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{{Short description|Port in Dorset, England}}
{{about|the harbour in England|the port in Maine|Port of Portland (Maine)|the port in Oregon|Port of Portland (Oregon)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Portland harbour south.JPG|thumb|Southern and eastern entrances of Portland Harbour looking northeast from the [[Isle of Portland]] across [[Balaclava Bay]]. The dark colour of the water between the two breakwaters in the foreground indicates the position of the scuttled [[battleship]] {{HMS|Hood|1891|6}}.]]
[[File:Uk dor portharbour.JPG|thumb|The western side of the Harbour with [[Chesil Beach]], [[Lyme Bay]] and the Fleet Lagoon in the background.]]

'''Portland Harbour''' is beside the [[Isle of Portland]], [[Dorset]], on the south coast of [[England]]. Construction of the harbour began in 1849; when completed in 1872, its {{convert|520|ha|acre|adj=on}} surface area made it the largest human-made harbour in the world,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2005/10/06/breakwater_fort_feature.shtml |title=BBC: Portland's Breakwater Fort |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052948/https://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2005/10/06/breakwater_fort_feature.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> and it remains one of the largest in the world today. It is naturally sheltered by Portland to the south, [[Chesil Beach]] to the west and mainland Dorset to the north.<ref name="engineering-timelines.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=219 |title=Portland Harbour |publisher=Engineering timelines |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302190350/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=219 |url-status=live }}</ref> It consists of four [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwater]]s: two southern and two northern. These have a total length of {{cvt|4.57|km|abbr=in}} and enclose approximately {{cvt|1000|ha}} of water.

Portland Harbour was built by the [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] as a facility for the [[Royal Navy]] (though access was also available to merchant ships);<ref name="Coad2013" /> on 11 December 1923 it was formally designated '''HM Naval Base''' ('''HMNB''') '''Portland''',<ref name="PortlandHistoryPH" /> and continued to serve as such until closure in 1995.

==History==

===Creation of harbour of refuge (1844–1872)===
The original harbour was naturally sheltered by the south coast of England, [[Chesil Beach]] and the [[Isle of Portland]], providing refuge for ships against weather in all directions except east. The harbour had already been used by ships for centuries when, in the 16th century, King [[Henry VIII]] built [[Portland Castle]] and [[Sandsfoot Castle]] to defend the anchorage.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1020062 |desc=Sandsfoot Castle, Weymouth and Portland |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> Prompted by the expansion of the French naval port of [[Cherbourg]], just across the [[English Channel]], the Royal Navy established a base at Portland in 1845; a scheme for the harbour to be transformed into a refuge had been granted parliamentary approval the year before. Portland was the first naval anchorage specifically designed for the new steam navy.<ref name="jurassicagent.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.jurassicagent.co.uk/index.php/library/history/portland-and-weymouth |title=The Jurassic Coast – Portland and Weymouth |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322030613/http://jurassicagent.co.uk/index.php/library/history/portland-and-weymouth |archive-date=22 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Similar harbours of refuge would be built at [[Alderney Braye Harbour (Break Water)|Alderney]], [[Dover Harbour|Dover]], [[Holyhead Breakwater|Holyhead]], and later (in response to the increased [[Imperial German Navy|naval threat]] from Germany) at [[Peterhead Bay|Peterhead]].<ref name=Coad2013>{{cite book |last1=Coad |first1=Jonathan |title=Support for the Fleet |date=2013 |publisher=English Heritage |location=Swindon |pages=41–44}}</ref>

[[File:Former Navy Dockyard at Portland (geograph 5418790).jpg|thumb|right|Dockyard Offices (left), built (as the Engineer's Office) by John Coode in 1848, extended to the west in 1910.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1203099 |title=Historic England Grade II listing: Dockyard Offices |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730174844/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1203099 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Construction of the two breakwaters began in 1849 when HRH Prince Albert laid the foundation stone on 25 July. Designed by engineer [[James Meadows Rendel (engineer)|James Meadows Rendel]], the work was carried out under civil engineer [[John Towlerton Leather]], with Rendel as engineer in chief (until his death in 1856), and [[John Coode (engineer)|John Coode]] as resident engineer.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Stuart |title=Portland: An Illustrated History |year=1985 |publisher=Dovecote Press |isbn=978-0946159345 |page=94}}</ref> During 1848, [[HM Prison Portland]] was established to provide convict labour to quarry the stone needed to construct the breakwaters and the harbour defences.<ref>{{cite book |last=Legg |first=D. R. G. |title=Portland Prison Illustrated |year=2000 |publisher=Sprint Signs and Graphics, Weymouth |page=5}}</ref> Known as the Admiralty Quarries, they provided 10,000 tons of stone per week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/~imw/Portland-Quarries.htm |title=Isle of Portland Quarries – Geology by Ian West |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402111741/http://www.southampton.ac.uk/%7Eimw/Portland-Quarries.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The breakwaters were declared complete by [[Edward VII|HRH Edward the Prince of Wales]] on 10 August 1872. A major government project, the construction work had become Dorset's greatest tourist attraction of its time.<ref name="portland-port.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.portland-port.co.uk/history |title=History |publisher=Portland Port |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620182131/http://www.portland-port.co.uk/history |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Construction of harbour defences===
The initial southern breakwaters were built between 1849 and 1872; meanwhile, various defences were created to defend the harbour. The [[Verne Citadel]], designed by Captain Crosman R.E., was built at Verne Hill between 1860 and 1881: the 56 acre (23 ha) fortress was designed for 1000 troops and had gun emplacements facing seawards on three sides.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/pdf/datasheets/vernecitadel.pdf |title=Verne Citadel |publisher=Victorian Forts |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=26 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826043914/https://www.victorianforts.co.uk/pdf/datasheets/vernecitadel.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Below the eastern side of the citadel, [[East Weare Battery]] was built during the 1860s, along with the detention barracks [[East Weare Camp]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/pdf/datasheets/eastweare.pdf |title=East Weare Batteries |publisher=Victorian Forts |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220454/http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/pdf/datasheets/eastweare.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{NHLE |num=1205814 |desc=EAST WEARE CAMP, Portland |date=21 September 1978 |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> On the end of the inner breakwater was the [[Inner Pierhead Fort]], and on the outer breakwater the circular [[Portland Breakwater Fort|Breakwater Fort]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1280475 |desc=BREAKWATER FORT |date=21 September 1978 |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> On [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]]'s side of the harbour, the [[Nothe Fort]] was built at the end of the Nothe Peninsula, and completed in 1872.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/pdf/datasheets/nothe.pdf |title=Nothe Fort |publisher=Victorian Forts |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024022/http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/pdf/datasheets/nothe.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1892, the [[Verne High Angle Battery]] was built in a disused quarry near the Verne Citadel, but was decommissioned in 1906.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/pdf/datasheets/verneha.pdf |title=Verne High Angle Battery |publisher=Victorian Forts |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221907/http://www.victorianforts.co.uk/pdf/datasheets/verneha.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

