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{{Short description|Naval engagements of WWI, involving the Royal Navy Q-ship HMS Baralong and two German U-boats}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Baralong'' incidents}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
 |conflict    = ''Baralong'' incidents
 |partof      = {{nowr|the [[Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I]]}}
 |image       =
 |date        = 19 August and 24 September 1915
 |place       = [[Irish Sea]], [[Atlantic Ocean]]
 |combatant1  = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
 |combatant2  = {{flagcountry|German Empire}}
 |commander1  = {{ubl|[[Godfrey Herbert]]|A. Wilmot-Smith}}
 |commander2  = {{ubl|Bernd Wegener{{KIA}}|Klaus Hansen{{KIA}}}}
 |strength1   = {{ubl|1 decoy vessel|2 steamers}}
 |strength2   = 2 submarines
 |casualties1 = 2 steamers damaged
 |casualties2 = 2 submarines sunk
 |campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Atlantic 1914–1918}}
}}

The '''''Baralong''''' '''incidents''' were two incidents during the [[First World War]] in August and September 1915, involving the [[Royal Navy]] [[Q-ship]] {{HMS|Baralong}} and two German [[U-boat]]s. ''Baralong'' sank {{SMU|U-27|Germany|2}}, which had been attacking a nearby merchant ship, the ''Nicosian''. About a dozen of the crewmen managed to escape from the sinking submarine and Lieutenant [[Godfrey Herbert]], commanding officer of ''Baralong'', ordered the survivors to be fired on. All the survivors of ''U-27''{{'}}s sinking, including several who had reached the ''Nicosian'', were shot by ''Baralong''{{'}}s crew and attached marines.

Later, ''Baralong'' under command of Andrew Wilmot-Smith sank {{SMU|U-41|Germany|2}} in an incident which has also been described as a [[British war crimes|British war crime]].<ref>Coles 1986 {{Page needed|date=May 2011}}</ref><ref>Bridgland 1999, pp. 20–55.</ref>

==First incident==

===Action of 19 August 1915===
After the [[Sinking of the RMS Lusitania|sinking]] of {{RMS|Lusitania}} by a German submarine in May 1915, Lieutenant-Commander [[Godfrey Herbert]], commanding officer of ''Baralong'', was visited by two officers of the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]]'s [[Naval Intelligence Division (United Kingdom)|Secret Service branch]] at the naval base at [[Cobh|Queenstown, Ireland]]. He was told, "This ''Lusitania'' business is shocking. Unofficially, we are telling you... take no prisoners from U-boats."<ref>Bridgland 1999, p. 21.</ref>

Interviews with his subordinate officers have established Herbert's undisciplined manner of commanding his ship. Herbert allowed his men to engage in drunken binges during shore leave. During one such incident, at [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]], several members of ''Baralong''{{'}}s crew were arrested after destroying a local pub. Herbert paid their bail, then left port with the bailed crewmen aboard. Beginning in April 1915, Herbert ordered his subordinates to cease calling him "Sir", and to address him only by the [[pseudonym]] "Captain William McBride".{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<!--Bridgland? Definitely not messimer-->

Throughout the summer of 1915, ''Baralong'' continued routine patrol duties in the [[Irish Sea]] without encountering the enemy.

On 19 August 1915, {{SMU|U-24||2}} sank the [[White Star Line]]r {{SS|Arabic|1902|6}} with the loss of 44 lives – this included three Americans and resulted in a diplomatic incident between Germany and the United States. ''Baralong''{{'}}s crew was infuriated by the attack.<ref name=messimer4647/>

Meanwhile, about {{convert|70|nmi|lk=on}} south of Queenstown, {{SMU|U-27|Germany|2}}, commanded by ''[[Kapitänleutnant]]'' Bernd Wegener, stopped the British steamer ''Nicosian'' with a warning shot in accordance with [[cruiser rules]]. The ship was carrying 354 American mules earmarked for the [[British Army]] in France.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/archives/texts/t050925/Baralong.html| title=Memorandum of the German Government in Regard to Incidents Alleged to Have Attended the Destruction of a German Submarine and Its Crew by His Majesty's Auxiliary Cruiser Baralong|website=WWW Virtual Library}}</ref><ref name=peoplescollect>{{cite news|url=https://www.peoplescollection.wales/items/1113776#?xywh=-823%2C-77%2C2080%2C1521|title=Mystery of the U-boat Sinking| work = The Cambria Daily Leader| date = 5 January 1916}}</ref> The Germans allowed the freighter's crew and passengers to board lifeboats, and prepared to sink the freighter with the U-boat's deck gun. However, ''Nicosian'' had sent out SOS messages about her plight. Gibson and Prendergast claim that these messages were still being sent from the ship when ''Baralong'' arrived, implying that at least some crew were still on board while ''U-27'' commenced shelling. Halpern equivocates on the issue: they may or may not all have abandoned ship by that time. The messages also told ''Baralong'', inaccurately, that a second submarine was present.<ref name="HalpernBio">
{{cite ODNB |first=Paul G. |last=Halpern |contribution=Herbert, Godfrey (1884–1961) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2008 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/98170 |edition=online |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/98170 |accessdate=2 December 2012}} 
</ref>{{sfnp|Gibson|Prendergast|2002|pp=52–53|ps=}}

