What is Cloud Run

Cloud Run is a managed compute platform that lets you run containers directly on top of Google's scalable infrastructure.

You can deploy code written in any programming language on Cloud Run if you can build a container image from it. In fact, building container images is optional. If you're using Go, Node.js, Python, Java, .NET Core, Ruby, or a supported framework you can use the source-based deployment option that builds the container for you, using the best practices for the language you're using.

Google has built Cloud Run to work well together with other services on Google Cloud, so you can build full-featured applications.

In short, Cloud Run allows developers to spend their time writing their code, and very little time operating, configuring, and scaling their Cloud Run service. You don't have to create a cluster or manage infrastructure in order to be productive with Cloud Run.

Services and jobs: two ways to run your code

On Cloud Run, your code can either run continuously as a service or as a job. Both services and jobs run in the same environment and can use the same integrations with other services on Google Cloud.

  • Cloud Run services. Used to run code that responds to web requests, events, or functions.
  • Cloud Run jobs. Used to run code that performs work (a job) and quits when the work is done.

Cloud Run services

A Cloud Run service runs containers to serve web requests and events

A Cloud Run service provides you with the infrastructure required to run a reliable HTTPS endpoint. Your responsibility is to make sure your code listens on a TCP port and handles HTTP requests.

A standard service includes the following features:

Unique HTTPS endpoint for every service
Every Cloud Run service is provided with an HTTPS endpoint on a unique subdomain of the *.run.app domain – and you can configure custom domains as well. Cloud Run manages TLS for you, and includes support for WebSockets, HTTP/2 (end-to-end), and gRPC (end-to-end).
Fast request-based auto scaling
Cloud Run is built to rapidly scale out to handle all incoming requests or to handle increased CPU utilization outside requests if the billing setting is set to instance-based billing. A service can rapidly scale out to one thousand instances, or even more if you request a quota increase. If demand decreases, Cloud Run removes idle containers. If you're concerned about costs or overloading downstream systems, you can limit the maximum number of instances.
Built-in traffic management
Every deployment creates a new immutable revision. You can route incoming traffic to the latest revision, roll back to a previous revision, or split traffic to multiple revisions at the same time, to perform a gradual rollout. This is useful if you want to reduce the risk of deploying a new revision. You can start with sending 1% of requests to a new revision, and increase that percentage while monitoring telemetry.
Private and public services
A Cloud Run service can be reachable from the internet, or you can restrict access in three ways:

You can front a Cloud Run service with a Content Delivery Network (CDN) to serve cacheable assets from an edge location closer to clients. Both Firebase Hosting and Cloud CDN provide this capability.

Scale to zero and minimum instances

Cloud Run adds and removes instances automatically to handle all incoming requests or to handle increased CPU utilization outside requests if the billing setting is set to instance-based billing. If there are no incoming requests to your service, even the last remaining instance will be removed. This behavior is commonly referred to as scale to zero.

If there are no active instances, a new instance is created on-demand as soon as a request comes in. This negatively impacts the response time for these first requests, depending on how fast your container becomes ready to handle requests.

To make sure your service doesn't scale to zero instances, you can configure Cloud Run to keep a minimum amount of instances active.

Pay-per-use pricing for services

Scale to zero is attractive for economic reasons since you're charged for the CPU and memory allocated to an instance with a granularity of 100ms. If you don't configure minimum instances, you're not charged if your service is not used.

There are two billing settings you can enable:

Request-based
If an instance is not processing requests, you're not charged. You pay a per-request fee.
Instance-based
You're charged for the entire lifetime of an instance. There's no per-request fee.

There is a generous free-tier. Refer to pricing for more information, and refer to Billing settings to learn how to enable request-based or instance-based billing for your service.

A disposable container filesystem

Instances on Cloud Run are disposable. Every container has an in-memory, writable filesystem overlay, which is not persisted if the container shuts down. Cloud Run decides independently when to stop sending requests to an instance and shut it down, for example when scaling in.

To receive a warning when Cloud Run is about to shut down an instance, your application can trap the SIGTERM signal. This enables your code to flush local buffers and persist local data to an external data store.

To persist files permanently, you can integrate with Cloud Storage or mount a network filesystem (NFS).

