View source for Japanese cruiser Matsushima

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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Matsushima(Bertin).jpg
|Ship caption= ''Matsushima'', flagship of the Japanese Navy in the Sino-Japanese War.
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Empire of Japan]]
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Empire of Japan|naval}}
|Ship name=''Matsushima''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship ordered= 1886 Fiscal Year
|Ship builder= [[Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée]], [[La Seyne-sur-Mer]], [[France]]
|Ship laid down= 17 February 1888 
|Ship launched= 22 January 1890
|Ship completed=5 April 1892
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned= 
|Ship decommissioned= 
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship struck= 31 July 1908
|Ship homeport=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate= Sunk after accidental explosion 30 April 1908
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass|Matsushima|cruiser}}
|Ship displacement={{convert|4217|LT|t|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship length={{convert|91.81|m|ftin|abbr=on}} [[Length at the waterline|w/l]]
|Ship beam={{convert|15.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|6.05|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=2-shaft [[triple expansion steam engine|reciprocating]]; 6 boilers; {{convert|5400|hp|abbr=on}}, 680 tons coal
|Ship speed={{convert|16.5|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}}
|Ship range= 
|Ship complement=360
|Ship armament=*1 × {{convert|320|mm|in|1|abbr=off}} [[Canet gun]]
*12 × [[QF 4.7 inch Gun Mk I–IV]] guns
*6 × [[QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss]]
*2 × 5 barrel Hotchkiss rotary 1-pounder guns
*4 × {{convert|356|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s
|Ship armor=*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|50|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Gun Turret]]:  {{convert|300|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
*[[Gun shield]]: {{convert|100|mm|in|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship aircraft=
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
{{nihongo|'''''Matsushima'''''|松島|Pine Island}} was a {{sclass|Matsushima|cruiser|0}} [[protected cruiser]] of the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]. Like her [[sister ship]]s, (the {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Itsukushima||2}} and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Hashidate||2}}) her name comes from one of the traditional [[Three Views of Japan]], in this case, the [[Matsushima]] archipelago near [[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai]] in [[Miyagi prefecture]].

==Background==
Forming the backbone of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], the ''Matsushima''-class cruisers were based on the principles of [[Jeune École]], as promoted by [[Foreign government advisors in Meiji Japan|French military advisor]] and [[naval architecture|naval architect]] [[Louis-Émile Bertin]].<ref name=Roksund>Roksund, ''The Jeune École: The Strategy of the Weak'';</ref> The Japanese government did not have the resources or budget to build a [[battleship]] navy to counter the various foreign powers active in Asia; instead, Japan adopted the radical theory of using smaller, faster warships, with light armor and small caliber long-range guns, coupled with a massive single {{convert|320|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} [[Canet gun]]. The design eventually proved impractical, as the recoil from the huge cannon was too much for a vessel of such small displacement, and its reloading time was impractically long; however, the ''Matsushima''-class cruisers served their purpose well against the poorly equipped and poorly led Imperial Chinese [[Beiyang Fleet]].

''Matsushima'' was built by the [[Société Nouvelle des Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée]] naval shipyards at [[La Seyne-sur-Mer]] in [[France]].

==Design==
''Matsushima'' differed from her sister ships primarily in the location of her main gun, which was situated behind the superstructure instead of in the bow.

''Matsushima'' had a steel hull with 94 frames constructed of mild steel, and a double bottom, divided into waterproof compartments, with the area between the bulkheads and armor filled with [[copra]]. The bow was reinforced with a [[naval ram]]. The vital equipment, including boilers and [[Magazine (artillery)|ammunition magazine]]s, were protected by hardened steel armor, as were the gun shields. The main armament consisted of one breech-loading 320-mm [[Canet guns|Canet gun]] mounted in behind the [[superstructure]] of the ship, which could fire 450-kg [[Armor-piercing shell|armor-piercing]] or 350-kg explosive shells at an effective range of {{convert|8,000|m|yd}}. The maximum rate of fire was two rounds per hour, and the ship carried 60 rounds. Secondary armament consisted of twelve [[QF 4.7 inch Gun Mk I–IV]] [[Armstrong gun]]s, with a maximum range of {{convert|9,000|m|yd}} and maximum rate of fire of 12 rounds/minute. Ten were mounted on the gun deck, five to each side, with the remaining two guns located in upper deck [[embrasures]] on either side of the bow. Each gun was equipped with 120 rounds. Tertiary protection was by six [[QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss]] mounted in [[sponson]]s on the upper deck, with a maximum range of {{convert|6,000|m|yd}} and rate of fire of 20 rounds/minute. Each gun had 300 rounds. In addition, eleven [[QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss]] were mounted at various locations, with range of {{convert|2,200|m|yd}} rate of fire of 32 rounds/minute and 800 rounds per gun. Each ship in the class also had four 356-mm [[torpedo tube]]s, three in the bow and one in the stern, with a total of 20 torpedoes carried on board. The weight of this weaponry made the design dangerously top-heavy, and armor was sacrificed in an attempt to lower the weight.<ref name=Conway>Chesneau, ''Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905'', page 227</ref>