''U-27'' was lying off ''Nicosian''{{'}}s port quarter and firing into it when ''Baralong'' appeared on the scene, flying the ensign of the United States as a [[false flag]]. When she was half a mile away, ''Baralong'' ran up a signal flag indicating that she was going to rescue ''Nicosian''{{'}}s crew. Wegener acknowledged the signal, then ordered his men to cease firing, and took ''U-27'' along the port side of ''Nicosian'' to intercept ''Baralong''. As the submarine disappeared behind the steamship, Herbert steered ''Baralong'' on a parallel course along ''Nicosian''{{'}}s starboard side.<ref name=messimer4647>Messimer 2002, pp. 46–47.</ref>

[[File:HMS Baralong vs SM U-27.jpg|thumb|The action of 19 August 1915.]]

Before ''U-27'' came round ''Nicosian''{{'}}s bow, ''Baralong'' hauled down the American flag, hoisted the Royal Navy's [[White Ensign]], and unmasked her guns. As ''U-27'' came into view from behind ''Nicosian'', ''Baralong'' began shooting with its three [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder guns]] at a range of {{convert|600|yd|abbr=on}}, firing 34 rounds. ''U-27'' rolled over and began to sink.{{sfnp|Gibson|Prendergast|2002|pp=52–53|ps=}}

According to Tony Bridgland;
<blockquote>
Herbert screamed, "Cease fire!" But his men's blood was up. They were avenging the ''Arabic'' and the ''Lusitania''. For them this was no time to cease firing, even as the survivors of the crew appeared on the outer casing, struggling out of their clothes to swim away from her. There was a mighty hiss of compressed air from her tanks and the ''U-27'' vanished from sight in a vortex of giant rumbling bubbles, leaving a pall of smoke over the spot where she had been. It had taken only a few minutes to fire the thirty-four shells into her.
</blockquote>

Meanwhile, ''Nicosian''{{'}}s crew were cheering from the lifeboats. Captain Manning was heard to yell, "If any of those bastard [[List of terms used for Germans#Hun (pejorative)|Huns]] come up, lads, hit 'em with an oar!"{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<!--Bridgland? Definitely not messimer-->

Twelve men survived the sinking of the submarine: the crews of her two deck guns and those who had been on the conning tower.<ref name=messimer4647/> They swam to ''Nicosian'' and attempted to climb up its hanging lifeboat falls and pilot ladder. Herbert claimed in his report to the Admiralty to have been worried that the German survivors might try to scuttle the steamer as an explanation for why he ordered his men to open fire with small arms. Between four and six managed to get on board.{{sfnp|Gibson|Prendergast|2002|pp=52–53|ps=}}<ref name=grant>Grant 2002, p. 27.</ref><ref name=halpern>Halpern 1994, p. 301.</ref> Wegener is described by some accounts as being shot while trying to swim to the ''Baralong'', in other accounts he boarded the ship.<ref name=grant/>

Herbert was told by the ''Nicosian''{{'}}s master that the crew of the vessel kept weapons aboard in the chart room.<ref name="HalpernBio"/> He then sent ''Baralong''{{'}}s 12 [[Royal Marines]], commanded by a Corporal Collins, to find the surviving German sailors aboard ''Nicosian''. As they departed, Herbert ordered Collins, "Take no prisoners."{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} The Germans were discovered in the engine room and shot on sight. According to Sub-Lieutenant [[Gordon Charles Steele]]: "Wegener ran to a cabin on the upper deck – I later found out it was Manning's bathroom. The marines broke down the door with the butts of their rifles, but Wegener squeezed through a scuttle and dropped into the sea. He still had his life-jacket on and put up his arms in surrender. Corporal Collins, however, took aim and shot him through the head."<ref name="Bridgland43">Bridgland 1999, p. 43.</ref> Corporal Collins later recalled that, after Wegener's death, Herbert threw a revolver in the dead German captain's face and screamed, "What about the ''Lusitania'', you bastard!"<ref name="Bridgland43"/> An alternative allegation by the Admiralty is that the Germans who boarded ''Nicosian'' were killed by the freighter's engine room staff; this report apparently came from the officer commanding the muleteers.<ref>McGill & Norris 2007, pp. 320–321.</ref>

===Aftermath===
In Herbert's report to the Admiralty, he stated he feared the survivors from the U-boat's crew would board the freighter and scuttle it, so he ordered the Royal Marines on his ship to shoot the survivors. If they had scuttled the freighter, it could have been considered as negligence on the part of Herbert. Moments before ''Baralong'' began its attack, the submarine was firing on the freighter. It is not known if the escaping sailors actually intended to scuttle the freighter.

