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{{Short description|Roman province (22 BC - 5th century)}}
{{Redirect|Belgica|the Gallic people for whom it was named|Belgae|other uses|Belgica (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
| native_name            = 
| conventional_long_name = Belgic Gaul
| common_name            = Belgica
| subdivision            = [[Roman province|Province]]
| nation                 = the [[Roman Empire]]
| era                    = [[ancient history|Antiquity]]
| capital                = [[Durocortorum]] ([[Reims]]) <br>[[Augusta Treverorum]] ([[Trier]])
| title_leader           = 
| image_map              = Roman Empire - Belgica (125 AD).svg
| image_map_caption      = 
| life_span              = 
| year_start             = 22 BC
| event_start            = Established after the [[Gallic Wars]]
| year_end               = 5th century
| event_end              = Ended with [[Frankish Kingdom]]s
| today                  = 
| demonym                = 
}}
'''Gallia Belgica''' ("Belgic Gaul") was a [[Roman province|province]] of the [[Roman Empire]] located in the north-eastern part of [[Roman Gaul]], in what is today primarily northern [[France]], [[Belgium]], and [[Luxembourg]], along with parts of the [[Netherlands]] and [[Germany]].

Before the Roman province came into existence in about 50 BC, the region was conquered by [[Julius Caesar]] during his [[Gallic Wars]]. His report, the ''[[Commentarii de Bello Gallico]]'', described Belgic Gaul as one of the three parts of Gaul (Tres Galliæ), the other two being [[Gallia Aquitania]] and [[Gallia Lugdunensis]]. Belgica stretched from the [[Marne River|Marne]] and [[Seine]] rivers, which Caesar described as a cultural boundary between the [[Belgae]] and the [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Gauls]]. In the north and east it stretched all the way to the [[Rhine]].<ref>Gaius Julius Caesar. ''The Conquest of Gaul''. Trans. S. A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982), 1.1.1: "''Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana diuidit.''"</ref> The official Roman province of this name was later created by emperor [[Augustus]] in 22 BC, and named after the [[Belgae]], as the largest tribal confederation in the area. However, it also included the territories of the [[Treveri]], [[Mediomatrici]], [[Leuci]], [[Sequani]], and others who Caesar did not explictly designate as Belgic. 

The province was re-organised several times, first increased and later decreased in size. [[Diocletian]] brought the northeastern [[Civitas Tungrorum]] into [[Germania Inferior]], joining the Rhineland colonies. The remaining part of Gallia Belgica was divided into Belgica Prima (in the eastern area of the Treveri, Mediomatrici and Leuci, around Luxembourg and the Ardennes), and Belgica Secunda (between the [[English Channel]] and the upper [[Meuse]]).

The capital of Belgica Prima, [[Trier]], became an important late [[Western Roman Empire|western Roman]] capital.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=aEyS54uSj88C&q=germania&pg=PA203 Gallia Belgica] by Edith Mary Wightman. Books.google.be. Retrieved on 2013-09-07.</ref>

{{History of Belgium}}
{{History of Luxembourg}}

==Roman conquest==
{{Further|Belgae|Gallia Comata|Gallic Wars}}
[[File:Map Gallia Tribes Towns.png|thumb|300px|''Gallia Belgica'' at the time of [[Julius Caesar]]'s conquest of [[Gaul]] in 54 BCE]]