As part of further defence works against the threat of torpedo attack, the harbour's two northern breakwaters were built between 1893 and 1906.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=219 |title=Portland Harbour |publisher=Engineering Timelines |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302190350/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=219 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1902, additional defences were constructed, including Upton Fort at Osmington and [[Blacknor Fort]] on the western side of Portland.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1021435 |access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> By 1903, the [[East Weares Rifle Range]] served the navy and other military on the eastern side of the island.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1428958 |desc=East Weare rifle range, Portland |date=28 October 2015 |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref> In 1905, the [[Portland Breakwater Lighthouse, Dorset|Portland Breakwater Lighthouse]] was erected on the southern end of northeast breakwater, where it continues to operate today.<ref>{{cite web |author=Joanna Davis @DorsetEchoJo Features & entertainments writer |url=http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/localnews/portland/15273449.The_historical_importance_of_Portland_Breakwater_Lighthouse/ |title=Portland historian Stuart Morris on the importance of the Portland Breakwater Lighthouse |publisher=Dorset Echo |date=14 March 1905 |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072908/http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/localnews/portland/15273449.The_historical_importance_of_Portland_Breakwater_Lighthouse/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Establishment of Royal Navy at Portland===
[[File:Storehouses at Portland Dockyard (geograph 5418782).jpg|thumb|right|Coaling shed (1856–60) on the inner breakwater. Coal was stored on the first floor and then deployed in railway wagons to waiting vessels moored along the length of the breakwater.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1205991 |title=Historic England Grade II listing: Inner and outer breakwater |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730174842/https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1205991 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
The harbour was envisaged primarily as a [[coaling station]] for the Royal Navy, being conveniently equidistant from the Royal Navy's two principal bases at [[HMNB Portsmouth|Portsmouth]] and [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport]];<ref name="Coad2013" /> however it was also where the [[Channel Squadron]] was based, newly re-formed in 1858.

In the 20th century, Portland became increasingly renowned for its training and research facilities.<ref name="PortlandHistoryPH" />

====Fuelling facilities====
[[File:Portland coaling stage.png|thumb|The new coaling pier (picture postcard, 1910).]]
Coaling facilities were initially integrated into the design of the inner breakwater. A new coaling pier was built between 1890 and 1896, and expanded coaling facilities were still being added in 1906.<ref name="PortlandHistoryPH">{{cite web |title=Portland Harbour |url=https://www.portlandhistory.co.uk/portland-harbour.html |website=The Encyclopaedia of Portland History |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052947/https://www.portlandhistory.co.uk/portland-harbour.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 20th century the harbour increasingly became an naval oiling depot and, beginning in the early 1900s, the tidal creek the Mere began to be filled in for a vast tank farm.<ref name="jurassicagent.co.uk"/>

====Naval base====
Over time, Portland was successively the base for the [[Channel Fleet|Channel]] and [[Home Fleet|Home]] Fleets, as well as part of the [[Reserve Fleet (United Kingdom)|Reserve Fleet]], and it also served as a depot for submarines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jurassicagent.co.uk/index.php/library/history/portland-s-deep-sea-harbour/81-the-channel-fleet |title=The Jurassic Coast – The Channel Fleet |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102027/http://www.jurassicagent.co.uk/index.php/library/history/portland-s-deep-sea-harbour/81-the-channel-fleet |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In the early years of the 20th century it served as base for the Navy's first [[Torpedo Boat Destroyer]]s.<ref name="PortlandHistoryPH" />

