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{{Short description|Naval convoy series during World War II}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = 
| width       = 
| partof      = The [[Battle of the Atlantic]] of the [[Second World War]]
| image       = File:HMCS Regina K234 CT-252.jpg
| image_size  = 250px
| alt         =
| caption     = [[Royal Canadian Navy]] {{sclass2|Flower|corvette}}s such as {{HMCS|Regina|K234|6}} escorted many of the HX convoys
| date        = September 1939 – May 1945
| place       = [[Atlantic Ocean]]
| coordinates = {{coord|0|N|25|W|region:ZZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| map_type    = Atlantic Ocean
| map_relief  = 
| map_size    = 200
| map_marksize = 
| map_caption = {{center|Map of the Atlantic Ocean}}
| map_label   = 
| territory   = 
| result      = Allied victory
| status      = 
| combatants_header = 
| combatant1  = 
| combatant2  = 
| combatant3  = 
| commander1  = 
| commander2  = 
| commander3  = 
| units1      = 
| units2      = 
| units3      = 
| strength1   = 
| strength2   = 
| strength3   = 
| casualties1 = 
| casualties2 = 
| casualties3 = 
| notes       = 
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Atlantic Campaign}}
}}
'''HX convoys''' were transatlantic [[convoy]]s in the [[North Atlantic]] during the [[First World War]] and in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] in the [[Second World War]]. HX convoys sailed eastwards from [[City of Halifax|Halifax, Nova Scotia]] in Canada, to Liverpool and other ports in Britain. They rendezvoused with BHX convoys from [[Bermuda]] ''en route''. After the United States entered the war, HX convoys began at [[Port of New York and New Jersey|New York]].

The HX series consisted of 377 convoys, with 17,744 ships. Thirty-eight convoys were attacked (about 10 per cent), with the loss of 110 ships in convoy; sixty stragglers were sunk and 36 lost while detached or after dispersal, with losses from marine accident and other causes, for a total loss of 206 ships or about 1 per cent of the total.{{sfn|Hague|2000|p=116}}

==Background==

An HX series had run in the [[Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I|Atlantic Campaign]] of the [[First World War]] in 1917 and 1918.{{sfn|Newbolt|2003|p=104}} HX convoys were revived in 1939 at the beginning of the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] and were run until the end, the longest continuous series of the war. HX 1 sailed on 16 September 1939 with 18 merchant ships, escorted by the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] destroyers {{HMCS|St. Laurent|H83|6}} and {{HMCS|Saguenay|D79|2}} to a North Atlantic rendezvous with [[Royal Navy]] [[heavy cruiser]]s {{HMS|Berwick|65|6}} and {{HMS|York|90|2}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Rohwer|1a2=Hümmelchen|1y=2005|1p=4|2a1=Roskill|2y=1957|2p=93}} HX 358 sailed on 23 May 1945 and arrived at Liverpool on 6 June 1945.{{sfn|Hague|2000|pp=123, 129}} HX convoys were initially considered fast and made up of ships that could make {{cvt|9|–|13|kn}}, the voyage from New York to Liverpool taking an average of 15.2 days. A parallel series of slow convoys ([[SC convoys|SC]]), was run for ships making {{cvt|7.7|–|8|kn}}, which took about 15.4 days from [[Sydney, Nova Scotia]].{{sfn|Roskill|1957|p=345}}

Ships making more than {{cvt|13|kn}} sailed independently; [[CU convoys|CU]] (Caribbean to United Kingdom) series were organised in 1943, most being US war-built tankers of {{cvt|15|kn}}+, which later included troop transports and fast merchant ships.{{sfn|Hague|2000|p=38}} Outbound convoys were usually slower than return convoys and summer voyages usually faster than those in winter. Delays for diversions and bad weather could lead to escort vessels at the ocean rendezvous running low on fuel and having to return. A convoy that went way off course or encountered unusually stormy or foggy weather would be lucky to make rendezvous with its escorts.{{sfn|Roskill|1957|p=345}} The largest convoy of the Second World War was [[Convoy HX 300]] which sailed from New York to Britain on 25 July 1944, with 166 merchant ships, arriving at Liverpool without incident, on 3 August 1944.{{sfn|Hague|2000|p=129}}

==Convoy battles==
[[File:North Atlantic Ocean laea relief location map.jpg|thumb|{{center|Map showing the north Atlantic}}]]
* '''[[Convoy HX 79]]''' Attacked by a U-boat [[Wolfpack (naval tactic)|Wolfpack]] in October 1940. Twelve ships were lost, which, with the attack on [[Convoy SC 7]] on the same day, made 19 October and the night of 19/20 October 1940 the worst period for shipping losses of the Battle of the Atlantic.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=44}}
* '''[[Convoy HX 84]]''' Attacked on 5 November 1940 by the {{ship|German heavy cruiser|Admiral Scheer}}. Five ships were quickly sunk but the sacrifice of {{HMS|Jervis Bay|F40|6}} an [[Armed merchantman#Armed merchant cruiser|armed merchant cruiser]] and the armed merchant ship [[SS Beaverford|SS ''Beaverford'']] along with failing light, allowed the rest of the convoy to escape. The oil tanker {{SS|San Demetrio||2}} was part of the convoy.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=48}}
* '''[[Convoy HX 106]]''' On 8 February 1941 two German [[battlecruiser]]s, {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{Ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}} appeared over the horizon. The presence of the escorting battleship {{HMS|Ramillies|07|6}} deterred an attack.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=58}}
* '''[[Convoy HX 112]]''' Attacked in March 1941, this battle was notable for seeing the loss to the {{lang|de|[[Kriegsmarine]]}} (German navy) of two of its U-boat aces, [[Otto Kretschmer]] and [[Joachim Schepke]].{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|pp=63, 65}}
* '''[[Convoy HX 156]]''' was being escorted by the [[United States Navy]] in October, 1941, when {{GS|U-552||2}} torpedoed {{USS|Reuben James|DD-245|6}}, the first US warship sunk in the Second World War.{{sfn|Silverstone|1968|p=9}}
* '''[[Convoy HX 212]]''' suffered the worst loss of an HX convoy in 1942.{{sfnm|1a1=Hague|1y=2000|1pp=127–128|2a1=Rohwer|2a2=Hümmelchen|2y=2005|2pp=203, 208}}
* '''[[Convoy HX 228]]''' Was one of several convoys attacked during March 1943. Two U-boats were destroyed while sinking four merchant ships and the escort commander's destroyer.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|pp=236–239}}
* '''[[Convoys HX 229/SC 122]]'''. Attacked in March 1943, this action converged with the operation around Convoy SC 122 and became the largest convoy battle of the Atlantic campaign.{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|pp=237–239}}