In 57 BC, Julius Caesar led the conquest of northern Gaul, and already specified that the part to the north of the Seine and Marne rivers was inhabited by a people or alliance known as the [[Belgae]]. This definition became the basis of the later Roman province of Belgica. Caesar said that the Belgae were separated from the Celtic Gauls to their south by "language, custom and laws" (''lingua, institutis, legibus'') but he did not go into detail, except to mention that he learnt from his contacts that the Belgae had some ancestry from east of the Rhine, which he referred to as Germania. Indeed, the Belgian tribes closest to the Rhine he distinguished as the [[Germani cisrhenani]]. ([[Strabo]] stated that the differences between the Celts and Belgae, in language, politics and way of life was a small one.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=4:chapter=1 Geography 4.1]</ref>) Modern historians interpret Caesar and the archaeological evidence as indicating that the core of the Belgian alliance was in the present-day northernmost corner of France; the [[Suessiones]], [[Viromandui]] and [[Ambiani]] as well perhaps as some of their neighbours who lived in the area, Caesar identified as Belgium or Belgica. These were the leaders of the initial military alliance he confronted, and they were also more economically advanced (and therefore less "Germanic" according to Caesar's way of seeing things) than many of their more northerly allies such as the Nervii and Germani Cisrhenani.<ref name="wightman">{{Citation|title=Gallia Belgica|last=Wightman|first =Edith Mary|year=1985|publisher= University of California Press|isbn=9780520052970 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aEyS54uSj88C}} pages 12-14.</ref><ref>{{citation| last1=González Villaescusa| last2= Jacquemin |year=2011 |title= Gallia Belgica: An Entity with No National Claim |journal= Études rurales |volume= 2 |issue=2 |pages=93–111 |doi=10.4000/etudesrurales.9499|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Apart from the southern Remi, all the Belgic tribes allied against the Romans, angry at the Roman decision to garrison legions in their territory during the winter. At the beginning of the conflict, Caesar reported the allies' combined strength at 288,000, led by the [[Suessiones|Suessione]] king, [[Galba (Suessiones)|Galba]].<ref>Gaius Julius Caesar. ''The Conquest of Gaul''. Trans. S.A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982), pp. 59-60.</ref> Due to the Belgic coalition's size and reputation for uncommon bravery, Caesar avoided meeting the combined forces of the tribes in battle. Instead, he used cavalry to skirmish with smaller contingents of tribesmen. Only when Caesar managed to isolate one of the tribes did he risk conventional battle. The tribes fell in a piecemeal fashion and Caesar claimed to offer lenient terms to the defeated, including Roman protection from the threat of surrounding tribes.<ref>Gaius Julius Caesar. ''The Conquest of Gaul''. Trans. S. A. Handford (New York: Penguin, 1982); pp. 59, 70, 72.</ref> Most tribes agreed to the conditions. A series of uprisings followed the 57 BC conquest. The largest revolt was led by the [[Bellovaci]] in 52 BC, after the defeat of [[Vercingetorix]]. During this rebellion, it was the Belgae who avoided direct conflict. They harassed the Roman legions, led personally by Caesar, with cavalry detachments and archers. The rebellion was put down after a Bellovaci ambush of the Romans failed. The revolting party was slaughtered.

==Formation under Augustus==
[[File:Droysens Hist Handatlas S16 Gallien.jpg|thumb|300px|Map of Roman Gaul with Belgica in orange (''Droysens Allgemeiner historischer Handatlas'', 1886)]]

Following a census of the region in 27 BC, [[Augustus]] ordered a restructuring of the provinces in Gaul. Therefore, in 22 BC, [[Marcus Agrippa]] split Gaul (or Gallia Comata) into three regions ([[Gallia Aquitania]], [[Gallia Lugdunensis]] and Gallia Belgica). Agrippa made the divisions on what he perceived to be distinctions in language, race and community – Gallia Belgica was meant to be a mix of Celtic and Germanic peoples.<ref>Matthew Bunson. ''[[Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire]]'' (New York: Facts on File, 1994), p. 169.</ref> The capital of this territory was [[Reims]], according to the geographer Strabo, though later the capital moved to modern-day [[Trier]]. The date of this move is uncertain.

Modern historians however view the term 'Gaul' and its subdivisions as a "product of faulty ethnography" and see the split of Gallia Comata into three provinces as an attempt to construct a more efficient government, as opposed to a cultural division.<ref>''The Cambridge Ancient History'', New Ed., Vol. 10 (London: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 469.</ref> Successive Roman emperors struck a balance between [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanizing]] the people of Gallia Belgica and allowing pre-existing culture to survive.

The Romans divided the province into four ''[[civitates]]'', corresponding generally to ancient tribal boundaries. The capital cities of these districts included modern [[Cassel, Nord|Cassel]] (replaced by [[Tournai]] as Menapian ''civitas''), [[Bavay]] (replaced by [[Cambrai]] as Nervian ''civitas''), [[Thérouanne]], [[Arras]], [[Saint-Quentin, Aisne|Saint-Quentin]], [[Soissons]], [[Reims]], [[Beauvais]], [[Amiens]], [[Tongeren]], [[Trier]], [[Toul]] and [[Metz]]. These ''civitates'' were in turn were divided into smaller units, pagi, a term that became the French word "pays".

Roman government was run by [[Plebeian Council|Concilia]] in [[Reims]] or [[Trier]]. Additionally, local notables from Gallia Belgica were required to participate in a festival in [[Lugdunum]] (modern [[Lyon]]), which typically celebrated or worshipped the emperor's [[Genius (mythology)|genius]]. The gradual adoption of Romanized names by local elites and the Romanization of laws under local authority demonstrate the effectiveness of this [[concilium Galliarum]].<ref>Edith Mary Wightman, ''Gallia Belgica'' (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 57-62, 71-74.</ref> With that said, the concept and community of Gallia Belgica did not predate the Roman province, but developed from it.