====Naval Dockyard facilities====
[[File:Derelict Dockyard Office, Portland Harbour - geograph.org.uk - 5418779.jpg|thumb|Dockyard Offices (later Naval Headquarters): the 1910 extension to the original engineer's office of 1848.]]
In the 1850s it had been proposed that a full [[Royal Navy Dockyard]] be established, with three [[dry docks]], three [[Slipway|shipbuilding slips]], a [[fitting-out]] [[Basin (maritime)|basin]] and associated factory facilities. These plans were not carried through, however a [[floating dry dock]] was introduced in 1914, enabling Portland to function as a repair and refit facility,<ref name="PortlandHistoryPH" /> and by 1914 Portland was officially listed as a Naval Dockyard (remaining so until 1959).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.navylistresearch.co.uk/usa_archives.html |title=Digitally Copied Navy Lists available on line. |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430230249/http://www.navylistresearch.co.uk/usa_archives.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Onshore amenities included a range of storehouses, workshops and office buildings.<ref name="Taylor2018">{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Fiona |title=Weymouth & Portland at Work: People and Industries Through the Years |date=2018 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Ltd |location=Stroud, Gloucs.}}</ref>

====Support facilities====
Support facilities for the fleet were also added over time, including a canteen and recreation ground (opened in 1903).<ref name="Taylor2018" /> The nearby [[Royal Naval Hospital, Portland|Royal Naval Hospital]] in Castletown served the naval base from 1904 (replacing an earlier Sick Quarters), until 1957 when it was handed over to the NHS.<ref>{{cite book |last=Perry |first=Reg |title=A History of The Royal Naval Hospital Portland |date=May 1997 |publisher=Artsmiths}}</ref>

====Research facilities====
The development of both the torpedo and the submarine led to Portland Harbour becoming a centre for research into underwater warfare, beginning with the establishment of [[Robert Whitehead]]'s Torpedo Works at Wyke Regis in 1891. A purpose-built pier projecting into the harbour from the factory was used for torpedo testing and practice firing. The factory closed in 1997 and was cleared to make way for a housing development named Whitehead Drive, which includes a memorial stone and plaque to commemorate the factory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weymouthinoldpostcards.co.uk/whitehead%20torpedo%20woirks.htm |title=Whitehead Torpedo Works |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235924/http://www.weymouthinoldpostcards.co.uk/whitehead%20torpedo%20woirks.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Training facilities====
In 1862 {{HMS|Britannia|1820|6}} was moored at Portland to serve as a training ship for naval cadets. She was replaced by {{HMS|Boscawen|1844|6}} in 1866 (following ''Britannia''{{'}}s relocation to Dartmouth). ''Boscawen'' was herself replaced in 1873 by HMS ''Trafalgar'', which took on the same name. In 1882 an onshore training complex was built, above the dockyard on Portland Bill.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carradice |first1=Phil |title=Nautical Training Ships: An Illustrated History |date=2009 |publisher=Amberley Publishing |location=Stroud, Gloucs.}}</ref> As the Royal Navy grew in size towards the end of the 19th century, additional accommodation was required for boys' training, which saw the arrival of {{HMS|Minotaur|1863|6}} in 1898 and {{HMS|Agincourt|1865|2}} in 1904; they were named ''Boscawen II'' and ''Boscawen III'' respectively. The training establishment closed in 1906; while ''Boscawen'' (ex-''Trafalgar'') was sold,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jurassicagent.co.uk/index.php/library/history/portland-s-deep-sea-harbour/84-hms-boscowan |title=The Jurassic Coast – HMS Boscawen |access-date=19 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629032106/http://jurassicagent.co.uk/index.php/library/history/portland-s-deep-sea-harbour/84-hms-boscowan |archive-date=29 June 2016}}</ref> ''Boscawen II'' and ''Boscawen III'' were transferred to Harwich and subsequently attached to {{HMS|Ganges|shore establishment|6}}.<ref name="Warlow1992">{{cite book |last1=Warlow |first1=Lt Cdr B. |title=Shore Establishments of the Royal Navy: being a List of the Static Ships and Establishments of the Royal Navy |date=1992 |publisher=Maritime Books |location=Liskeard, Cornwall |pages=28–29}}</ref>

===World War I to World War II (1914–1945)===
The increasing threat of conflict with Germany before the [[Great War]] erupted saw the arrival of the [[Dreadnoughts]] in Portland, while seaplanes began to operate in Portland's skies. King [[George V]] watched aerial displays from the royal yacht in the harbour in May 1912. This occasion saw a biplane demonstrate the first British flight from a moving ship, and afterwards the king took the first ever royal trip in a submarine.

In 1914, the Grand Fleet assembled in Portland Harbour before sailing to Scapa Flow.<ref name="portland-port.co.uk"/> As a measure against submarine attack, the battleship {{HMS|Hood|1891|6}} was scuttled across the harbour's southern entrance in 1914.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weymouth-harbour.co.uk/shipwrecks/ |title=Shipwrecked Weymouth |publisher=Weymouth Harbour |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072534/http://www.weymouth-harbour.co.uk/shipwrecks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Anti-submarine School and ASDIC Research & Development====
In 1917 the [[RNAS]] seaplane base at Portland was commissioned as {{HMS|Sarepta}}. Under its command, a 'listening school' was established to help develop [[hydrophone]] underwater listening devices and other [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] measures, and to train personnel in their use. The school initially operated from temporary accommodation in [[Weymouth, Dorset|Weymouth]], before moving in 1918 to a site at East Weare, just south of the Dockyard. Meanwhile, the experimental work was carried out within the dockyard itself: namely in a pair of sheds on the inner breakwater and in what had been the Admiralty Slaughter Houses (just to the south, at [[Balaclava Bay]]), which were swiftly converted into workshops. The dockyard swimming pool was also put to use, as a testing tank.<ref name="PortHistHMUDE">{{cite web |title=HM Underwater Detection Establishment |url=https://www.portlandhistory.co.uk/hm-underwater-detection-establishment.html |website=The Portland History Website |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>