==HX convoy statistics==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"
|+Sinkings of merchant ships in HX convoys{{sfn|Hague|2000|p=116}}
|-
! scope="col" width="30px"  |Year
! scope="col" width="20px"  |No. convoys
! scope="col" width="20px"  |No. ships
! scope="col" width="20px"  |Lost
! scope="col" width="20px"  |Stragglers lost
! scope="col" width="20px"  |Non-convoy losses
! scope="col" width="20px"  |Total
! scope="col" width="20px"  |%
!|Notes
|-
|1939
|22
|431
| 1
| —
| 2
| '''3'''
|{{percentage|3|431|2|pad=yes|%=}}
|
|-
|1940
|91
|3,424
|48
|22
|24
|'''94'''
|{{percentage|94|3424|2|%=}}
|
|-
|1941
|70
|3,050
|21
|18
|7
|'''46'''
|{{percentage|46|3050|2|%=}}
|
|-
|1942
|54
|1,811
|8
|6
|3
|'''17'''
|{{percentage|17|1811|2|%=}}
|
|-
|1943
|53
|2,958
|27
|14
| —
|'''41'''
|{{percentage|41|2958|2|%=}}
|
|-
|1944
|55
|4,085
|2
| —
| —
|'''2'''
|{{percentage|2|4085|2|%=}}
|
|-
|1945
|32
|1,985
|3
| —
| —
|'''3'''
|{{percentage|3|1985|2|%=}}
|
|-
!Total
|'''377'''
|'''17,774'''
|'''110'''
|'''60'''
|'''36'''
|'''206'''
|'''{{percentage|206|17774|2|%=}}'''
|
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Hague |first=Arnold |year=2000 |title=The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945: Its Organisation, Defence and Operation |publisher=Chatham |location=London |isbn=1-86176-147-3}}
* {{cite book  |last=Newbolt |first=H. J. |author-link=Henry Newbolt |series=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |title=Naval Operations (accompanying Map Case) |url=https://archive.org/details/navaloperations0000corb/page/n5/mode/2up |url-access=registration |via=Archive Foundation |volume=V |year=2003 |orig-year=1931 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |location=London |edition=facs. repr. Imperial War Museum Department of Printed books and Naval & Military Press, Uckfield |isbn=978-1-84342-493-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rohwer |first1=Jürgen |author-link1=Jürgen Rohwer |last2=Hümmelchen |first2=Gerhard |title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |year=2005 |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=1-59114-119-2}}
* {{cite book |series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series |title=The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive |volume=I |last=Roskill |first=S. W. |author-link=Stephen Roskill |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |year=1957 |orig-year=1954 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |edition=4th impr. |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |oclc=881709135 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227021618/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Silverstone |first=Paul H. |year=1968 |title=US Warships of World War II |publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] |location=New York |oclc=460376599}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Vat |first=Dan van der |year=1988 |title=The Atlantic Campaign |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |location=London |isbn=0-340-37751-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Woodman |first=Richard |title=The Real Cruel Sea: The Merchant Navy in the Battle of the Atlantic 1939–1943 |year=2013 |orig-year=2004 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |edition=repr. Pen & Sword Maritime, Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84884-415-5}}

==External links==
* [http://www.warsailors.com/convoys/index.html#hx Private page about the convoys]
* [http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/hague/index.html Ships sailing in HX convoys]
* [http://hmsjervisbay.com/Story.HX84.php HMS ''Jervis Bay'' and the battle of HX84]
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=-5742223&CATLN=7&Highlight=&FullDetails=False Convoy HXS 300 from Halifax (later New York) to UK, includes list of merchant vessels in the convoy]

{{World War II}}

[[Category:North Atlantic convoys of World War II|HX 0]]
[[Category:Battle of the Atlantic]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

German battleship Gneisenau (edit)
German battleship Scharnhorst (edit)
German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer (edit)
German submarine U-552 (edit)
HMCS Regina (K234) (edit)
HMCS Saguenay (D79) (edit)
HMCS St. Laurent (H83) (edit)
HMS Berwick (65) (edit)
HMS Jervis Bay (F40) (edit)
HMS Ramillies (07) (edit)
HMS York (90) (edit)
SS San Demetrio (edit)
USS Reuben James (DD-245) (edit)
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