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Halhul

Coordinates: 31°34′44″N 35°05′57″E / 31.57889°N 35.09917°E / 31.57889; 35.09917
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Halhul
Municipality type A (City)
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicحلحول
Halhul, 2009
Halhul, 2009
Halhul is located in State of Palestine
Halhul
Halhul
Location of Halhul within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°34′44″N 35°05′57″E / 31.57889°N 35.09917°E / 31.57889; 35.09917
Palestine grid160/109
StatePalestine
Governorates of PalestineHebron
Government
 • TypeCity
 • Head of MunicipalityHijazi Moreb
Area
 • Total
37,335 dunams (37.3 km2 or 14.4 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)[1]
 • Total
27,031
 • Density720/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
Name meaningfrom "Hulhul", a personal name[2]
Websitewww.halhul-city.ps

Halhul (Arabic: حلحول, transliteration: Ḥalḥūl) is a Palestinian city located in the southern part of the West Bank, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of Hebron in the Hebron Governorate of Palestine. The town, bordered by Sa'ir and al-Shuyukh to the east, Beit Ummar and al-Arroub refugee camp to the north, and Kharas and Nuba westwards,[3] is located 916 m above sea level, and is the highest inhabited place in Palestine.[3] According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the city had a population of 27,031 inhabitants in 2017.[1]

History

Antiquity

The Arabic name conserves the biblical toponym for the site, (Hebrew:חַלְחוּל; Greek: ��ἰλουά/Άλοόλ; Latin Alula,)[4] which is believed to reflect a Canaanite word meaning "to tremble (from the cold)".[3] According to the Bible, Halhul was a city in the tribal territory of Judah, located in the hill country near Beth-zur.[5] Biblical scholar Edward Robinson identified the modern town with the "Halhul" mentioned in the Book of Joshua.[6] John Kitto noted that the modern name is identical with the Hebrew given in the Bible, hence "the name has remained unchanged for more than 3,300 years".[7]

The archaeological digs at Burj as-Sur have uncovered the remnants of an ancient fortress city of the mid Bronze Age, presumably associated with the Hyksos. The city was demolished during an Egyptian raid in the 17th century BCE and was left in ruins for over 300 years. At the beginning of the Iron Age in the 11th century BCE it was resettled by Israelites.[citation needed]

The Bible mentions a tradition that the Jewish King Rehoboam refortified the city. Around 1000 BCE the town was abandoned and then slowly resettled until around 650 BCE it emerged as a bustling city. According to Jewish tradition, Halhul was the burial place of Gad the Seer.[8]

Halhul was destroyed, together with Jerusalem and the First Temple, by Nebuchadnezzar II during his invasion of the Kingdom of Judah in 587 BCE. The city is mentioned again in chronicles of battles between the Seleucid Empire and the Ptolemaic kingdom. It was fortified by Judah the Maccabee after his victory in the Battle of Beth Zur nearby.

During the late Second Temple period, Halhul (Greek: Alurus) and its immediate environs were considered a part of Idumea, presumably because of its Idumean inhabitants who converted to Judaism under John Hyrcanus. During the First Jewish–Roman War, an Idumean army encamped in Halhul during their conflict with Simon bar Giora.[9][10] During the Bar Kokhba revolt, the town's defenses were fortified.[11]

A considerable amount of pottery has been unearthed bearing inscriptions in ancient Hebrew, most of them reading "To the king" (LMLK) and mentioning names of locations nearby. Handles with Jewish names inscribed in Greek have been found from the Hellenistic period.[11]

Roman and Islamic house foundations have been dug deeply into older layers of habitation.[11] Building remains with mosaic pavement with writing in Greek has been found on the site (called 'Aqd al-Qin) of a former church. Byzantine ceramics have also been found.[12]