''Sarepta'' was decommissioned in December 1919, but the anti-submarine work continued, overseen from the cruiser {{HMS|Gibraltar|1892|6}}, which became lead ship of a small anti-submarine flotilla, made up of [[R-class destroyer (1916)|R-class destroyers]] and [[P-class sloop|P-class]] patrol boats, fitted with ASDIC for training and for experimental testing.<ref name="Franklin2003">{{cite book |last1=Franklin |first1=George |title=Britain's Anti-submarine Capability 1919–1939 |date=2003 |publisher=Frank Cass Publishers |location=London}}</ref>

In 1924, however, Portland's Anti-Submarine School (having been consolidated with similar units from {{HMS|Vernon|shore establishment|6}} and [[Admiralty Signals and Radar Establishment|HM Signal School]], Portsmouth) was itself commissioned as [[HMS Osprey, Portland|HMS ''Osprey'']], becoming an independent shore command.<ref name="PortlandHistUD">{{cite web |title=HM Underwater Detection Establishment |url=https://www.portlandhistory.co.uk/hm-underwater-detection-establishment.html |website=The Encyclopaedia of Portland History |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052948/https://www.portlandhistory.co.uk/hm-underwater-detection-establishment.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{HMS|Icewhale}} initially served as the depot ship,<ref name="Warlow1992" /> and was duly renamed ''Osprey''; but in 1928 she was sold out of service and the name was transferred ashore).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meech |first1=Ruth |title=Why Portland's naval base was called HMS Osprey |url=https://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/features/lookingback/8335706.why-portlands-naval-base-was-called-hms-osprey/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=Dorset Echo |date=17 August 2010}}</ref> Its facilities included laboratories and workshops, a large water tank for conducting experiments and an inshore testing site for trials of [[ASDIC]] on the inner breakwater (by the late 1930s over 200 civilians were employed in ''Osprey'''s ASDIC Research and Development Unit (ARDU)).<ref name="PortlandHistUD" />

====World War II====
From 1940, the harbour came under fierce German air attack, with Portland suffering 48 air attacks, in which 532 bombs were dropped, over the course of the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2012/10/danger-uxb/ |title=Danger UXB – Portland's World War 2 UneXploded Bomb &#124; Dorset Life – The Dorset Magazine |publisher=Dorset Life |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127014835/http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2012/10/danger-uxb/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 1940, the anti-aircraft ship {{HMS|Foylebank}} was attacked by Stuka dive-bombers and sank in the harbour. The second of only two [[Victoria Cross]]es awarded for action in the United Kingdom was posthumously bestowed on [[Jack Foreman Mantle]], who died at his post on the ship. Although mortally wounded he continued to fire his gun against the attackers until he died. Mantle is buried in Portland's [[Royal Naval Cemetery]], which overlooks the harbour.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/28/a4500028.shtml |title=WW2 People's War – H.M.S. Foylebank – Part Three |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052948/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/28/a4500028.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1940–41, the [[Portland Naval Communication Headquarters]] was constructed, built into the hillside at the rear of the dockyard.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/p/portland_naval_hq/index.shtml |title=Subterranea Britannica: Sites: Portland underground Naval Headquarters & Communications Centre |publisher=Subbrit.org.uk |date=1 September 2004 |access-date=26 June 2014 |archive-date=27 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627175038/http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/p/portland_naval_hq/index.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 1941 ''Osprey'' moved out of Portland to the relative safety of [[Dunoon]] on the west coast of Scotland; the experimental section operated as a sub-division of ''Osprey'', known as HM Anti-Submarine Experimental Establishment, in [[Fairlie, North Ayrshire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Riddell |first1=John |title=Fairlie's Secret War |date=2022 |publisher=Birlinn |location=Edinburgh}}</ref> In the meantime the Portland was redesignated to serve as a [[Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy|Coastal Forces]] base, commissioned under the name HMS ''Attack''.<ref name="Warlow1992" />

On 1 May 1944, the harbour was commissioned as USNAAB Portland-Weymouth.<ref name="portland-port.co.uk"/> Both Portland and Weymouth were major embarkation points for American troops during D-Day, particularly the US 1st Division who embarked for [[Omaha Beach]] in June 1944. The King, Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] and Free French leader General [[Charles de Gaulle|de Gaulle]] came to see the great D-Day preparations at Portland; activity in the harbour was continuous. After the war, Portland's role in the liberation of Europe was marked by a ceremony in August 1945, when the American Ambassador [[John Gilbert Winant|John G. Winant]] unveiled a stone in [[Victoria Gardens, Portland|Victoria Gardens]] commemorating the passing by the spot of 418,585 troops and 144,093 vehicles the previous June.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geoffkirby.co.uk/Portland/680735/ |title=Northern Chiswell and Northern Fortuneswell |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063250/http://www.geoffkirby.co.uk/Portland/680735/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During both World Wars I and II, the bay was filled with neutral ships at anchor waiting to be searched for materials that might be useful to the enemy.<ref name="jurassicagent.co.uk"/>