The ship was driven by two horizontal [[Compound steam engine|triple expansion]] [[steam engines]]. The seaworthiness of the design was poor, and the designed speed of {{convert|16.5|kn|lk=in}} was seldom possible.<ref name=Conway/>

==Service record==
''Matsushima'' arrived in [[Sasebo Naval District]] on 19 October 1892. As part of her [[shakedown cruise]], from June to November 1893, ''Matsushima'', {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Takachiho||2}} and {{ship|Japanese cruiser|Chiyoda||2}} made a 160-day, {{convert|7000|nmi|lk=in}} navigational training cruise off the shores of [[China]], [[Korea]] and [[Russia]].

===First Sino-Japanese War===
After the start of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], ''Matsushima'' was the [[flagship]] of Admiral [[Itō Sukeyuki]]. She played a central role in the [[Battle of the Yalu River (1894)|Battle of the Yalu River]], as a part of the Japanese main body with ''Hashidate'', ''Chiyoda'' and ''Itsukushima''.<ref name ="JC Perry 1964"/> During the battle, the shortcomings of her design soon became evident - she was able to fire her Canet gun only four times, knocking out one of the guns on the {{ship|Chinese gunboat|Pingyuan||2|up=yes}}. During the battle, one of the 259-mm shells from ''Pingyuan'' struck ''Matsushima'' in her unarmored starboard side, destroying her torpedo tubes, and killing four crewmen, but the shell failed to explode.<ref name ="JC Perry 1964">{{cite journal |first1=John Curtis |last1=Perry |author-link=John Curtis Perry |year=1964 |title=The Battle off the Tayang, 17 September 1894 |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=243–259  |doi=10.1080/00253359.1964.10657787 }}</ref> However, two of the 305-mm shells from the [[Ironclad warship|ironclad]] {{ship|Chinese ironclad|Zhenyuan||2}} also struck ''Matsushima''. One failed to detonate, and passed through both sides of the hull. The other exploded, destroying the No.4 120-mm gun on the gun deck as it was being loaded, killing 28 crewmen and wounding 68 others. The fire from this explosion knocked three other guns out of commission, and only the quick action by a non-commissioned officer who stuffed his uniform into cracks in a bulkhead prevented the fire from spreading to an [[Magazine (artillery)|ammunition magazine]]. ''Matsushima'' also took numerous hits from smaller caliber artillery, damaging her smokestack, masts, and deck equipment, forcing her withdrawal from combat. In all, ''Matsushima'' lost 57 men (including three officers) and 54 wounded (including four officers) in the battle – more than half of the Japanese casualties during the entire battle.<ref name=Paine>Paine, ''The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895: Perception, Power, and Primacy'' page 133-134</ref> Admiral Itō was forced to transfer his flag to ''Hashidate'' as ''Matsushima'' returned to [[Kure Naval Arsenal]] for repairs.

With crews working around the clock, ''Matsushima'' was able to return to active duty after 26 days, participating in the [[Battle of Lushunkou]] and the [[Battle of Weihaiwei]]. While engaged in [[shore bombardment]] of the land fortifications of [[Weihaiwei under British rule|Weihaiwei]] harbor, ''Matsushima'' was hit by two shells from the defenders. One shell destroyed her chart house and damaged her smokestack, and the other exploded on her deck armor, wounding two crewmen. At the end of the battle, representatives from the Beiyang Fleet arrived on the deck of ''Matsushima'' to sign documents of surrender.

