“</ref>.

Iqlim oʻzgarishi odamlarga [[suv toshqini]], haddan tashqari issiqlik, [[oziq-ovqat]] va [[suv]] tanqisligining kuchayishi, turli xil [[kasallik]]lar va iqtisodiy yoʻqotishlar bilan tahdid qilmoqda. Iqlim oʻzgarishiga inson [[migratsiya]]si va mojarolar ham taʼsir oʻtkazmoqda<ref>
* {{harvnb|Cattaneo|Beine|Fröhlich|Kniveton|2019}}
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=15}}
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 Technical Summary|2022|p=53}}</ref>. [[Jahon sogʻliqni saqlash tashkiloti]] iqlim oʻzgarishini 21-asrda global sogʻliq uchun eng katta tahdidlardan biri deb atadi<ref name=WHO_Nov_2023>{{harvnb|WHO, Nov|2023}}</ref>. [[Toshqin]]ga qarshi choralar koʻrish, [[qurgʻoqchilik]]ka chidamli ekinlar ekish kabi saʼy-harakatlar orqali iqlim oʻzgarishiga moslashish iqlim oʻzgarishi xavfini qisman kamaytiradi<ref>
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|pp=21–26}}
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 Ch16|2022|p=2504}}
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 SYR SPM|2023|pp=8–9}}: „Effectiveness<sup>15</sup> of adaptation in reducing climate risks<sup>16</sup> is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence) … Soft limits to adaptation are currently being experienced by small-scale farmers and households along some low-lying coastal areas (medium confidence) resulting from financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints (high confidence). Some tropical, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems have reached hard adaptation limits (high confidence). Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits (high confidence).“</ref>. Kambagʻal hudud aholisi garchi iqlim oʻzgarishiga eng kam taʼsir oʻtkazayotgan boʻlsa-da, eng koʻp zarar koʻrmoqda<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tietjen |first1=Bethany |title=Loss and damage: Who is responsible when climate change harms the world's poorest countries? |url=https://theconversation.com/loss-and-damage-who-is-responsible-when-climate-change-harms-the-worlds-poorest-countries-192070 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |access-date=30 August 2023 |date=2 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/ |publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] |access-date=30 August 2023 |date=27 February 2022}}</ref>.
<noinclude>{{multiple image
| perrow            = 1 / 2
| total_width       = 310
| image1            = Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains.jpg
| alt1              = Bobcat Fire in Monrovia, CA, September 10, 2020
| image2            = Bleached colony of Acropora coral.jpg
| alt2              = Bleached colony of Acropora coral
| image4            = California Drought Dry Lakebed 2009.jpg
| alt4              = A dry lakebed in California, which is experiencing its worst megadrought in 1,200 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/amp/news/water-cutbacks-california-6-million-people-drought/ |title=California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years |first=Irina |last=Ivanova |publisher=[[CBS News]] |date=June 2, 2022}}</ref>
| footer = Iqlim oʻzgarishi oqibatlariga misollar: issiqlik va [[qurgʻoqchilik]] tufayli kuchaygan [[oʻrmon yongʻinlari]], dengizdagi issiq toʻlqinlar tufayli marjonlarning oqarishi va suv taqchilligi natijasida yuzaga kelgan qurgʻoqchilik.}}
</noinclude>