===Post-war role and closure of naval base (1946–1995)===
After the war, in 1946, ten [[Phoenix breakwaters|Phoenix caissons]] of the [[Mulberry Harbour]] were towed back to Portland, eight of which were later given to the Netherlands to repair storm breaches in the dykes in 1953.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maritimearchaeologytrust.org/mulberry-harbour |title=Maritime Archaeology Trust Maritime Archaeology Trust, HWTMA Mulberry Harbour |website=maritimearchaeologytrust.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913063152/http://www.maritimearchaeologytrust.org/mulberry-harbour |archive-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The remaining [[Mulberry Harbour Phoenix Units, Portland|two units]] now act as a wind-break, helping ships berth at Queen's Pier in the harbour.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1203075 |desc=MULBERRY HARBOUR, TWO SECTIONS CIRCA 115 METRES NORTH OF PIER |access-date=2 January 2018}}</ref>

====HMS ''Osprey''====
In 1946, the anti-submarine school returned to Portland, and re-established itself at East Weare. In 1948 the administrative command of HMS ''Osprey'' was extended to cover the Naval Base as a whole.<ref name="Warlow1992" /> (The depot had been designated HMS ''Boscawen'' from 1932 up until that point; previously Portland had been designated a sub-Depot of HMS ''Victory'' in Portsmouth.) The 'Upper Osprey' site at East Weare was substantially rebuilt in the 1960s; subsequently much of it was given over to provide barracks accommodation for the base and its personnel.<ref name="PortHistOspr">{{cite web |title=HMS Osprey |url=https://www.portlandhistory.co.uk/hms-osprey.html |website=The Portland History Website |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>

====Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment====
HM A/S Experimental Establishment also returned to Portland in 1946. Over the next few years its headquarters on [[Balaclava Bay]] were rebuilt and extended, and it was again renamed as HM Underwater Detection Establishment (HMUDE).<ref name="PortlandHistUD" />

At the same time, a new headquarters for the [[Admiralty Gunnery Establishment]] (AGE), which had transferred to Portland from [[Teddington]], was built at [[Southwell, Dorset|Southwell]] between 1949 and 1952; it, however, transferred again in 1959 (to [[Portsdown Hill]]), allowing the building to be taken over by the [[Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment]] (AUWE), formed from an amalgamation of different establishments from different parts of the UK involved in researching and developing underwater weapons and detection systems (including HMUDE, which nevertheless remained in its Balaclava Bay premises).<ref name="govt" /> The latter was renamed AUWE (North), to distinguish it from the new building, AUWE (South), at Southwell.

The AUWE later became infamous for espionage infiltration, known as the [[Portland spy ring]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/13/newsid_4059000/4059209.stm |title=BBC ON THIS DAY &#124; 13 &#124; 1961: Five Britons accused of spying for Moscow |date=13 March 1961 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080305070355/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/13/newsid_4059000/4059209.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Portland Dockyard====
In February 1958 it was announced in Parliament by the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]] that Portland Dockyard was to close the following year (though the naval base would be retained).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1958/feb/18/changes-in-royal-naval-establishments |title="Changes in Royal Naval Establishments": Hansard, House of Lords debate, 18 February 1958, vol 207 cc775-81. |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430230246/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1958/feb/18/changes-in-royal-naval-establishments |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time, the Dockyard employed 'some 1,600 industrial and non-industrial staff'.<ref name="govt" /> Within the same statement [[Sheerness Dockyard]] and a number of other naval establishments were also slated for closure.

====Flag Officer Sea Training====
As planned, Portland's Royal Dockyard closed in 1959, but the Naval Base remained open 'in support of the local establishments and H.M. ships using the harbour'.<ref name="govt">{{Cite web |url=http://www.godfreydykes.info/NAVAL%20CUTS.pdf |title=Copy of government briefing paper |access-date=24 March 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022750/http://www.godfreydykes.info/NAVAL%20CUTS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1958, the base's main occupation was [[Flag Officer Sea Training (United Kingdom)|Flag Officer Sea Training]], which was a major success, and the harbour soon became the world's premier work-up and training base. Aside from the training of Royal Navy ships, many ships of NATO countries also trained and frequented at the harbour.<ref name="portland-port.co.uk"/> Part of the [[Falklands War]] task force sailed from Portland in 1982.<ref name="independent.co.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/portlands-naval-history-ends-as-last-warship-sails-1592621.html |title=Portland's naval history ends as last warship sails |author=WILL BENNET |date=21 July 1995 |work=The Independent|location=London |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113745/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/portlands-naval-history-ends-as-last-warship-sails-1592621.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1984, two large accommodation blocks, totalling £25-30 million, were built in [[Castletown, Dorset|Castletown]] as barracks for Royal Navy personnel, along with a sports centre.

====RNAS Portland====
With the advent of the helicopter and its importance as an anti-submarine weapon, an airfield was formed following World War II. In 1946, Hoverfly R-4Bs began operating from the base's playing fields, which were transformed into a landing ground.<ref name="helis1">{{cite web |url=http://www.helis.com/database/gps/EGDP |title=EGDP Portland Heliport – Helicopter Database |publisher=Helis.com |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-date=28 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043012/http://www.helis.com/database/gps/EGDP |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1959, [[RNAS Portland (HMS Osprey)|RNAS Portland]] was officially established as part of ''HMS Osprey'',<ref name="helis1"/> further land having been reclaimed from the Mere the previous year to serve as a runway and landing area, and the old canteen building having been adapted to serve as a combined headquarters and [[control tower]].<ref name="PortlandHistAS">{{cite web |title=RNAS Portland |url=https://www.portlandhistory.co.uk/rnas-portland-hms-osprey.html |website=The Encyclopaedia of Portland History |access-date=30 July 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052949/https://www.portlandhistory.co.uk/rnas-portland-hms-osprey.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It went on to become the largest naval helicopter airfield in Europe.<ref name="Taylor2018" />