==Under the emperors==
[[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|400px|The Roman empire in the time of [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117-138 AD), showing, in northeastern [[Gaul]], the [[imperial province]] of '''Gallia Belgica''' (Belgium/Picardie/Champagne)]]
[[File:Roman roads in Belgium.jpg|thumb|300px|Roman roads in Belgium]]

===Reform of Domitian (around 90)===
During the 1st century AD (estimated date 90 AD), the provinces of Gaul were restructured. Emperor [[Domitian]] reorganized the provinces in order to separate the militarized zones of the Rhine from the civilian populations of the region.<ref>[[Mary T. Boatwright]], Daniel J. Gargola and Richard J. A. Talbert. ''A Brief History of the Romans'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 224.</ref> The northeastern part of Gallia Belgica was split off and renamed [[Germania Inferior]], later to be reorganized and renamed as [[Germania Secunda]]. This included the eastern part of modern [[Belgium]], the southernmost part of the modern [[Netherlands]], and a part of modern Germany. The eastern part was split off to become [[Germania Superior]] (parts of western Germany and eastern France) and the southern border of Gallia Belgica was extended to the south. The newer Gallia Belgica included the cities of ''Camaracum'' ([[Cambrai]]), ''Nemetacum'' ([[Arras]]), ''Samarobriva'' ([[Amiens]]), ''[[Durocortorum]]'' ([[Reims]]), ''Dividorum'' ([[Metz]]) and ''[[Augusta Treverorum]]'' ([[Trier]]).

===Attack by the Chauci (173)===
In 173, the later emperor [[Didius Julianus]], then governor of Gallia Belgica, had to repel a serious invasion of the [[Chauci]], a Germanic tribe that lived along the shores of the [[Wadden Sea]] at the respective northern and northwestern coast of present-day Netherlands and [[Germany]]. The attack occurred in the [[drainage basin]] of the river [[Scheldt]] (present-day [[Flanders]] and [[Hainaut (province)|Hainaut]]). Archaeologists have found evidence that large farms near [[Tournai]] and the village [[Velzeke]] (near [[Ghent]]) had to be abandoned. Further the capitals in the areas of the former tribes of the [[Atrebates]], [[Morini]] and the [[Nervians]] were either burnt down (Nemetacum ([[Arras]])) or had to be rebuilt in the last quarter of the second century, Colonia Morinorum ([[Thérouanne]]) and [[Bagacum Nerviorum]] ([[Bavay]]).<ref>[https://www.livius.org/articles/person/didius-julianus/ Jona Lendering on livius.org]</ref>

===Crisis of the 3rd century and Gallic Empire===
With the [[Crisis of the Third Century]] and the [[Gallic Empire|partition of the Empire]], Roman control over Gaul deteriorated in the 3rd century. In 260, [[Postumus]] became emperor of a breakaway [[Gallic Empire]]. He proved able to stop the incursions from the Franks. Only in 274 was Roman control restored by the new emperor [[Aurelian]] in the [[Battle of Châlons (274)|Battle of Châlons]]. The cost of this defeat in the long run proved very high indeed. With the Gallic army defeated and not returning to the [[Limes (Roman Empire)|Rhine border]], the Franks overran the neighbouring province of [[Germania Inferior]]. The [[Rhineland]] (to the [[Ripuarian Franks]]) and the area between the Rhine and the main road between Boulogne and Cologne, present-day South Holland, Zeeland, Flanders, Brabant and Limburg, the last three in both the present-day Netherlands and Belgium (to the [[Salian Franks]]) were de facto lost forever for the Roman empire. This gave the Salian Franks a base from which they could expand some 130 years later, beginning after the disastrous Rhine crossing in 406, to conquer the whole area of the former province of Gallia Belgica and start the [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian kingdom]], the first immediate forerunner state of Western civilization.

===Reform of Diocletian (around 300)===
Emperor [[Diocletian]] restructured the provinces around 300, and split Belgica into two provinces: Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda. Belgica Prima had ''Augusta Treverorum'' (Trier) as its main city, and consisted of the eastern part. The border between Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda was approximately along the [[Meuse]].

===Prosperous fourth century===
The eastern part of Gallia Belgica, especially the valley of the [[Moselle]] became very prosperous in the fourth century, particularly in the decades that [[History of Trier|''Augusta Treverorum'']] (Trier) was the capital of the [[Western Roman Empire]]. The Roman poet [[Ausonius]] wrote a famous poem on the [[Moselle|Mosella]].

==Germanic conquests (after 406)==
[[File:Roman Gaul - AD 400.png|thumb|320px|The Provinces of Gaul, {{Circa|400 AD}}]]
[[File:Trier Porta Nigra BW 2.JPG|thumb|The [[Porta Nigra]] of [[Trier]], capital of Gallia Belgica, constructed between 186 and 200 AD]]
Around 350 Salian [[Franks]] who were already living in Batavia were settled in [[Texandria]]. Texandria was most likely for a large part overlapping with the area now known as the [[Campine|Kempen]]. 
 