The Admiralty, upon receiving Herbert's report, immediately ordered its suppression, but the strict censorship imposed on the event failed when Americans who had witnessed the incident from ''Nicosian''{{'}}s lifeboats spoke to newspaper reporters after their return to the United States.<ref name="halpern"/>

===German memorandum===
The German government delivered a memorandum on the incident via the American ambassador in Berlin, who received it on 6 December 1915. In it, they cited six US citizens as witnesses, stating they had made sworn depositions regarding the incident before [[Notary public|notaries public]] in the USA.

The statements said that five survivors from ''U-27'' managed to board ''Nicosian'', while the rest were shot and killed on Herbert's orders while clinging to the merchant vessel's lifeboat falls. It was further stated that when Herbert ordered his Marines to board ''Nicosian'', he gave the order "take no prisoners". Four German sailors were found in ''Nicosian''{{'}}s engine room and propeller shaft tunnel, and were killed. According to the witness statements, ''U-27''{{'}}s commander was shot while swimming towards ''Baralong''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorandum of the German Government... and reply of His Majesty's Government thereto|publisher=WWW Virtual Library |url=http://www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/archives/texts/t050925/Baralong.html |access-date=8 December 2012}}[note: the British reply is not included]</ref>

The memorandum demanded that the captain and crew of ''Baralong'' be tried for the murder of unarmed German sailors, threatening to "take the serious decision of retribution for an unpunished crime".<ref>{{cite news|title=Baralong Case|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15635604|access-date=28 July 2013|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=6 January 1916|page=7}}</ref> [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Sir Edward Grey]] replied through the American ambassador that the incident could be grouped together with three "German crimes" that also took place within 48 hours: the Germans' sinking of SS ''Arabic'', [[HMS E13|their attack on a stranded British submarine]] on the neutral Danish coast, and their attack on the crew of the steamship ''Ruel'' after they had abandoned ship,<ref>{{cite book|volume=2|pp = 33-34| title=History of the Great War - The Merchant Navy|first = Archibald |last=Hurd| year = 1924}}</ref> and suggested that they be placed before a tribunal composed of US Navy officers.<ref name=peoplescollect/> This was rejected by German authorities.<ref name=reg>Hesperides 2007, pp. 58–59.</ref>

===German reaction===
A debate took place in the [[Reichstag building|''Reichstag'']] on 15 January 1916, where the incident was described as a "cowardly murder" and Grey's note as being "full of insolence and arrogance". It was announced that reprisals had been decided, but not what they would be.<ref name=reg/>

Meanwhile, the Military Bureau for the Investigation of Violations of the Laws of War ({{langx|de|Militäruntersuchungstelle für Verletzungen des Kriegsrechts}}) added ''Baralong''{{'}}s [[commanding officer]], whose name was known only as "Captain William McBride", to the Prussian Ministry of War's "Black List of Englishmen who are Guilty of Violations of the Laws of War vis-à-vis Members of the German Armed Forces".<ref>Alfred M. de Zayas, ''The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau 1939–1945'', p 8.</ref>

A German medal was issued commemorating the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.nmm.ac.uk/collections/objects/39815.html |title=Medal commemorating the sinking of 'U.27' by Q-ship 'Baralong', 1915 |work=The Collection |publisher=National Maritime Museum |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref>

As a precaution to protect the ships against any reprisals against their crews, in October 1915 HMS ''Baralong'' was renamed HMS ''Wyandra''<ref name=Tyne>{{cite web |url= http://www.tynebuiltships.co.uk/B-Ships/baralong1901.html |title=Baralong |work=Tyne Built Ships |publisher= Shipping and Shipbuilding Research Trust |access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref> and transferred to the Mediterranean. ''Baralong''{{'}}s name was deleted from [[Lloyd's Register]]. In 1916 ''Wyandra'' returned to the Ellerman & Bucknall Line under the name ''Manica''.  ''Nicosian'' was renamed ''Nevisian'', and the crew was issued new Discharge Books, with the voyage omitted.{{cn|date=November 2024}}<!-- Bridgland might mention this, but I don't have that -->

''Baralong''{{'}}s crew were later awarded [[Pound sterling|��]]185 prize bounty for sinking ''U-27''.<ref name=chatterton>Chatterton 1980, p. 26.</ref>