====Closure====
The Ministry of Defence continued to invest in HMNB Portland until the late 1980s; however in 1991 the closure was announced of both the naval base and the research establishments on Portland as part of defence spending cuts following the end of the [[Cold War]].<ref name="jurassicagent.co.uk"/> There was opposition against the closure from the local economy, as well as all ranks of naval personnel, who felt Portland's surrounding coast was perfect for exercising ships.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Stuart |title=Dorset – The Royal Navy |year=2011 |publisher=Dovecote Press |isbn=978-1904349884 |page=91}}</ref>

Royal Navy operations ceased on 21 July 1995 and the harbour was sold on 29 March 1996. FOST was relocated to [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport]].<ref name="independent.co.uk"/> Following this, RNAS Portland also closed in October 1999. The combined closure of all Portland-based establishments was believed to have cost the area 4,500 jobs, along with a loss of £40 million in the area's economy, according to a study carried out for Weymouth and Portland Borough Council in 1995.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/>

==Modern port==
[[Langham Industries]] bought the site from the Ministry of Defence in 1996.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2023 |title=Family firm hosting controversial migrant barge donated £70,000 to UKIP |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/23688826.firm-hosting-bibby-stockholm-barge-major-ukip-donor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731132100/https://www.thenational.scot/news/23688826.firm-hosting-bibby-stockholm-barge-major-ukip-donor/ |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |website=The National}}</ref>

{{As of|2016}}, the harbour is the fourth largest human-made port in the world, after the [[Port of Jebel Ali]] in Dubai, [[Ras Laffan Industrial City|Ras Laffan Harbour]] in Qatar and [[Cherbourg Harbour]] in France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murie |first=Yves |year=2016 |title=La digue de Cherbourg au gré des vents littéraires |journal=Viridovix |publisher=Cercle de Généalogie et d'Histoire Locale de Coutances et du Cotentin |publication-date=2016 |volume=34 |pages=3–12 |issn=0986-6906}}</ref> The breakwaters lead to a restricted water exchange; this in turn leads to elevated water temperatures. Thus several marine species inhabit the harbour beyond the typical northern limits of their range.<ref name="DCLSA">{{cite web |url=https://www.dorsetcouncil.gov.uk/planning-buildings-land/planning-policy/west-dorset-and-weymouth-portland/evidence-base/pdfs/environment/dorset-coast-land-and-seascape-character-assessment.pdf |title=Dorset Coast Landscape and Seascape Assessment |author=Dorset County Council |date=2010 |website=Dorsetcouncil.gov.uk |publisher=Dorset Council |access-date= 19 August 2020}}</ref> The harbour is designated as EU shellfish water and supports an important shellfish fishery and a [[marine ecosystem]] of high importance for [[biodiversity]].<ref name="DCLSA" />

The harbour was sold off by the Royal Navy in 1996, allowing it to be used both as a centre for water sports and as a service facility for Channel shipping. Portland Port Ltd, formed in December 1994, took possession of the site immediately and their purchase was completed on 12 December 1996. The company aimed to develop the ship repair, leisure and tourism potential of the harbour. One of the first arrivals at the new set up was a prison ship [[HM Prison Weare]], which remained in use until 2006. Renamed Jascon 27, the ship left Portland under tow in 2010, bound for Nigeria, to be refurbished for use as an oil industry accommodation vessel.<ref name="jurassicagent.co.uk"/>

Portland Port Group became Statutory Harbour Authority for Portland Harbour on 1 January 1998, replacing the [[Queen's Harbour Master]]. In 2004 changes led to Portland Harbour Authority Ltd becoming the Statutory and Competent Harbour Authority and Portland Port Ltd the Port Operator. The commercial port has expanded since its initial establishment; the Britannia Passenger Terminal was opened by HRH Prince Philip on 14 July 1999. In April 2000 the contract was signed for a new bunkering jetty and berth, which came into service in 2005. However, despite published reports in 1996 revealing that Portland Port Ltd were interested in the renovation of historic coastal fortifications in the area, no restoration of any kind has taken place.<ref name="independent.co.uk"/>

Commercial activities on the water include specialist diving services for vessels and repairs and maintenance, as well as a bunkering (fuelling) station. The port is used by all kinds of vessels, from commercial ships such as bulkers, tankers, container carriers car carriers, survey and reefers etc. to British and foreign naval vessels. Commercial activities on the land of the dock estate include fuel storage, natural gas storage, several engineering facilities and a shellfish specialist.

The Portland Harbour Revision Order 2010 provides for the creation of new berths and hardstand areas at the port in order to allow increased commercial activities over the next 50 years. These new facilities have been identified as part of a master plan and business strategy developed by Portland Port. The development is designed to increase berthing opportunities and provide more operational land.

The four identified areas for development are:{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
*Britannia Terminal Area
*North of Coaling Pier Island
*Camber Quay Development
*Floating Dry Dock Development at Queen's Pier

The port also sees various cruise ship calls bringing visitors to the Dorset area. The Britannia Cruise Terminal, which was opened in July 1999 and again refurbished in 2005, has seen the likes of Royal Caribbean, Azamara, Club Cruises, Saga and Crystal Cruises use it as a start point for excursions in the wider Dorset region and beyond. In recent years the number of cruise ship calls at the port have increased.

