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{{Short description|Canadian ocean liner}}
{{Other ships|RMS Empress of Canada}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
| Ship image=Ship. Empress of Canada BAnQ P48S1P15857.jpg
| Ship image size=300px
| Ship caption=''Empress of Canada'' arrives in Montreal, 1947.
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship name=*1928–1947: ''Duchess of Richmond''
*1947–1953: ''Empress of Canada''
|Ship namesake=[[Frances Stewart, Duchess of Richmond and Lennox|Duchess of Richmond]]
|Ship owner=
|Ship operator=[[File:Canadian Pacific house flag.svg|border|20px]] [[CP Ships|Canadian Pacific Steamships Ltd]]
|Ship registry= London, {{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|Ship route= [[Liverpool]] to [[Quebec]] and [[Montreal]] (Apr-Nov), [[Liverpool]] to [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] (Nov-Apr)
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[John Brown & Company]], [[Clydebank]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=523<ref name=miramar>{{csr|register=MSI|id=1160631|accessdate=21 June 2009}}</ref>
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched= 18 June 1928
|Ship maiden voyage= 15 March 1929
|Ship renamed=
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship refit=1946/1947
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship homeport=
|Ship identification=
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=*Caught fire and capsized on 25 January 1953
*Scrapped in La Spezia in 1954
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship type=*Passenger liner
*Troopship during Second World War
|Ship tonnage=20,022 (1947, 20,325)
|Ship displacement=
|Ship length={{convert|601|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|75|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=
|Ship depth=
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship ramps=
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion= Geared turbines, twin screw propellers
|Ship speed=18 knots
|Ship range=
|Ship endurance=
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=As built 580 cabin, 480 tourist and 510 3rd class passengers, 1947, 400 1st class, 300 tourist
|Ship troops=
|Ship complement=
|Ship crew=510
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''SS ''Duchess of Richmond''''' was an [[ocean liner]] built in 1928 for [[Canadian Pacific Steamships]] by [[John Brown & Company]] in [[Clydebank]], Scotland.  In 1947 she was renamed '''SS ''Empress of Canada'''''.

==''Duchess of Richmond''==
''Duchess of Richmond'' was one of the several Canadian Pacific liners which were known as the "Drunken Duchesses" for their "lively performance in heavy seas."<ref>Buchan, William. (1982) [https://books.google.com/books?id=o0haAAAAMAAJ&q=Bedford  ''John Buchan: a Memoir,'' p. 224.]</ref>  She was built as a sister ship to [[SS Duchess of York|SS ''Duchess of York'']], [[SS Duchess of Bedford|SS ''Duchess of Bedford'']] and [[SS Duchess of Atholl|SS ''Duchess of Atholl'']].

In March 1929 the 20,022-ton ocean liner began transatlantic summer service from [[Montreal]] Canada to [[Liverpool]] in the United Kingdom with winter service out of the port of [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Canada]]. On 27 April 1929, she ran aground at Saint John. Her passengers were taken off, and she was refloated the next day.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Casualty reports |date=29 April 1929 |page=25 |issue=45189 |column=G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Casualty reports |date=30 April 1929 |page=28 |issue=45190 |column=C }}</ref>

==Troopship==
{{stack|[[File:Duchess of Richmond at Algiers 1942.jpg|thumb|The merchant ship SS ''Duchess of Richmond'' disembarking soldiers at Algiers, November 1942.]]}}
During World War II, ''Duchess of Richmond'' was requisitioned as a troopship, and also played a role in transporting the [[Tizard Mission]], which brought secret military equipment and designs from Britain to the United States. On 6 September 1940, she delivered the Mission, including highly secret and important equipment such as the [[cavity magnetron]], to [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]], Canada. The Mission then went onward by land to the United States.  She also transported men to the fighting in North Africa, stopping briefly in Algiers to disembark troops on 14 November 1942.<ref>[http://www.netherlandsnavy.nl/index.html  Netherlands Navy]: "Mystery photos". {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102073408/http://www.netherlandsnavy.nl/index.html |date=2 January 2011 }}</ref>

==Empress==
[[File:Ship. Empress of Canada BAnQ P48S1P15850.jpg|thumb|left|180px|''Empress of Canada'' at the [[Port of Montreal]], July 1947.]]
War losses reduced the Canadian Pacific fleet considerably and post-war only the Liverpool to Montreal service was resumed. The two surviving cabin class Duchesses were upgraded to "Empress" status and refitted with accommodation for 400 1st class and 300 tourist passengers (down from the pre-war three class total of 1,570). In May 1946, ''Duchess of Richmond'' arrived at the Govan yard of [[Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering]] for her overhaul and refit. Upon completion she was renamed ''Empress of Canada'' on 12 July 1947 and sailed on Canadian Pacific's first post-war Liverpool–Montreal sailing four days later.

On 25 January 1953 ''Empress of Canada'' caught fire and heeled over against the dock wall at [[Gladstone Dock]], Liverpool. Re-floated after being righted by [[Parbuckle salvage|parbuckling]],<ref name=liverpoolships>{{cite web|last=Liverpool Ships|title=The Canadian Pacific Liner EMPRESS OF CANADA was destroyed by fire in the Gladstone Dock at Liverpool on 25th January, 1953.|url=http://www.liverpoolships.org/empress_of_canada_loss_by_fire.html|publisher=Liverpool Ships|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815054630/http://www.liverpoolships.org/empress_of_canada_loss_by_fire.html|archive-date=15 August 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the following spring she was taken to [[La Spezia]], [[Italy]] where she was scrapped.  The difficulty of her recovery has been likened to that of the ocean liner [[SS Normandie|SS ''Normandie'']] in [[New York Harbor]] in 1942 and the [[United States Navy]] [[battleship]] {{USS|Oklahoma|BB-37|6}} at [[Pearl Harbor]] in 1943.<ref name=liverpoolships/>

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* Musk, George. (1981). [https://books.google.com/books?id=iWoTAAAAYAAJ&q=ss+empress+of+britain  ''Canadian Pacific: The Story of the Famous Shipping Line.'']  Newton Abbot, Devon: [[David & Charles]]. {{ISBN|978-0-7153-7968-4}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012347/http://web.greatships.net:81/empresscanada2.html A website for the ''Empress of Canada'' with photos]
* Ship List: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204175556/http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/descriptions/ShipsE.html Canadian Pacific's ''Empress'' fleet]
* Australian War Memorial: [http://cas.awm.gov.au/TST2/cst.acct_master?surl=1900663542ZZLFTIODEOPN15081&stype=3&simplesearch=&v_umo=&v_product_id=&screen_name=&screen_parms=&screen_type=RIGHT&bvers=5&bplatform=Netscape&bos=Win32  ''Empress of Australia'' with defensive armament, 1941]{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Drunken Duchesses}}
{{1929 shipwrecks}}
{{1953 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Empress Of Canada (1920)}}
[[Category:Ships of CP Ships]]
[[Category:Ocean liners]]
[[Category:1928 ships]]
[[Category:Steamships of Canada]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:Troopships of Canada]]
[[Category:Ocean liners of Canada]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1929]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1953]]

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