Middle Ages

Neby Yunis, 1940

During repairs to the Nabi Yunis shrine, a slab of limestone was discovered there with a Fatimid-era epitaph inscription, which is currently stored in the Islamic Museum in Jerusalem. The original description of the epitaph by Abdullah el-Azzeh dated it to 674 and claimed it was the oldest Islamic inscription discovered in Palestine. However, the historian Moshe Sharon translated the inscription as dating to March or April 966. The deceased person named in the epitaph, according to el-Azzeh, was Lalak ibn Rumi al-Jarmi, but Sharon asserts this was a translation error and the deceased was named Zayd ibn Rumi al-Harami. The nisba 'al-Harami' indicated the man belonged to the Haram clan of the Judham tribe which had been established in the region throughout the early Islamic period (7th–11th centuries).[13]

A Muslim traditionist from Halhul, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abdallah ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Halhuli was recorded to have been killed fighting against the Crusaders in 1148–1149.[14] The chronicler Ali of Herat documented in 1173 that Halhul was a part of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and contained the tomb of Yunis ibn Matta (Jonah, son of Amittai).[15] In 1226, the Ayyubid sultan al-Mu'azzam Isa had one of his mamluks, the governor of Hebron Rashid al-Din Faraj, construct the minaret of Halhul's mosque.[14][16] That same year, the geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi visited Halhul, reporting that it lay between Hebron and Jerusalem and contained the tomb of Jonah.[17]

Ottoman period

Halhul, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517. In the census of 1596, the village appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Halil of the Liwa of Quds. It had an all Muslim population of 92 households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, vineyards and fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and/or beehives.[18]

John Wilson described it in 1847 as a place of Jewish pilgrimage.[19] Edward Robinson visited Halhul in 1852, describing its surroundings as "thrifty", with numerous fields, vineyards, cattle, and goats. He reported that it was the "head of its district" and that the old mosque was in poor condition and had a tall minaret from which many other villages could be seen.[20]

The French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village in 1863, and found it to have about 700 inhabitants. He mentions graves dating from the Jewish period carved in the rocks, a spring, Ain Ayoub (Job's spring) on the southern side of the hill which furnished the locals with water; a mosque Djama'a Nebi Yunis (mosque of the prophet Jonah) built of ancient stone, foreign access to which was forbidden.[21]

An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Halhul had a population of 380, in 119 houses, though the population count included only men.[22][23]

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Halhul as a large stone village on a hilltop, with two springs and a well.[24] The mosque appeared to be a "modern" building.[25]

Eleven mosques now dot the city and its environs. These are: Nabi Yunis Mosque, Maqam Sahabi Abdullah bin Masood Mosque, Omary Mosque, Al Therwa Mosque, Al Rebaat Mosque, Dherr Ektat Mosque, Salah Al Dean AL Ayyubi Mosque, Al Hwawer Mosque, Al Huda Mosque, Al Faroouk Mosque and Al Nuor Mosque.[3]

British Mandate era

Villagers waiting for an open-air film show, 1940

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Halhul had a population of 1,927, all Muslim.[26] This had increased at the time of 1931 census, when Halhul, together with the surrounding Kh. Haska, Kh. en Nuqta, Kh. Beit Khiran, Kh. Baqqar and Kh. ez Zarqa had a population of 2,523 people in 487 houses. Except for one Christian woman, the population was still all Muslim.[27]

In July 1939, during the Arab Revolt, the village was the site of an atrocity committed by the British Black Watch Regiment. In an attempt to force the villagers to give up weapons they were suspected of hiding, all the men in the village were imprisoned in a wire cage in the sun with little water.[28] According to the British official Keith-Roach, after permission had been obtained, the officers

… instructed that they be kept there [in an open cage] and he gave them half a pint of water per diem. I saw the original order. The weather was very hot for it was summer. According to Indian Army Medical standards, four pints of water a day is the minimum that a man can live upon exposed to hot weather. After 48 hours treatment most of the men were very ill and eleven old and enfeebled ones died. I was instructed that no civil inquest should be held. Finally, the High Commissioner, MacMichael, decided compensation should be paid, and my Assistant and I assessed the damage at the highest rate allowed by the law, and paid out over three thousand pounds to the bereft families.[28]

Palestinian versions put the death toll from dehydration at 13, with one more person shot as he endeavoured to escape.[29] Some witnesses mentioned a second cage, either for women or a 'good' cage with adequate water for men who cooperated.[28] A man who was driven by thirst to falsely claim to have hidden a gun down a well was killed when he failed to retrieve it.[28]

In the 1945 statistics the population of Halhul was 3,380 Muslims,[30] who owned 37,334 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[31] Of this, 5,529 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 13,656 for cereals,[32] while 165 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[33]

Jordanian era

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Halhul was ruled by Jordan.