In September 2022, a project costing £26m for a deep-water berth upgrade was due to begin, intended to be completed by May 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2022 |title=Portland Port's £26m deep-water berth upgrade set to start|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-dorset-62792150 |access-date=6 September 2022 |archive-date=6 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906214138/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-dorset-62792150 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2023, the [[Government of the United Kingdom]] announced highly controversial plans to moor the ''[[Bibby Stockholm]]'', on charter from Bibby Marine, at the port to accommodate 500 asylum seekers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2023 |title=Asylum seeker barge plan could face legal challenge|publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65172368 |access-date=4 April 2023 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406013357/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-65172368 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Recreation==
The harbour is a popular location for [[Kiteboarding]], [[wind surfing]], [[wreck diving]] and [[sailing]]. [[Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy]] which hosted sailing events in the [[2012 Olympic Games]], is located on the south-western shore of the harbour. The Royal Yachting Association had expressed interest in securing a suitable site locally for a number of decades, in order to make use of the harbour's natural advantages. However the opportunity did not develop until the end of the 20th century, with the withdrawal of the Royal Navy. The academy was established as a not-for-profit company in 1999, and originally operated from various disused military buildings and facilities. In 2003 the academy was able to start redevelopment of the site. In 2005 WPNSA was selected to host the sailing events at the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Additionally Osprey Quay became an 80 acres regeneration project commissioned by South West Regional Development Agency in 2001. By 2012 Osprey Quay had been transformed with huge investment, offering over 11 hectares, a total of 60,000 square metres of business space.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wpnsa.org.uk/history-of-wpnsa/ |title=History – WPNSA – Weymouth & Portland National Sailing Academy |access-date=19 March 2016 |archive-date=16 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716044801/http://www.wpnsa.org.uk/history-of-wpnsa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2007 work commenced on a new marina and recreational boating facility. Some 250,000 tonnes of [[Portland stone]] was used in creating the 875m breakwater and associated reclaimed land. This facility was open by [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] in April 2009 and is situated directly adjacent to the National Sailing Academy. Apart from the usual freshwater, fuel, shore power and pump-out facilities the marina also has a bar/restaurant, 15 retail/business units and 5 larger commercial units.

In addition to {{HMS|Hood|1891|2}}, there are other dive wrecks around the harbour:

*on the inside of the harbour, against a breakwater:
**''Countess of Erme'' – [[barge]] 30 metres north of the Eastern Ship Channel
**the Spaniard – barge 50 metres south-west of the Chequered Fort
**a [[World War II]] [[landing craft]] and a Bombardon Unit, a harbour device intended for the [[D-Day]] beaches in [[Normandy]], 50 metres north east of the curve of the south break water
*in "open" water inside the harbour:
**a [[Sea Vixen]] [[Royal Navy]] aircraft – a diver training carcass between [[Ferrybridge, Dorset|Ferrybridge]] and the [[helicopter]] base
**{{HMS|Himalaya||2}} – an 1850s passenger liner, which served for many years as a troopship and later as a [[coal]] or fuel barge in the centre of the harbour

==Listed buildings and structures==
The harbour and dockyard has various buildings and structures on the National Heritage List.

The inner breakwater, with its jetty, former victualling store and Inner Pierhead Fort, are Grade II Listed.<ref name="list.english-heritage.org.uk">{{NHLE |num=1203106 |access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> The victualling store was built around 1850.<ref name="list.english-heritage.org.uk"/> At the south-west end of Prince Consort Walk is a carved commemorative stone for the completion of the breakwaters in 1872.<ref name="list.english-heritage.org.uk"/> The outer breakwater is also Grade II Listed.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1205991 |access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

East Weare Battery was built in the 1860s to protect the harbour.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1281863 |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> In addition to this, The 'E' section of the battery is Grade II Listed and has become a scheduled monument too.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1002412 |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> East Weare Camp is Grade II Listed.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1205814 |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> One of the most dominant of the defence structures is the [[Portland Breakwater Fort]], located on one of the outer breakwaters.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--lead container name-->Breakwater Fort |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2005/10/06/breakwater_fort_feature.shtml |title=Dorset – History – Breakwater Fort |publisher=BBC |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924213519/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dorset/content/articles/2005/10/06/breakwater_fort_feature.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> It is Grade II Listed.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1280475 |access-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>

In 1993, the Dockyard Offices became Grade II Listed.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1203099 |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref> At the end of Castletown village is the former Dockyard Police Station – also Grade II Listed.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1203074 |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=501751 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> At the top of the Incline Road is the abandoned [[The Old Engine Shed, Portland|Old Engine Shed]] that once served the cable-operated inclined railway that ran to [[Castletown, Dorset|Castletown]] through the Navy Dockyard that is now Portland Port.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theportlandgastrust.org/ContentPages/Home.aspx |title=The Portland Gas Trust |publisher=The Portland Gas Trust |access-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415231349/http://www.theportlandgastrust.org/ContentPages/Home.aspx |archive-date=15 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/2356228.0/ |title=Visitor centre for Island (From Dorset Echo) |publisher=Dorsetecho.co.uk |date=21 June 2008 |access-date=17 November 2012 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925125414/http://www.dorsetecho.co.uk/news/2356228.0/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The shed has been Grade II Listed since 2001.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1389124 |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