21-asrning birinchi oʻn yilliklarida iqlim oʻzgarishining koʻplab oqibatlari yuzaga keldi: 1850-yil bilan, muntazam kuzatuv boshlangan vaqt bilan solishtirganda, 2023-yilda issiqlikning rekord darajada koʻtarilishi (+1,48 °C) yuzaga keldi<ref>{{cite web |title=2023 confirmed as world's hottest year on record |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67861954 |publisher=[[BBC]] |first1=Mark |last1=Poynting |first2=Erwan |last2=Rivault |access-date=13 January 2024 |date=10 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2023 |title=Human, economic, environmental toll of climate change on the rise: WMO|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/04/1135852 |access-date=11 April 2024 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref><!-- <ref>{{veb manbasi |title=2023-yil kuzatuv davri boshlanganidan beri tarixdagi eng issiq yil deb topildi |url=https://daryo.uz/2024/01/09/2023-yil-kuzatuv-davri-boshlanganidan-beri-tarixdagi-eng-issiq-yil-deb-topildi |website=https://daryo.uz |publisher=Daryo.uz |accessdate=15.12.2024}}</ref><ref>{{veb manbasi |title=BMT: 2023-yil tarixdagi eng issiq yil bo'ldi |url=https://yuz.uz/uz/news/bmt-2023-yil-tarixdagi-eng-issiq-yil-boldi |website=https://yuz.uz |publisher=Yuz.uz |accessdate=15.12.2024}}</ref><ref>{{veb manbasi |title=2023 – rasman tarixdagi eng issiq yil bo'ldi |url=https://yuz.uz/uz/news/2023--rasman-tarixdagi-eng-issiq-yil-boldi |website=https://yuz.uz |publisher=Yuz.uz |accessdate=15.12.2024}}</ref> -->. Bu kabi issiqlikning koʻtarilishi ayni damdagi holatni yanada battarlashishiga hissa qoʻshishi, hatto {{tarjima qilinmagan 3| Greenland ice sheet |Grenlandiya muz qatlami}}ning erishi kabi katta oʻzgarishga sabab boʻlishi mumkin<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=71}}</ref>. 2015-yilgi [[Parij kelishuvi]]da davlatlar global isishni „2 °C dan past“ ushlab turishga kelishib olgan boʻlsa-da, vaziyat hozirgi holatdan oʻzgarmay davom etsa, asr oxirida global isish 2,8 °C ga yetadi<ref name="UNEP2024">{{harvnb|United Nations Environment Programme|2024|p=XVIII}}: „The full implementation and continuation of the level of mitigation effort implied by unconditional or conditional NDC scenarios lower these projections to 2.8&nbsp;°C (range: 1.9–3.7) and 2.6&nbsp;°C (range: 1.9–3.6), respectively. All with at least a 66 per cent chance.“</ref>. Global isishni 1,5 °C gacha tushirish uchun davlatlar 2030-yilgacha chiqarayotgan gazlarini ikki baravar kamaytirishi va 2050-yilga kelib esa turli xil gazlarni chiqarishni butunlay toʻxtatishi kerak<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch2|2018|pp=95–96}}: „In model pathways with no or limited overshoot of 1.5&nbsp;°C, global net anthropogenic {{CO2}} emissions decline by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030 (40–60% interquartile range), reaching net zero around 2050 (2045–2055 interquartile range)“</ref><ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15|2018|loc=SPM C.3|p=17}}: „All pathways that limit global warming to 1.5&nbsp;°C with limited or no overshoot project the use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of 100–1000 Gt{{CO2}} over the 21st century. CDR would be used to compensate for residual emissions and, in most cases, achieve net negative emissions to return global warming to 1.5&nbsp;°C following a peak (high confidence). CDR deployment of several hundreds of Gt{{CO2}} is subject to multiple feasibility and sustainability constraints (high confidence).“</ref>.