In 1961, the population of Halhul was 5,387.[34]

Post-1967

Since the 1967 Six-Day War, Halhul, like the rest of the West Bank, has been occupied by Israel; since 1995, it has been governed by the Palestinian Authority as part of Area A of the West Bank.[3]

Israeli occupation

In March 1979, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) enforced a curfew in Halhul lasting sixteen days. Two youths, one a young girl, were shot and killed by a Jewish settler and an Israeli soldier while protesting during the curfew.[35]

During the Second Intifada, Israel confiscated some 1,500 dunams of land from the Halhul municipality.[3]

30 September 2000 21-year-old Halhul resident, Muhammad Yunes Mahmoud 'Ayash a-Z'amreh, was injured by Israeli forces while in Beit Ummar and died of his wounds four days later on 3 October 2000.[36] 22 October 2000 25-year-old Halhul resident Na'el 'Ali Zama'arah was shot dead by Israeli security forces during a clash that took place after a funeral service.[36]

On 12 February 2002, Israeli combat helicopters shelled the house of Lieutenant Ahmed 'Abdul 'Aziz Zama'ra in Halhul. The IDF operation also destroyed a police station, several houses, and a machine shop suspected of manufacturing weapons for Palestinian militants. A 22 year old Palestinian from Gaza, Tareq al-Hindawi, was shot dead during the operation.[36][37][38]

On 11 February 2002, a Palestinian Security Guards member was killed, and two other Palestinians were wounded, during an IDF operation that penetrated into Halhul to arrest Islamic Jihad leader Jneid Murad, together with Khaled Zabarah, suspected of involvement in smuggling and shooting incidents.[39]

On 14 May 2002, a special Israeli unit entered Halhul and besieged the Palestinian General Intelligence Service offices, shooting dead two security officers on their wanted list, Lieutenant Colonel Khaled Abu al-Khiran and Lieutenant Ahmed 'Abdul 'Aziz Zama'ra, as they attempted to escape.[38] An IDF spokesman said the two were wanted for attacks on Israelis in the Hebron area, and had been shot for refusing to halt. According to Palestinian sources, both had been targeted by previous Israeli attempts to kill them, one involving a missile attack on their office. The IDF also arrested Jamal Hasan Abu Ra'sbeh, a member of Force 17, and Yasser Arafat's personal guard.[40]

In August 2003 Israeli police uncovered a large workhouse for fabricating forged drivers license and Israeli ID cards.[41] According to a Tel Aviv University report, from June 2005 a four-man Jewish terrorist cell (who allegedly killed over 10 Palestinians) led by a former Jewish Defense League senior member, had totally burnt down the mayor of Halhul's house. No one was injured in that incident.[42]

On 24 March 2007 Israeli authorities demolished a house built without an Israeli permit. The case was fought in an appeal, reaching the Israeli Supreme Court, which confirmed the verdict. Demonstrations ensued.[43] On 22 June 2007 Halhul resident Shadi Rajeh 'Abdallah al-Mtur was shot dead while walking to a grocery store contiguous to an Israeli checkpoint, after failing to obey an order to stop. He did not have an ID card.[36] On 6 October 2011, two men from Halhul were arrested on charges of having murdered Asher and Yonatan Palmer as a result of a stone-throwing incident near the Israeli settlement of Kiryat Arba on 23 September 2011.[44] In December 2011, the UNDP decided to assist in establishing a mental health center in Halhul.[45] On 20 November 2012, a Halhul resident, Hamdi Muhammad Jawad Musa al-Fallah, was shot by IDF soldiers after aiming a laser pen at them during a clash between the soldiers and local Palestinians near the Halhul-Hebron bridge on Route 35.[46]