==Breakwater defences==
Situated across Portland Harbour's four breakwater arms are various defensive structures and related monuments. Many of these are still in existence today, however are derelict and remain unopened to the public. At the Breakwater Fort is a World War II 29 millimetre spigot mortar emplacement,<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1420411 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> a pillbox,<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1421432 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> and a battery observation post.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425479 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> Further along the same arm, towards Portland, are two World War II coast artillery searchlights.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425474 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425475 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

On the northeast breakwater, at the southern end, directly opposite the fort, is the [[Portland Breakwater Lighthouse, Dorset|Portland Breakwater Lighthouse]]. The site was also the location of a coastal battery, known as A Pier Head Battery, which opened in 1901 and was armed with two 12-pounder quick-firing (QF) guns for anti-torpedo craft defence. In 1944 emplacements were constructed to replace the 12-pounder guns with 6-pounders.<ref name="pastscape25">{{PastScape|mnumber=1425471|mname=NEW BREAKWATER A PIER HEAD |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> A World War I torpedo station was also located on 'A' Head, using two 18 inch torpedo tubes which were operational from 1915 until 1918. It was put into operation again during World War II.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425470 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> During World War II a petroleum warfare site consisting of four flame throwers were located on 'A' Head.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425472 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> A World War II battery observation post survives.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425469 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

On the North Eastern Breakwater, within the centre area, is a World War II coastal battery with coast artillery searchlights.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425458 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425457|mname=MIDDLE ARM BATTERY |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> Further along the arm is a 29 millimetre spigot mortar emplacement.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1420414 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> On the far end of the North Eastern Breakwater, on the Weymouth side, is the site of B Pier Head Battery. The coastal battery opened in 1901 and was armed with two 12-pounder quick-firing (QF) guns for anti-torpedo craft defence. By 1913 the battery's armament included four 12-pounder guns and a 6-inch breech-loading (BL) Mk. VII gun. The battery was decommissioned in 1934.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425451|mname=NEW BREAKWATER B PIER HEAD |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> The same site featured a World War I torpedo station.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425452 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> Additionally there is a World War I battery observation post.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425453 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref>

The Weymouth end breakwater features the C Pier Head Battery on the southern tip. The arm is known as the Bincleaves Groyne. The battery was opened in 1901 and was armed with two 12-pounder quick-firing (QF) guns for anti-torpedo craft defence. By the First World War the 12-pounder guns had been removed and replaced with a 6-inch breech-loading (BL) Mk. VII gun. The 6-inch gun was removed in 1924 and in 1934 two 12-pounder guns were transferred across from the recently decommissioned B Pier Head. In 1944 emplacements were constructed for two 6-pounder guns, but the guns were not mounted for a number of years.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425450 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> At the C Pier Head Battery a World War II petroleum warfare site was constructed.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425449 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> On site is a World War II 29 millimetre spigot mortar emplacement.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1420415 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1420416 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>

==On-shore defences==
Aside from the East Weare Battery, and other related constructions, there are a number of defences built within the harbour's dockyard and surrounding area.

During [[World War II]], a number of anti-invasion structures were placed at [[Balaclava Bay]], including an anti boat landing obstacle,<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1420313 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> and a minefield.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1420417 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> A little further south is a coast artillery searchlight.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425455 |access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> Another coast artillery searchlight was situated further south of this.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1425456 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> A number of pillboxes were built around East Weare Battery.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1420391 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>

As part of the defence for HMS Osprey, now demolished, a "Yarnold Sanger" [[Pillbox (military)|pillbox]] is located on Incline Road, constructed during the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1427854 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref> In addition to this a World War II pillbox, with a possible [[machine gun]] post, is located at Upper Osprey.<ref>{{PastScape|mnumber=1420393 |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bincleaves Groyne]]
*[[Port of Portland Police (United Kingdom)|Port of Portland Police]]
*[[Bibby Stockholm]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*''Dorset; The Royal Navy'' (illustrated): Stuart Morris, 2011. The Dovecote Press, [[Wimborne]], [[Dorset]]: {{ISBN|978-1-904349-88-4}}
*''Portland, an Illustrated History'': Stuart Morris, 2016. The Dovecote Press, [[Wimborne]], [[Dorset]]: {{ISBN|978-0-9955462-0-2}}
*''Portland'' (''Discover Dorset'' Series) Stuart Morris, 1998. The Dovecote Press, Wimborne, Dorset: {{ISBN|1-874336-49-0}}.
*''Isle of Portland Railways'': Jackson, Brian L., 1999. {{ISBN|0-85361-540-3}}
*''Portland, Then and Now'': Stuart Morris, 2006. The Dovecote Press, Wimborne, Dorset: {{ISBN|1-904349-48-X}}.

==External links==
*[http://www.portland-port.co.uk/ Portland Port]
*[http://www.naval-history.net/WW2Memoir%20-%20Foyle%20Bank1%20-%20Palmer%20BEM.htm Coxswain Edward Palmer, awarded BEM for rescue work following the sinking of HMS ''Foylebank'' in Portland Harbour, July 1940]

{{Coord|50.585|N|2.445|W|region:GB_type:waterbody|display=title}}

{{Dorset}}
{{Isle of Portland}}
{{Royal Navy shore establishments}}
{{Jurassic Coast}}

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[[Category:Buildings and structures in Dorset]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Dorset]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of the English Channel]]
[[Category:Geography of Weymouth, Dorset]]
[[Category:Isle of Portland|Harbour]]
[[Category:Jurassic Coast]]

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