==Second incident==

===Action of 24 September 1915===
On 24 September 1915, ''Baralong'' sank the U-boat {{SMU|U-41|Germany|2}}, for which its commanding officer at the time, Lieutenant-Commander Andrew Wilmot-Smith was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], the engineer J. M. Dowie the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|DSC]], and two of the crew received a [[Distinguished Service Medal (United Kingdom)|DSM]]. A bounty of £1,000 was also awarded.<ref>Chatterton, 1980, p 30</ref> Wilmot-Smith, was later awarded £170 prize bounty by the Prize Court.<ref name=chatterton/>

''U-41'' was in the process of sinking SS ''Urbino'' with gunfire when ''Baralong'', which had set out from Falmouth the day before, arrived on the scene, flying an American flag. ''Baralong'' followed U-41's instructions while at the same time manoevring to 700 yards and an angle where her guns could fire. ''Baralong'' opened fire with starboard and rear guns, marines aiding with rifle fire. The conning tower was struck killing the captain and six crew, and other shots struck the hull. ''U-41'' began to list then dived. It abruptly resurfaced and only two crew escaped (a wounded ''Leutnant'' and the helmsman) from a hatch before it sank again. The two crew and the crew of the ''Urbino'' were picked up by ''Baralong'' before it returned to Falmouth the following morning.

When ''U-41'' surfaced near ''Baralong'', the latter allegedly opened fire while continuing to fly the American flag,{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} and sank the U-boat.

===Aftermath of the second incident===
Unlike the neutral Americans in the first incident, the only witnesses to the second attack were the German and British sailors present. ''[[Oberleutnant zur See]]'' Iwan Crompton, after returning to Germany from a prisoner-of-war camp, reported that ''Baralong'' had run down the lifeboat he was in; he leapt clear and was soon afterward taken aboard ''Baralong''. The British crew denied that they had run down the lifeboat.<ref>Messimer 2002, pp. 61–64.</ref> Crompton later published an account of ''U-41''{{'}}s exploits in 1917, ''U-41: der zweite Baralong-Fall'', which termed the sinking of ''U-41'' a "second Baralong case".<ref>Hadley 1995, p. 36.</ref>

The event was also commemorated by a propaganda medal designed by the German engraver Karl Goetz. This was one of many medals that were popular in Germany from about 1910 to 1940.<ref>{{cite web|title=The sinking of 'U.41' by Q-ship 'Baralong', 1915|url=http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/39816.html|website=Royal Museums, Greenwich|publisher=National Maritime Museum|access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Q-ship]]
* [[Merchant raiders]]
* [[Commerce raiding]]
* [[Tonnage war]]
* [[HMS E13]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Bridgland |first=Tony |title=Sea Killers in Disguise: Q Ships and Decoy Raiders |publisher=Leo Cooper |year=1999 |isbn=9780850526752 |chapter=The ''Baralong'': Germany is Outraged}}
* {{cite book |last=Chatterton |first=E. Keble |title=Q-Ships and Their Story |publisher=Ayer Publishing |year=1980 |orig-date=1922 |isbn=0405130341}}
* {{cite book |last=Coles |first=Alan |title=Slaughter at Sea: The Truth Behind a Naval War Crime |publisher=R. Hale |location= London |year=1986}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gibson |first1=R.H. |last2=Prendergast|first2= Maurice |title=The German Submarine War 1914–1918 |publisher= Periscope Publishing Ltd |year=2002 |isbn=1904381081}}
* {{cite book |last=Grant |first=Robert M. |title=U-boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-submarine Warfare 1914–1918 |publisher= Periscope Publishing Ltd |year=2002 |isbn=1904381006}}
* {{cite book |last=Hadley |first=Michael L. |title=Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image of the German Submarine |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |year=1995 |isbn=0773512829}}
* {{cite book |last=Halpern |first=Paul G. |title=A Naval History of World War I |publisher=Routledge |year=1994 |isbn=1857284984}}
* {{cite book |last=Hesperides |url=https://archive.org/details/annualregisterre005875mbp/mode/2up |title=The Annual Register Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad for the Year 1916 |publisher=Read Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1406751987}}
* {{cite book |last=McGill |first=Harold W. |author2=Norris, Majorie Barron |title=Medicine and Duty: The World War I Memoir of Captain Harold W. McGill, Medical Officer, 31st Battalion, C.E.F. |publisher=University of Calgary Press |year=2007 |location=Calgary |isbn=978-1552381939}}
* {{cite book |last=Messimer |first=Dwight R. |title=Verschollen: World War I U-boat Losses |publisher=Naval Institute Press |year= 2002 |isbn=155750475X}}

===General references===
* {{cite book |last=Massie |first=Robert K. |title=Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea |year=2003 |publisher=Random House |location=New York }}

[[Category:World War I massacres]]
[[Category:British military scandals]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1915]]
[[Category:Atlantic operations of World War I]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in international waters]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1915]]

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Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/rfd (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Sidebar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Sidebar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WPSHIPS utilities/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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