In May 2018, a vineyard with hundreds of mature vines was destroyed by unknown persons who left the Hebrew message "We will reach everywhere".[47]

On 9 June 2022, Israeli forces shot dead a 27-year old Palestinian civilian during a military raid in the town.[48]

Geography

Snow on Halhul (28 January 2017)
The spring of 'Ayin Ayoub

It is built atop Mount Nabi Yunis, the highest peak in the West Bank at 1,030 meters (3,380 ft) above sea level. The city has a land area of 37,335 dunams.[49]

Half of the population is engaged in agriculture—tomatoes and squash being major forms of produce—on 10,000 of the estimated 19,000 dunams of fertile land surrounding the town. Some 8,000 dunums remain uncultivated because of Israeli practices of confiscating land and building settlements, or from water shortages and lack of developmental capital. Almost 2,000 dunams of land are reserved for olive cultivation. Livestock breeding and bee-keeping also form a significant element in the local economy.[3]

The local residents of Halhul take pride in their vineyards and the grape industry.[50]

Halhul has a twin city arrangement with the French town of Hennebont in Brittany.[51]

The Israeli settlement of Karmei Tzur lies on the outskirts of Halhul.[52] Halhul is surrounded by ancient burial caves.

Demographics

In 1922, Halhul had a population of 1,927, rising to 2,523 in a 1931 British Mandate census.[26][27] According to Sami Hadawi's 1945 land and population survey, Halhul had a recorded population of 3,380 Arabs.[31] While a part of Jordan, in 1961, there were 5,387 residents. Under the Israelis, in censuses taken in 1982 and 1987, Halhul had a population of 6,040 and 9,800, respectively.[53]

According to the first census by the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) in 1997, of the total 15,663 residents, 1,686 (10.8%) were Palestinian refugees.[54] The gender makeup was 51.4% male and 48.6% female. About 54.7% of the inhabitants were below the age of 20, 41.2% were between the ages of 20 and 64, and 0.4% were over the age of 64.[55]

The core population of Halhul is formed from four local tribes, Al Saadeh, Karjah, Al Zma'ra, and Al Doudah, in addition to Palestinian refugees who settled in Halhul as a result of forceful dislocation in 1948 and 1967, from surrounding villages and towns.[citation needed] According to local traditions, the Sawarah clan (from Beit Sur) is of Jewish origin.[56] It was also reported that the local Shatrit family has Jewish ancestry tracing back to Jewish communities in North Africa. The name Shitrit is common among Moroccan Jews.[57]

The health of the city residents and local villagers is serviced by many hospitals and clinics.[3]

Government

In 1976 an election held and lead to the election of Mohammad Milhem as Mayor of Halhul, who served around 28 years. In 2004 a new election was held under Palestinian Authority, which lead to the election of 13 Council members who elected Raed A Al Adarsh as the new Mayor of Halhul, who managed to restructure and modernize the municipality, After Raed Al Atrash's resignation, the council elected his deputy Zeyad Abu Yousef as new Mayor. In 2017, an election lead to the election of Hijazi Moreb as the new mayor who is still serving. Hijazi is a long-serving council member since 2004.