Energiyani tejash va uglerod ifloslanishini keltirib chiqarmaydigan energiya manbalariga oʻtish orqali qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻidan foydalanishni bosqichma-bosqich toʻxtatish mumkin. Bu kabi energiya manbalariga [[shamol]], [[quyosh]], [[suv]] va [[atom energiyasi]] kiradi<ref>
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3 Annex III|2014|p=1335}}
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers|2022|pp=24–25}}
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=89}}</ref>. Ushbu energiya manbalari [[transport]], binolarni isitish va [[sanoat]] jarayonlarida qazilma yoqilgʻi oʻrnini bosishi mumkin<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=84}}: „Stringent emissions reductions at the level required for 2 °C or 1.5 °C are achieved through the increased electrification of buildings, transport, and industry, consequently all pathways entail increased electricity generation (high confidence).“</ref>. Uglerod miqdorini atmosferada ham kamaytirish mumkin. Bu uchun [[oʻrmon]] maydonlarini kengaytirish va tuproqdagi uglerodni ushlash usullari bilan dehqonchilik qilish kerak<ref>
* {{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}}
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers|2022|pp=24–25}}
* {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=114}}</ref>.

== Terminologiyasi ==
1980-yillarga qadar issiqxona gazlaridan chiqayotgan gazlarning issiqligi havo ifloslanishidagi [[atmosfera]] zarrachalarining sovutish taʼsiridan kuchli yoki kuchsizligi nomaʼlum edi. Olimlar ''iqlimning bexosdan oʻzgarishi'' atamasini oʻsha paytda insonning iqlimga taʼsirini ifodalash uchun ishlatishgan<ref name="Conway 2008">{{harvnb|NASA, 5 December|2008}}.</ref>. 1980-yillarda ''global isish'' va ''iqlim oʻzgarishi'' atamalari keng tarqalgan boʻlib, koʻpincha bir xil maʼnoni anglatish uchun bir birini oʻrniga ishatila boshlandi<ref>{{harvnb|NASA, 7 July|2020}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Shaftel|2016}}: „{{thinsp}}'Climate changeʼ and 'global warmingʻ are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.&nbsp;… Global warming refers to the upward temperature trend across the entire Earth since the early 20th century&nbsp;… Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena&nbsp;…[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming.“</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press, 22 September|2015}}: „The terms global warming and climate change can be used interchangeably. Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.“.</ref>. Ilmiy nuqtai nazardan, ''global isish'' faqat yer sirti isishining kuchayishini anglatsa, ''iqlim oʻzgarishi'' global isishni va uning [[Yer]] iqlim tizimiga taʼsirini, masalan, [[yogʻingarchilik]]ning oʻzgarishini tavsiflaydi<ref name="Conway 2008"/>.

1975-yildan buyon qoʻllanib kelinayotgan ''global isish'' atamasi<ref name=Science_Broecker_19750808>{{cite journal |last1=Broecker |first1=Wallace S. |title=Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming? |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=8 August 1975 |volume=189 |issue=4201 |pages=460–463 |doi=10.1126/science.189.4201.460 |jstor=1740491 |pmid=17781884 |bibcode=1975Sci...189..460B |s2cid=16702835 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1740491}}</ref> [[NASA]] iqlimshunosi James Hansen 1988-yilda [[AQSh Senati]]da bergan koʻrsatmasida foydalanganidan soʻng mashhurlasha boshladi<ref name="history.aip.org2">{{harvnb|Weart "The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988"}}, [http://history.aip.org/climate/public2.htm#L_0575 „News reporters gave only a little attention&nbsp;…“].</ref>. 2000-yillardan boshlab, ushbu atamadan foydalanish keskin oshdi<ref>{{harvnb|Joo|Kim|Do|Lineman|2015}}.</ref>.

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

== Havolalar ==
* [https://www.ipcc.ch/ Iqlim oʻzgarishi boʻyicha hukumatlararo panel: IPCC] ([[Iqlim oʻzgarishi boʻyicha hukumatlararo panel|IPCC]])
* [https://www.un.org/en/climatechange BMT: Iqlim oʻzgarishi] ([[Birlashgan millatlar tashkiloti|BMT]])
* [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate-guide Met Office: Iqlim oʻzgarishi haqida umumiy maʼlumot] ([[Met Office]])
* [https://www.noaa.gov/climate Okean va atmosfera tadqiqotlari milliy boshqarmasi: Iqlim] ([[Okean va atmosfera tadqiqotlari milliy boshqarmasi|NOAA]])

{{Andoza:Iqlim oʻzgarishi}}
[[Turkum:Iqlim oʻzgarishi]]
[[Turkum:Global ekologik muammolar]]
[[Turkum:Insonning atrof-muhitga taʼsiri]]

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