Eventually, in 406, a large alliance among the [[Vandals]], [[Alans]] and [[Suebi]], under great pressure from the [[Huns]], after first having been defeated by the Ripuarian Franks in the neighbourhood of Cologne in Germania Inferior, successfully [[Crossing of the Rhine|crossed the Rhine]] in the neighbourhood of present-day [[Koblenz]] and entered Gallia Belgica by way of the Moselle valley. They subsequently destroyed large parts of Gallia Belgica, before eventually moving on to [[Hispania]] (present-day [[Spain]]). This invasion and the accompanying widespread destruction broke the backbone of Roman power in at least the northern part of Gallia Belgica. After this invasion the Franks were able to conquer valuable agricultural land south of the [[Via Belgica]], the very important main road between Cologne and Boulogne, that had been the backbone of Roman defense strategy between 260 and 406.

In 452, a major battle was fought at the [[Battle of the Catalaunian Plains|Catalaunian fields]] (between the Seine and the Moselle). A coalition of Romans, Visigoths and Franks fought an army led by the legendary Hunnic leader [[Attila]]. The outcome of this battle itself was inconclusive, but as a consequence of this battle the Huns and their allies left the area of Gallia Belgica, where they had plundered nearly all major cities, except Paris.

After the [[Western Roman Empire]] had already collapsed in Galla Belgica for some time the Gallo-Roman "[[Kingdom of Soissons]]" (457–486) managed to maintain control over the area around [[Soissons]]. The Franks however emerged victorious and Belgica Secunda in the 5th century became the center of [[Clovis I|Clovis]]' [[Merovingian]] kingdom. During the 8th century in the [[Carolingian Empire]] the former area of Gallia Belgica was split into  [[Neustria]] (roughly Belgica Secunda, main cities [[Paris]], [[Reims]]) and [[Austrasia]] (roughly Belgica Prima and [[Germania Inferior]], main cities [[Trier]], [[Metz]], [[Cologne]]). After the death of [[Charlemagne]]'s son, [[Louis the Pious]], the Carolingian Empire was divided by the [[Treaty of Verdun]] in 843. The three sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories into three kingdoms: [[East Francia]] (the forerunner of modern [[Germany]]), [[West Francia]] (west of the [[Scheldt]] river) a part of which ([[Ile de France]]), from the middle of the 10th century became the kernel of modern [[France]], and [[Middle Francia]] which was succeeded by [[Lotharingia]]. Though often presented as the dissolution of the Frankish empire, it was in fact the continued adherence to [[Salic patrimony]]. Lotharingia was divided in 870 by the [[Treaty of Meerssen]] under West and East Francia.
<!---It is known that even at that time some Frankish families sent their sons to northern Belgium "to learn the good Frankish language" (today: [[Flemish]]).!--->

==Legacy==
{{Further|Terminology of the Low Countries}}
[[File:Sitting Leo Belgicus - Visscher.jpg|thumb|Representation of the Low Countries as [[Leo Belgicus]] by [[Claes Janszoon Visscher]], 1611]]
[[File:Leo Belgicus Philipp von Zesen.jpg|thumb|'Belgica Foederata' was the Latin name of the [[Dutch Republic]].]] 
The name  ''Belgica'' continued to be used in the [[Low Countries]] as the Latin language name of the entire territory until the modern period. In the 1500s, the [[Seventeen Provinces]] were then divided into the independent '''Belgica Foederata''' or the ''federal'' [[Dutch Republic]] and the '''Belgica Regia''' or the ''royal'' Southern Netherlands under the [[Habsburg|Habsburgian crown]]. ''Belgica Foederata'' continued to be used from 1581 up to the French Revolution. Even after that, the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]], created in 1815 was still known as ''Royaume des Belgiques'', and it was only with the 1831 separatist revolution in the south of the country and subsequent creation of [[Belgium in the long nineteenth century|modern Belgium]] and Dutch recognition of the new nation in the [[Treaty of London (1839)]] that the name became reserved for [[Belgium]] to the exclusion of the [[Netherlands]].

==See also==
*[[List of Roman governors of Gallia Belgica]]
*[[Saxon shore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Roman provinces AD 117}}
{{Late Roman Provinces|state=collapsed}}
{{Roman history by territory}}
{{Lorraine topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gallia Belgica| ]]
[[Category:22 BC establishments]]
[[Category:5th-century disestablishments]]
[[Category:5th-century disestablishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Belgium in the Roman era]]
[[Category:Former states in the Low Countries|Belgica]]
[[Category:Provinces of Roman Gaul]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 1st century BC]]

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