Notable people

References

  1. ^ a b Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  2. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 393
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h 'Halhul', ARIJ, 2000.
  4. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 284 -p.285
  5. ^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. 31 December 2000. p. 542. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  6. ^ Robinson, 1841, vol. 1, p. 319.
  7. ^ William Lindsay Alexander; John Kitto (1864). A cyclopædia of biblical literature, ed. by J. Kitto. pp. 199–200. Retrieved 5 June 2011.
  8. ^ Burial Places of the Fathers, published by Yehuda Levi Nahum in book: Ṣohar la-ḥasifat ginzei teiman (Heb. צהר לחשיפת גנזי תימן), Tel-Aviv 1986, p. 253
  9. ^ Josephus, The Jewish War (Book IV, chapter IX, verse 6).
  10. ^ Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021). For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0-300-24813-5.
  11. ^ a b c Lexicon of Eretz Israel – Halhul (Hebrew)
  12. ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 937
  13. ^ Sharon 2013, pp. 279–281.
  14. ^ a b Sharon 2013, p. 278.
  15. ^ Ali of Herat quoted in le Strange, 1890, p.447.
  16. ^ Mujir ad-Din quoted in le Strange, 1890, p.448.
  17. ^ Al-Hamawi quoted in le Strange, 1890, p.447.
  18. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 123
  19. ^ John Wilson, Lands of the Bible, William Whyte, Edinburgh, 1847 vol.1, p.384.
  20. ^ Robinson, 1856, p. 281
  21. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 284 – 287
  22. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 154
  23. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 142, noted 118 houses
  24. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, p. 305
  25. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, p. 329
  26. ^ a b Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Hebron, p. 10
  27. ^ a b Mills, 1932, p. 32
  28. ^ a b c d Hughes, Matthew (2009). "The banality of brutality: British armed forces and the repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39" (PDF). English Historical Review. CXXIV (507): 314–354. doi:10.1093/ehr/cep002. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  29. ^ apology sought for British war crimes in Palestine,'[permanent dead link‍] BBC News 7 September 2022-
  30. ^ Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 23
  31. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 50
  32. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 93
  33. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 143
  34. ^ Government of Jordan, 1964, p. 13
  35. ^ Report of the Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices affecting the human rights of the population of the occupied territories
  36. ^ a b c d 'Palestinian killed by Israeli security forces, Not known if involved in fighting in the West Bank,' Archived 13 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine B'tselem
  37. ^ Winslow, 2007, p.105.
  38. ^ a b "Assassinations of Palestinians:Report on Extra-Judicial killings Committed by the Israeli Occupation Forces, May 01, 2002 – September 28, 2002" Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Center for Human Rights, 2002.
  39. ^ Felix Frisch, Ali Waked,L-1647608,00.html 'Scores hit in IDF Attack on Gaza,' (Hebrew) Ynet, 12 February 2002.
  40. ^ Amos Harel, IDF kills 2 Palestinians in Halhul, arrests 17 in W. Bank Haaretz, 15 May 2002.
  41. ^ Nana News – Police uncover forged documents factory in Halhul Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine (Hebrew)
  42. ^ Daniel Raizner, Legal aspects of fighting terror, Tel Aviv University, June 2005.
  43. ^ One house demolished, two facing demolition Archived 27 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine (POICA website – a monitoring organization against Israeli colonization).
  44. ^ 'On the Agenda,' Archived 30 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine B'tselem 2012.
  45. ^ "UNDP decision on mental health institution establishment in Palestine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  46. ^ 'Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces in the West Bank, after operation Cast Lead,' B'tselem
  47. ^ Gideon Levy and Alex Levac (24 May 2018). "A Palestinian Vineyard Annihilated With Chainsaws, With a Chilling Message in Hebrew". Haaretz.
  48. ^ "Israeli forces kill Palestinian man in occupied West Bank". 9 June 2022.
  49. ^ Welcome To Halhul: Town Statistics and Facts Sami Hadawi (Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center) via palestineremembered.com
  50. ^ Ignatius, David (1 November 2023). "Opinion | How a deep Palestinian yearning has been hijacked by Hamas". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 28 January 2024.
  51. ^ 'Jumelage avec Halhul. Un nouveau bureau,' Le Télégramme, 18 March 2014.
  52. ^ Pekka Pitkänen, Joshua, InterVarsity Press, 2010 p. 296.
  53. ^ Welcome to Halhul Palestine Remembered.
  54. ^ Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
  55. ^ Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).
  56. ^ Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 367
  57. ^ "⁨המוה־קנ' האחרון בלתי מסי ⁩ | ⁨שערים⁩ | 11 ינואר 1952 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית". www.nli.org.il (in Hebrew). Retrieved 5 March 2024.

Bibliography

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