When to use Cloud Run services

Cloud Run services are great for code that handles requests, events, or functions. Example use cases include:

Websites and web applications
Build your web app using your favorite stack, access your SQL database, and render dynamic HTML pages.
APIs and microservices
You can build a REST API, or a GraphQL API or private microservices that communicate over HTTP or gRPC.
Streaming data processing
Cloud Run services can receive messages from Pub/Sub push subscriptions and events from Eventarc.
Asynchronous workloads
Cloud Run functions can respond to asynchronous events, such as a message on a Pub/Sub topic, a change in a Cloud Storage bucket, or a Firebase event.
AI inference
Cloud Run services with or without GPU configured can host AI workloads such as inference models and model training.

Cloud Run Jobs

If your code performs work and then stops (a script is a good example), you can use a Cloud Run job to run your code. You can execute a job from the command line using the gcloud CLI, schedule a recurring job, or run it as part of a workflow.

Array jobs are a faster way to run jobs

A job can start one instance to run your code — that's a common way to run a script or a tool. However, you can also start many identical, independent instances in parallel, that is, an array job.

Array jobs are a faster way to process jobs that can be split into multiple independent tasks, as shown here:

Array jobs are a faster way to run parallelizable jobs

For example, if you are resizing and cropping 1,000 images from Cloud Storage, processing them consecutively is slower than processing them in parallel with many instances, which Cloud Run manages with auto scaling.

When to use Cloud Run jobs

Cloud Run jobs are well-suited to run code that performs work (a job) and quits when the work is done. Here are a few examples:

Script or tool
Run a script to perform database migrations or other operational tasks.
Array job
Perform highly parallelized processing of all files in a Cloud Storage bucket.
Scheduled job
Create and send invoices at regular intervals, or save the results of a database query as XML and upload the file every few hours.

Cloud Run integrations

Cloud Run integrates with the broader ecosystem of Google Cloud, which enables you to build full-featured applications.

Essential integrations include:

Data storage
Cloud Run integrates with Cloud SQL (managed MySQL, PostgreSQL, and SQL Server), Memorystore (managed Redis and Memcached), Firestore, Spanner, Cloud Storage, and more. Refer to Data storage for a complete list.
Logging and error reporting
Container logs are automatically ingested by Cloud Logging. If there are exceptions in the logs, Error Reporting aggregates them, and then notifies you. The following languages are supported: Go, Java, Node.js, PHP, Python, Ruby, and .NET.
Service identity
Every Cloud Run revision is linked to a service account, and the Google Cloud client libraries transparently use this service account to authenticate with Google Cloud APIs.
Continuous delivery
If you store your source code in GitHub, Bitbucket, or Cloud Source Repositories, you can configure Cloud Run to automatically deploy new commits.
Private networking
Cloud Run instances can reach resources in the Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) network through the serverless VPC access connector. This is how your service can connect with Compute Engine virtual machines or products based on Compute Engine, such as Google Kubernetes Engine or Memorystore.
Google Cloud APIs
Your service's code transparently authenticates with Google Cloud APIs. Examples include the AI and Machine Learning APIs, such as the Cloud Vision API, Speech-to-Text API, AutoML Natural Language API, Cloud Translation API, and many more.
Background tasks
If you want to schedule code to run later or immediately after returning a web request, Cloud Run works well together with Cloud Tasks to provide scalable and reliable asynchronous execution.

Refer to Connecting to Google Cloud services for a list of all Google Cloud services that work well with Cloud Run.

Services or jobs must be packaged in a container image

In order for your service or job to be deployable to Cloud Run, you must package it in a container image. In case you're not familiar with containers, here's a short conceptual introduction.

Building a container images

A container image is a package with everything your service needs to run. That includes build artifacts, assets, system packages, and (optionally) a runtime. This makes a containerized application inherently portable – it runs anywhere a container can run. Examples of build artifacts include compiled binaries or script files, and examples of runtimes are the Node.js JavaScript runtime, or a Java virtual machine (JVM).

Advanced practitioners value the fact that Cloud Run does not impose extra burdens on running their code: you can run any binary on Cloud Run. For users, including experts, who are looking for more convenience, or want to delegate containerizing their application to Google, Cloud Run integrates with the open source Google Cloud Buildpacks to offer a source-based deployment.

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