''Matsushima'' was among the Japanese fleet units that took part in the [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)|invasion of Taiwan]] in 1895, and saw action on 3 June 1895 at the [[Battle of Keelung (1895)|bombardment of the Chinese coastal forts at Keelung]].
[[File:MatsushimaGunJapanesePrint.jpg|thumb|''Matsushima'' in action, with her Canet gun. [[Kobayashi Kiyochika]], 1894]]

===Interwar years===
''Matsushima'' was among warships anchored in the [[Seto Inland Sea]] off [[Nagahama, Ehime|Nagahama]], [[Shikoku]], [[Japan]], when a strong [[gale]] struck on 29 October 1897.  The [[central battery ironclad]] ''[[Japanese ironclad Fusō|Fusō]]''s anchor chain broke, and ''Fusō'' drifted across the harbor, collided with ''Matsushima'''s [[Naval ram|ram]], then struck her [[sister ship]] ''[[Japanese cruiser Itsukushima|Itsukushima]]'' before sinking in shallow water on a [[reef]].<ref>Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, ''Conway′s All the World′s Fighting Ships 1860-1905'', New York: Mayflower Books, 1979, {{ISBN|0-8317-0302-4}}, p. 219.</ref><ref>[http://www.steelnavy.net/CombrigFuso700.html steelnavy.net Fuso Japanese Battleship 1900]</ref><ref name=lengererIII46>Lengerer, Hans (September 2007). Ahlberg, Lars, ed. "The IJN's First Warship Order to a Foreign Country: Armoured Frigate Fusô and Belted Corvettes Kongô and Hiei – Part III". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper III), p. 46.</ref> ''Fusō'' later was refloated, repaired, and returned to service.<ref name=lengererIII46/>

''Matsushima'' was reclassified as a second-class cruiser on 21 March 1898. [[Prince Arisugawa Takehito]] was later appointed captain, followed by future admiral [[Uryū Sotokichi]].

From 3 May 1898 to 15 September 1898, ''Matsushima'' was assigned to patrolling the sea lanes between Taiwan and [[Manila]], during the period of heightened tension between Japan and the [[United States]] during the [[Spanish–American War]].

In April 1900, ''Matsushima'' participated in large-scale naval maneuvers, and later that year escorted Japanese transports to China during the [[Boxer Rebellion]]. She underwent renovation at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal from February 1901, during which time her six boilers were replaced by eight more reliable [[Belleville boiler]]s. Her smaller guns were also upgraded by replacement with additional [[QF 12-pounder 12 cwt naval gun|76-mm guns]] and 18 [[QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss]] 47-mm guns.<ref name=Conway/>

In 1902, ''Matsushima'' was dispatched to [[Minami Torishima]], in an armed response to [[United States|American]] claims that the island was American territory.

In 1903, ''Matsushima'' made the first of its long-distance navigational training voyages, visiting [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Australia]].
[[File:CanetGun.jpg|thumb|right|Officers of ''Matsushima''.]]

===Russo-Japanese War===
During the [[Russo-Japanese War]], the hopelessly obsolete ''Matsushima'' and her sister ships were assigned to the 5th squadron of the reserve [[3rd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|IJN 3rd Fleet]], together with the equally outdated [[ironclad warship|ironclad]] battleship {{ship|Japanese battleship|Chin'en||2}} under the command of Admiral [[Shichiro Kataoka]]. She was based out of the [[Takeshiki Guard District]] on [[Tsushima island]] for patrols of the [[Korea Strait]] in early February 1904. In May 1904, she assisted in the escort of transports carrying the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] [[Japanese Second Army|2nd Army]], and at the end of the month was present at the blockade of [[Lüshunkou|Port Arthur]].

During the [[Battle of the Yellow Sea]] of 10 August, ''Matsushima'' shadowed the Russian fleet, but was unable to close to combat distance. After the end of the [[Battle of Port Arthur]], ''Matsushima'' was reassigned to [[Hakodate]] for patrols of the [[Tsugaru Strait]]. During this time, she captured the British-flagged steamship ''Istria'' with a cargo of contraband coal attempting to run the Japanese blockade into Port Arthur, but her capture was overturned in a Japanese [[prize court]]. On 28 February, she was briefly trapped in [[sea ice]] off of the island of [[Kunashir]], but managed to break free, losing her right propeller and damaging some of her armor plating. She was repaired from March–April 1905 at the [[Sasebo Naval Arsenal]].

At the final [[Battle of Tsushima]], ''Matsushima'' was assigned to the 5th Division of the Japanese fleet. At the end of the first day of the battle, she was able to attack the cruisers {{Ship|Russian cruiser|Oleg||2}} and {{ship|Russian cruiser|Aurora||2}}, but took a hit in return which damaged her steering and put her out of action until repairs could be completed.<ref>Howarth, ''The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun''</ref> The following day, she covered the surrender of the remnants of the Russian fleet by [[Nikolai Nebogatov|Admiral Nebogatov]]. After the battle, she continued in patrols of the Korea Strait.

Later ''Matsushima'' was assigned as flagship of Admiral [[Dewa Shigeto]] in the [[4th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)|IJN 4th Fleet]], which was formed for the Japanese invasion of [[Sakhalin]] in July and August 1905. She was overhauled at Sasebo Naval Arsenal in September and October.

===Final years===
[[File:臺灣澎湖馬公 松島艦遭難紀念碑 Memorial to the cruiser Matsushima located in Penghu, TAIWAN in 1908.jpg|thumb|right|Original 1908 memorial to the cruiser Matsushima pictured. Modern park memorial in [[Magong]] City, [[Penghu]] County, [[Taiwan]].]]
After the end of the war, ''Matsushima'' reverted to her former role as a training vessel, making long-distance navigational training cruises with [[Imperial Japanese Naval Academy]] cadets to Southeast Asia and Australia in 1906, 1907 and 1908.

On 30 April 1908, while anchored at [[Mako Guard District|Mako]] in the [[Penghu Islands|Pescadores islands]] off of Taiwan while returning from a training cruise, an accidental explosion occurred in her ammunition magazine. ''Matsushima'' rolled over onto her starboard side and then sank stern-first at {{coord|23|32|N|119|34|E|display=inline, title}}. The accident killed 206 of her 350-member crew, including 33 midshipmen of the newly graduated 35th Class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14918750 |title=MATSUSHIMA DISASTER. |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |issue=21,960 |location=New South Wales, Australia |date=4 June 1908 |access-date=17 March 2018 |page=6 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> She was struck from the [[navy list]] on 31 July 1908. Later, her wreckage was raised and scrapped.

A memorial to the ''Matsushima''-class ships in general, and ''Matsushima'' in particular, is located at the temple of Omido-ji in [[Mihama, Aichi|Mihama]], [[Aichi prefecture]]. The memorial contains one of ''Matsushima''{{'}}s 320&nbsp;mm shells, weighing 450&nbsp;kg, and standing 97.5&nbsp;cm tall.  There is also a modern park memorial to replace the 1908 memorial (pictured) in a [[Magong|Magong City]] park on the bay in [[Penghu|Penghu County]], Taiwan; near the spot where the ship went down.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image: Japanese cruiser Matsushima 2.jpg|A 1905 post card
Image: Japanese cruiser Matsushima 1895.jpg|Off the Pescadores islands, 1895
Image: Japanese cruiser Matsushima 1896.jpg|With parade pennants, 1896
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Commons category|Matsushima (ship, 1892)}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last= Chesneau |first= Roger|title= Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. |publisher= Conway Maritime Press |year=1979|isbn=978-0-85177-133-5}}
* {{cite book|author1=David C. Evans|author2=Mark R. Peattie|title=Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941|year=1997|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-0-87021-192-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Howarth|first=Stephen|title=The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895-1945|publisher=Atheneum|year=1983|isbn=978-0-689-11402-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Jane|first=Fred T.|title=The Imperial Japanese Navy|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924030895795|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co|year=1904}}
* {{cite book|last=Jentsura|first=Hansgeorg|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869-1945|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|year=1976|isbn=978-0-87021-893-4}}
* {{cite book|last= Roberts |first= John (ed). |title='Warships of the world from 1860 to 1905 - Volume 2: United States, Japan and Russia  |publisher= Bernard & Graefe Verlag, Koblenz |year=1983|isbn=978-3-7637-5403-8}}
* {{cite book|last= Roksund |first= Arne |title=The Jeune École: The Strategy of the Weak|publisher= Brill |location= Leiden |year=2007|isbn=978-90-04-15723-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Schencking|first=J. Charles|title=Making Waves: Politics, Propaganda, And The Emergence Of The Imperial Japanese Navy, 1868-1922|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-8047-4977-0}}

{{Matsushima class cruiser}}
{{IJNOrder1894-95}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Matsushima}}
[[Category:Matsushima-class cruisers]]
[[Category:Ships built in France]]
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[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1897]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1908]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by non-combat internal explosions]]

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Return to Japanese cruiser Matsushima.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima"