List of famines
Appearance
This article needs to be updated.(January 2017) |
List
[edit]Date | Event | Location | Death toll (where known; estimated) |
---|---|---|---|
2200 BC–2100 BC | The 4.2-kiloyear event caused famines and civilizational collapse worldwide | Global | |
441 BC | The first famine recorded in ancient Rome. | Ancient Rome[1] | |
114 BC | Famine caused by drought during the third year in the Yuanding period. Starvation in over 40 commanderies east of the Hangu mountain pass.[2] | China | |
103 BC–89 BC | Beminitiya Seya during the reign of the Five Dravidians[3] | Anuradhapura Kingdom | |
26 BC | Famine recorded throughout Near East and Levant, as recorded by Josephus | Judea | 20,000+ |
333 AD | Famine in Antioch[4] | Seleucid Empire | |
368-369 | Famine[5] | Kingdom of Cappadocia | |
370 | Famine in Phrygia | Phrygia | |
372–373 | Famine in Edessa | Edessa | |
383 | Famine in the city of Rome. A policy had been introduced in 364 AD that stipulated taxes in Rome had to be paid in grain[6] | Italy | |
400–800 | Various famines in Western Europe associated with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack by Alaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD, the population of the city of Rome fell by over 90%, mainly because of famine and plague.[citation needed] | Western Europe | |
470 | Famine | Gaul | |
535–536 | Volcanic winter of 536 | Global | |
544 | Famine in Myra[5] | Roman Empire | |
585 | Famine | Gaul | |
618-619 | Famine in Constantinople[5] | Byzantine Empire | |
639 | Famine in Arabia during the reign of Umar[7] | Arabia | |
676-78 | Famine in Thessalonica[5] | Byzantine Empire | |
698–700 | Famine | Ireland[8] | |
750s | Famine | Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus)[9] | |
779 | Famine | Francia | |
792–793 | Famine | Francia | |
800–1000 | Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization.[10][page needed] | Mayan areas of Mesoamerica | 1,000,000+ |
805–806 | Famine | Francia | |
875–884 | Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine;[11][12] Huang Chao captured capital | China | |
927–928 | Famine caused by four months of frost[13][14] | Byzantine Empire | |
942–944 | Famine in the Yellow River Basin caused by severe drought and locust plagues. During the first month 5387 families fled, then approximately 10% of the remaining population starved to death.[15] | China | |
963–968 | Famine | Egypt | |
996–997 | Famine in the Fatimid Caliphate, with food price increases[16] | Egypt | |
1004–1007 | Famine, resulting in food scarcity, price increases and widespread illnesses. Caliph al-Ḥākim punished merchants who raised prices too high with the death penalty, and prohibited the slaughter of healthy cows which could be used for ploughing[16] | Maghreb area in Northwest Africa: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia and Egypt | |
1005–1006 | Famine | Europe[17] | |
1010 | Famine in Nīshābūr[16] | Iran | |
1016 | Famine throughout Europe[18] | Europe | |
1025 | Famine | Egypt | |
1031 | Famine caused by a sandstorm that destroyed crops, trees and provisions[16] | Iraq, Saudi Arabia | |
1051 | Famine forced the Toltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico[19] | Mexico (present day) | |
1055–1056 | Famine | Egypt | |
1064–1072 | Mustansirite Hardship[20][21] | Egypt | 40,000[20] |
1069–1070 | Harrying of the North | England | 100,000 |
1097 | Famine and plague[22] | France | 100,000 |
1124–1126 | Famine | Europe | |
1143–1147 | Famine | Europe | |
1150–1151 | Famine | Europe | |
1161–1162 | Famine | Aquitaine | |
1181 | Yōwa famine[23] | Japan | 42,300 |
1196–1197 | Famine | Europe | |
1199–1202 | Famine due to the low water level of the Nile impacting food prices[16] | Egypt | 100,000 |
1224–1226 | Famine | Europe | |
1230 | Famine in the Novgorod Republic[citation needed] | Russia | |
1230–1231 | The Kanki famine, possibly the worst famine in Japan's history.[24] Caused by volcanic eruptions.[25] | Japan | 2,000,000 |
1235 | Famine in England[26] | England | 20,000 in London |
1252 | Famine[27] | Ethiopia | |
1256–1258 | Famine in Italy, Spain, Portugal and England[28] | Europe | |
1264 | Famine | Egypt | |
1275–1277 | Famine[29] | Italy | |
1275–1299 | Collapse of the Anasazi civilization, widespread famine occurred[30] | United States | |
1285–1286 | Famine[29] | Italy | |
1294-1296 | Famine caused by sandstorm that covered plantations and destroyed crops.[16] | Egypt, Syria, Yemen | |
1302–1303 | Famine in Spain and Italy[29] | Europe | |
1304 | Famine[31] | France | |
1305 | Famine[31] | France | |
1310 | Famine[31] | France | |
1314–1315 | Famine. Dikes collapsed, fields vanished, crops rotted, and livestock died in huge numbers due to the disease "Rinderpest". The price of wheat jumped "8 fold".[6] | England | |
1315–1317 or 1322 | Great Famine of 1315–1317 | Europe[32] | 7,500,000 |
1319–1320 | Great Bovine Pestilence | England | |
1321 | Famine | England | |
1328–1330 | Famine in Italy, Spain and Ireland[29] | Europe | |
1330–1333 | Famine | France | |
1333–1337 | Chinese famine of 1333–1337 | China[33] | 6,000,000 |
1339–1340 | Famine in Italy, Spain and Ireland[29] | Europe | |
1344–1345 | Famine in India, under the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq[34] | India | |
1346–1347 | Famine in France, Italy and Spain[29] | Europe | |
1349–1351 | Famine | France | |
1351 | Famine[31] | England | |
1358–1360 | Famine | France | |
1369 | Famine | England | |
1371 | Famine | France | |
1374–1375 | Famine in France, Italy and Spain[29] | Europe | |
1374–1375 | Famine | Egypt | |
1390–1391 | Famine | France | |
1394–1396 | Famine | Egypt | |
1396–1407 | The Durga Devi famine | India[35][18] | |
1402-1404 | Famine[4] | Ottoman Empire | |
1403–1404 | Famine | Egypt | |
1432–1434 | The Hungry Years | Czech Republic | |
1437–1438 | Famine in France, Holy Roman Empire, and Britain | Europe | |
1441 | Famine in Mayapan | Mexico[36] | |
1450–1454 | Famine in the Aztec Empire,[37] interpreted as the gods' need for sacrifices.[38] | Mexico | |
1460–1461 | Kanshō famine in Japan[citation needed] | Japan | 82,000 |
1472–1474 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1476 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1482–1484 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1493 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1502–1505 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1504 | Famine. | Spain[40] | |
1518 | Venice[citation needed] | Republic of Venice | |
1521–1523 | Famine in the Low Countries, Ireland and the Nordic Countries | Europe | |
1527–1530 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1528 | Famine in Languedoc | France[41] | |
1533–1534 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1535 | Famine in Ethiopia | Ethiopia | |
1539–1540 | Famine[39][42] | Italy | |
1540 | Tenbun famine | Japan | |
1544–1545 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1550–1552 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1558–1560 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1567–1570 | Famine in Harar, combined with plague[citation needed]. The Emir of Harar died. | Ethiopia | |
1569–1574 | Pan-European famine, including Italy, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Low Countries, Nordic Countries, Russia and mostly east of Ukraine[39] | Europe | |
1585–1587 | Pan-European famine, including Italy, France, Low Countries, Britain and Ireland[39] | Europe | |
1586 | Famine and drought in Qishan County, Shaanxi province. Rice prices skyrocketed and there was widespread population migration and starvation.[43] | China | |
1588 | Famine in Wai County, Hebei province, [43] | China | |
1590–1598 | Pan-European famine, including Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Britain and the Nordic countries[39] | Europe | |
1592–1594 | Famine during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), known in Korea as the Kyegap Famine (Korean: 계갑대기근; Hanja: 癸甲大飢饉).[44] | Joseon | |
1600–1601 | Famine in Emilia and southern Lombardy[45] | Italy | |
1601–1603 | One of the worst famines in all of Russian history, with as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one-third of the country's population killed; see Russian famine of 1601–1603.[46] The same famine killed about half of the Estonian population. | Russia | 2,000,000 |
1607–1608 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1618–1648 | Famines in Europe caused by Thirty Years' War | Europe | |
1618–1622 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1619 | Famine in Japan. During the Edo period, there were 154 famines, of which 21 were widespread and serious.[47] | Japan | |
1626–1627 | Pyongsong Famine (Korean: 병정대기근; Hanja: 丙丁大飢饉)[48] | Joseon | |
1628–1632 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1630–1632 | Deccan famine of 1630–1632 | India | 7,400,000 |
1630–1631 | Famine in Northwest China | China | |
1640–1643 | Kan'ei Great Famine | Japan | 50,000–100,000 |
1648–1649 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1648–1660 | The Deluge saw Poland lose an estimated 1/3 of its population due to wars, famine, and plague[citation needed] | Poland | |
1649 | Famine in northern England[49] | England | |
1650–1652 | Famine in the east of France[50] | France | |
1651–1653 | Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland[51] | Ireland | |
1661 | Famine in India, due to lack of any rainfall for two years[52][18] | India | |
1670s – 1680s | Plague and famines[citation needed] | Spain | |
1670–1671 | Kyungshin Famine | Joseon | 1,000,000[53]–1,500,000 |
1672 | Famine in southern Italy[45] | Italy | |
1678–1679 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1680 | Famine in Sardinia[54] | Italy (present day) | 80,000[55] |
1680s | Famine in Sahel[50] | West Africa | |
1690s | Famine which killed 5–15% of the population.[56] | Scotland | 60,000–180,000 |
1693–1694 | Great Famine of 1693–1694 | France | 700,000–1,300,000[57][58] |
1693–1695 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1695–1697 | Great Famine of Estonia killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population (70,000–75,000 people). Famine also hit Sweden (80,000–100,000 dead) | The Swedish Empire, of which Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia were dominions at that time | 150,000–175,000[citation needed] |
1696 | Famine in Aleppo[4] | Ottoman Empire | |
1696–1699 | Ŭlbyŏng famine | Joseon | 1,410,000 per official Annals, but possibly higher.[59] |
1696–1697 | Great Famine of Finland wiped out almost a third of the population[60] | Finland, then part of Sweden proper | 150,000 |
1702–1704 | Famine in Deccan[61] | India | 2,000,000[61] |
1708–1711 | Famine in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41% of its population.[62] According to other sources the great mortality was due to plague (disease), which between 1709 and 1711 killed about 200,000–250,000 out of 600,000 inhabitants of East Prussia.[63] The Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708–1712 also affected East Prussia. | East Prussia | 250,000 |
1709 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1709–1710 | The fr:Grande famine de 1709 | France[64] | 600,000 |
1716 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1722 | Famine | Arabia[65] | |
1724 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1727–1728 | Famine in the English Midlands[66] | England | |
1730s | Famine in Damascus[4] | Ottoman Empire | |
1732–1733 | Kyōhō famine | Japan | 12,172–169,000[67] |
1738–1756 | Famine in West Africa, half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation[68] | West Africa | |
1740–1741 | Irish Famine (1740–1741) | Ireland | 300,000–480,000 |
1750–1756 | Famine in the Senegambia region[69] | Senegal, Gambia (present day) | |
1757 | Famine[4] | Syria | |
1764 | Famine in Naples[70][39] | Italy (present day) | |
1767 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1769–1773 | Great Bengal famine of 1770,[18] 10 million dead (one third of population) | India, Bangladesh (present day) | 10,000,000 |
1770–1771 | Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands | Czech Republic (present day) | 100,000+ |
1771–1772 | Famine in Saxony and southern Germany[citation needed] | Germany | |
1773 | Famine in Sweden[71] | Sweden | |
1776 | Famine following a series of hurricanes that struck the island[72] | Martinique | |
1779 | Famine in Rabat | Morocco[73] | |
1782 | Famine in Karahisar[4] | Ottoman Empire | |
1780s | Great Tenmei famine | Japan | 20,000 – 920,000 |
1783 | Famine in Iceland caused by the eruption of Laki killed one-fifth of Iceland's population[74] | Iceland | |
1783–1784 | Chalisa famine | India | 11,000,000[75] |
1784 | Widespread famine throughout Egypt, one-sixth of the population died[76] | Egypt | |
1784–1785 | Famine in Tunisia[77] | Tunisia | |
1788 | The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters, possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle[78] or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland.[79][80] | France | |
1789 | Famine in Ethiopia afflicted the Amhara and Tigray Regions | Ethiopia | |
1789–1793 | Doji bara famine or Skull famine | India | 11,000,000 |
1796 | Famine caused by locusts[27] | Northern Ethiopia | |
1799-1800 | Famine in Diyarbakır[4] | Ottoman Empire | |
1801 | Famine[39] | Italy | |
1804–1872, 1913 | A series of 14 famines in Austrian Galicia | Poland, Ukraine (present day) | 400,000–550,000 |
1809–1815 | Crop failure due to dry weather conditions. | Joseon (Korea) | 2,000,000[81] |
1811–1812 | Famine devastated Madrid[82] | Spain | 20,000[83] |
1815 | Eruption of Mount Tambora. Tens of thousands died in subsequent famine | Indonesia | 10,000 |
1816–1817 | Year Without a Summer | Europe | 65,000 |
1830–1833 | Famine, claimed to have killed 42% of the population | Cape Verde | 30,000[84] |
1832–1833 | Guntur famine of 1832 | India | 150,000 |
1833–1837 | Tenpō famine | Japan | |
1837–1838 | Agra famine of 1837–1838 | India | 800,000 |
1845–1857 | Highland Potato Famine | Scotland | |
1845–1852 | Great Famine killed more than 1,000,000 out of over 8.5 million people inhabiting Ireland. Between 1.5–2 million people were forced to emigrate[85] | Ireland | 600,000 to over 1,500,000 that emigrated |
1846 | Famine led to the peasant revolt known as "Maria da Fonte" in the north of Portugal[86] | Portugal | |
1846–1848 | The Newfoundland Potato Famine, related to the Irish Potato Famine. | Newfoundland, present-day Canada | |
1849–1850 | Demak and Grobogan in central Java, caused by four successive crop failures due to drought. | Indonesia | 83,000[87] |
1860-1861 | Black Winter of 1860-1861[88] | Qajar Iran | |
1860–1861 | Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861 | India | 2,000,000 |
1863–1867 | Famine in Cape Verde | Cape Verde | 30,000[89] |
1866 | Orissa famine of 1866 | India | 1,000,000[90] |
1866–1868 | Finnish famine of 1866–1868. About 15% of the entire population died | Finland | 150,000+ |
1866–1868 | Famine in French Algeria[91] | French Algeria | 820,000 |
1867–1869 | Swedish famine of 1867–1869 | Sweden | |
1869 | Rajputana famine of 1869 | India | 1,500,000[90] |
1869–1870 | Famines due to weather, with North Hamgyong Province particularly affected.[92] | Joseon | |
1870–1872 | Persian famine of 1870–1872, extended by some scholars from 1869 to 1873[93] | Qajar Iran | 200,000–3,000,000 Estimates vary[94] |
1873–1874 | Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods[95][96] | Turkey (present day) | |
1873–1874 | Bihar famine of 1873–1874 | India | |
1876–1878 | Great Indian Famine of 1876–1878 | India | 5,500,000 |
1876–1879 | Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879 | China | 9,000,000–13,000,000[97] |
1876–1878 | Brazilian drought of 1877–1878, also known as the Grande Seca | Brazil | 500,000 |
1878–1880 | St. Lawrence Island famine, Alaska[98] | United States | 1,000 |
1879 | 1879 Famine in Ireland. Unlike previous famines, this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality. | Ireland | |
1879 | Famine in the Eastern areas of the Empire[99] | Ottoman Empire | |
1883–1885 | Famine caused by failure of rainy seasons and drought.[100] | East Africa,Tanzania and Kenya | |
1888–1889 | Famine in Orrisa, Ganjam and Northern Bihar | India | 150,000 |
1888–1892 | Ethiopian Great famine. About one-third of the population died.[101][102] Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks (1889–92), a typhus epidemic, and a major smallpox epidemic (1889–90). | Ethiopia | 1,000,000 |
1891–1892 | Russian famine of 1891–1892. Beginning along the Volga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea. | Russia | 375,000–500,000[103][104] |
1895–1898 | Famine during the Cuban War of Independence | Cuba | 200,000–300,000 |
1896–1902 | Indian famine of 1896–1897 and Indian famine of 1899–1900 due to drought and British policies.[105][106][107] | India | 2,000,000 (British territories), mortality unknown in princely states |
1897-1901 | Famine in East Africa, caused by drought and locust swarms. Resulted in increased grain prices, starvation and smallpox epidemic. Known as Yua ya Ngomanisye, meaning the famine that went everywhere[108] | East Africa, Kenya and Uganda | |
1900–1903 | Famine in Cape Verde | Cape Verde | 11,000–20,000[89] |
1901 | Northern Chinese Famine in Spring 1901, caused by drought from 1898-1901. The famine was one of the causes of the anti-imperialist Boxer rebellion.[109] | China (Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces) and Inner Mongolia | 200,000 in Shaanxi province. |
1904–1906 | Famine in Spain[110][111][112] | Spain | |
1906–1907 | Chinese famine of 1906–1907 | China | 20,000,000–25,000,000[113] |
1913-1914 | Famine, grain price rose "thirtyfold"[27] | Ethiopia | |
1914–1918 | Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by the Entente and Ottoman blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people, estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population[114] | Lebanon | 200,000 |
1914–1919 | Famine caused by the Allied blockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles.[115] | Germany | 763,000 |
1917 | Famine in German East Africa | German East Africa | 300,000 |
1917–1919 | Persian famine of 1917–1919 | Iran | 2,000,000,[116] but estimates range as high as 10,000,000[117] |
1918–1919 | Rumanura famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo | Rwanda and Burundi (present day)[citation needed] | |
1919–1922 | Kazakh famine of 1919–1922. A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population | Turkestan | [118] |
1920–1921 | Famine in northern China | China | 500,000 |
1920–1922 | Famine in Cape Verde | Cape Verde | 24,000–25,000[89] |
1921 | Russian famine of 1921–1922 | Russia | 5,000,000[119] |
1921–1922 | 1921–1922 famine in Tatarstan | Russia | 500,000–2,000,000[120] |
1921–1923 | 1921–1923 famine in Soviet Russian Ukraine | Ukraine | 250,000–1,000,000[121] |
1924–1925 | Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia. One-third of the entire population perished[122][unreliable source?] | Russia | |
1924–1925 | Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rain | Irish Free State [citation needed] | |
1926 | Famine in Darfur[123] | Darfur, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan | |
1928–1929 | Famine in Ruanda-Burundi, causing large migrations to the Congo | Rwanda and Burundi (present day) | |
1928–1930 | Chinese famine of 1928–1930 in northern China. The drought resulted in millions of deaths | China | 3,000,000–10,000,000 |
1930–1934 | First Kere | Madagascar | 500,000 |
1932–1933 | Soviet famine of 1932–1933, including famine in Ukraine, and famine in Kazakhstan, caused by Soviet collectivization policy, abnormal cold period,[124] and bad harvests in the years of 1931–1932.[125] | Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR, and Kazakh ASSR | 5,000,000[125]–7,000,000[126] |
1939–1952 | Famine in Spain caused primarily by the implementation of the autarkic economy | Spain | 200,000[127][128] |
1940–1943 | Famine in Cape Verde | Cape Verde | 20,000[89] |
1940–1945 | Famine in Warsaw Ghetto, as well as other ghettos and concentration camps (note: this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis).[129] | Occupied Poland | |
1940–1948 | Famine in Morocco between 1940 and 1948, because of refueling system installed by France.[130] | Morocco | 200,000 |
1941–1944 | Leningrad famine caused by a 900-day blockade by German troops. About a million Leningrad residents starved, froze, or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941–42, when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to −40 °C (−40 °F).[131] According to other estimates about 800,000 out of an immediate pre-siege population of about 2.5 million perished.[132] | Soviet Union | 800,000–1,000,000 |
1941–1944 | Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation.[133][134] | Greece | 300,000 |
1941–1942 | Famine in Kharkiv. In a city with a population of about 450,000 while under German occupation, there was a famine starting in the winter of 1941–42 that lasted until the end of September 1942. The local administration recorded 19,284 deaths between the second half of December 1941 and the second half of September 1942, thereof 11,918 (59.6%) from hunger.[135] The Foreign Office representative at Army High Command 6 noted on 25.03.1942 that according to reports reaching municipal authorities at least 50 people were dying of hunger every day, and that the true number might be much higher as in many cases the cause of death was stated as "unknown" and besides many deaths were not reported.[136] British historian Alex Kay estimates that at least 30,000 city inhabitants died in the famine.[137] According to Soviet sources about 70–80,000 people died of starvation in Kharkiv during the occupation by Nazi Germany.[138] | Soviet Union | 30,000–80,000 |
1941–1943 | Famine in Kyiv. On April 1, 1942, well after the first winter of famine, Kyiv officially had about 352,000 inhabitants. In the middle of 1943—more than four months before the end of German rule—the city officially had about 295,600. Death by starvation was not the only reason for the rapid decline in population: deportation to Germany and Nazi shootings also played their part. Nevertheless, starvation was an important factor.[139] British historian Alex Kay estimates that about 10,000 city inhabitants died of starvation.[137] | Soviet Union | 10,000 |
1942–1943 | Chinese famine of 1942–1943 | Henan, China | 700,000 |
1942–1943 | Iranian famine of 1942–1943 | Iran | 4,000,000[140][page needed] |
1943 | Bengal famine of 1943 | Bengal, British India | 2,100,000 |
1943–1944 | Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda-Urundi, causing emigrations to Congo | Rwanda and Burundi (present day) | 36,000–50,000 |
1943–1945 | Famine in Hadhramaut | Yemen (present day) | 10,000[141][142] |
1943–1946 | Second Kere | Madagascar | 1,000,000 |
1944–1945 | Java under Japanese occupation | Java, Indonesia | 2,400,000[143] |
1944 | Dutch famine of 1944–1945 during World War II[144] | Netherlands | 20,000 |
1944–1945 | Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 | Vietnam | 600,000–2,000,000[145] |
1945–1947 | Famine in Königsberg (Kaliningrad) | Soviet Union | 57,000–76,500[146] |
1946–1947 | Hungerwinter | Germany | >100,000[147] |
1946–1947 | Soviet famine of 1946–1947 | Soviet Union | 1,000,000–1,500,000[148][149] |
1946–1948 | Famine in Cape Verde | Cape Verde | 30,000[89] |
1949 | Nyasaland famine of 1949 | Malawi | 200 |
1950 | 1950 Caribou Inuit famine | Canada | 60 |
1955–1958 | Third Kere | Madagascar | |
1958 | Famine in Tigray[27] | Ethiopia | 100,000 |
1959–1961 | The Great Chinese Famine[150][151][152] Some researchers also include the year 1958 or 1962.[153] | China (mainland) | 15,000,000–55,000,000[151][154][155] |
1966–1967 | Lombok, drought and malnutrition, exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice trade | Indonesia | 50,000[156] |
1966–1967 | Rice crisis[157] | Burma | |
1967–1970 | Famine caused by Nigerian Civil War and blockade | Biafra | 2,000,000 |
1968–1972 | Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people[158] | Mauritania, Mali, Chad, Niger and Burkina Faso | 1,000,000 [citation needed] |
1970–1972 | Fourth Kere | Madagascar | |
1971–1973 | Afghanistan drought | Afghanistan | |
1972–1973 | Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg rule | Ethiopia | 60,000[159] |
1973 | Darfur drought | Darfur, Sudan | 1,000 |
1974 | Bangladesh famine of 1974[160] | Bangladesh | 27,000–1,500,000 [citation needed] |
1975–1979 | Khmer Rouge. A maximum estimate of 500,000 Cambodians lost their lives to famine | Cambodia | 500,000[161] |
1980–1981 | Caused by drought and conflict[159] | Uganda | 30,000[159] |
1980–1982 | Fifth Kere | Madagascar | |
1982–1983 | Sixth Kere | Madagascar | |
1982–1985 | Famine caused by the Mozambican Civil War | Mozambique | 100,000 |
1983–1985 | 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia[162] | Ethiopia | 400,000–600,000[163] |
1984–1985 | Famine caused by drought, economic crisis and the Second Sudanese Civil War | Sudan | 240,000 |
1986–1987 | Seventh Kere | Madagascar | |
1988 | Famine caused by the Second Sudanese Civil War | Sudan | 100,000 |
1988–1989 | Eighth Kere | Madagascar | |
1991–1992 | Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war[159] | Somalia | 300,000[159] |
1992–1994 | Ninth Kere | Madagascar | |
1993 | 1993 Sudan famine | Sudan | 20,000[164] |
1994–1998 | North Korean famine.[165][166] Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation (other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million).[167] | North Korea | 200,000–3,500,000 |
1995–1996 | Tenth Kere | Madagascar | |
1997–1998 | Eleventh Kere | Madagascar | |
1998 | 1998 Sudan famine caused by war and drought | Sudan | 70,000[159] |
1998 | 1998 Afghanistan famine | Afghanistan | |
1998–2000 | Famine in Ethiopia. The situation worsened by Eritrean–Ethiopian War | Ethiopia | |
1998–2004 | Second Congo War. 2.7 million people died, mostly from starvation and disease | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 2,700,000 |
2003–2005 | Famine during the War in Darfur | Sudan | 200,000 |
2004–2005 | Twelfth Kere | Madagascar | |
2005–2006 | 2005–2006 Niger food crisis. At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa[168][169][170] | Niger and West Africa | |
2009–2013 | Thirteenth Kere | Madagascar | |
2011–2012 | Famine in Somalia, brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought[171] | Somalia | 285,000 |
2012 | Famine in West Africa, brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought[172] | Senegal, Gambia, Niger, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso | |
2014–2017 | Fourteenth Kere | Madagascar | |
2016–present | Famine in Yemen, arising from the Yemeni Civil War and the subsequent blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia | Yemen | 85,000 children as of 2017.[173] Unknown number of adults. |
2017 | Famine in South Sudan[174] Famine in Somalia, due to 2017 Somali drought. Famine in Nigeria | South Sudan, Unity State, Somalia, and Nigeria. | |
2020–present | Famine in the Tigray War | Tigray, Ethiopia | 150,000–200,000+[175] |
2021–present | 2021–2022 Madagascar famine | Madagascar | |
2021–present | Aftermath of the War in Afghanistan | Afghanistan | |
2023–present | Gaza Strip famine | Gaza Strip, Palestine | 34 (Confirmed)[176]
62,431 (estimated by Costs of War)[177] |
2023–present | 2024 Sudan famine | Sudan | 1050+[178] |
Table
[edit]See also
[edit]Main article lists
[edit]- Bengal famine
- Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union
- Famine in India
- Famines in the Czech lands
- Famines in Ethiopia
- Great Bengal famine of 1770
- Great Famine of 1876–1878
- Great Chinese Famine
- Holodomor
- List of famines in China
- North Korean famine
- Timeline of major famines in India during British rule
Other articles
[edit]- 2007–2008 world food price crisis
- 2010–2012 world food price crisis
- 2022–2023 food crises
- Disaster
- Famine Early Warning Systems Network
- Famine events
- Famine relief
- Famine scales
- Food security
- Food security during the COVID-19 pandemic
- List of natural disasters by death toll
- List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
- Live Aid
- Medieval demography
- Population decline
- Potato famine
- Starvation
- Theories of famines
- World population
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{{cite web}}
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- ^ This order of magnitude is mentioned in Harrison E. Salisbury, The 900 Days. The Siege of Leningrad. (Avon Books, New York, 1970), pp. 590ff.; Anna Reid, Leningrad. The Epic Siege of World War II, 1941-1944 (2011 Bloomsbury, London), Appendix I (pp. 417–418); various sources cited in Blockade Leningrads 1941-1944. Dossiers (a publication of the Museum Berlin Karlshorst in German and Russian), pp. 110–113.
- ^ Hionidou, Violetta (2006). Famine and death in occupied Greece, 1941-1944. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82932-8. OCLC 62532868.
- ^ Gildea, Robert et al. (2006) Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: daily life in occupied Europe. Berg Publishers. ISBN 9781845201814.
- ^ Document USHMM, RG-31.010M, R.7, 2982/4/390a, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht. Dimensionen des Vernichtungskriegs, Hamburger Institut für Sozialforschung, p. 346.
- ^ Document PAAA, R60763, transcribed in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht, p. 345.
- ^ a b Kay, Alex J. (2001) Empire of Destruction. A History of Nazi Mass Killing. Yale University Press, PDF edition, p. 186
- ^ Werth, Alexander. (2000) Russia at War 1941-1945. Carroll & Graf Publishers New York. p. 607-608
- ^ Berkhoff, Karel C. (2004) Harvest of Despair. Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London. p. 186
- ^ Majd, Mohammad Gholi (2016-03-22). Iran Under Allied Occupation In World War II: The Bridge to Victory & A Land of Famine. UPA. ISBN 978-0-7618-6739-5.
- ^ Fletcher, Mary. Famine in Arabia The British Empire.
- ^ Freitag, Ulrike (2003) Indian Ocean Migrants and State Formation in Hadhramaut: Reforming the Homeland. BRILL. p. 406. ISBN 9789004128507.
- ^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2008). "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950. (MPRA Paper No. 8852) pp. 35–38.". Mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de.
- ^ Zwarte, Ingrid de (2020-07-23). The Hunger Winter. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-83680-7.
- ^ Gunn, Geoffrey. (2001) The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944-45 Revisited, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Volume 9(5). Number 4. Article ID 3483. Jan 24. The demographics vary from French estimates of 600,000-700,000 dead, to official Vietnamese numbers of 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 victims.
- ^ According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest in early April 1945, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947/48. Hunger accounted for 75 % of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6 % and violence for 15 % (Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347). This would mean 76,000 - 102,000 deaths and 57,000 - 76,500 thereof (75 %) from hunger. Peter B. Clark (The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned by Richard Bessel, "Unnatural Deaths", in: The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321–343, (p. 336).
- ^ The number of excess deaths from hunger and cold has been estimated by historians at several hundred thousand, based on extrapolations from partial data (Der "weiße Tod" im Hungerwinter 1946/47, Norddeutscher Rundfunk, 07.05.2020).
- ^ Ellman, M. (2000) The 1947 Soviet famine and the entitlement approach to famines, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 24(5), pp. 603-630
- ^ Ganson, Nicholas (2009). The Soviet Famine of 1946–47 in Global and Historical Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-61333-1. Archived from the original on 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2009-05-02.
- ^ Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (2013-10-10). "Famines". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ a b Meng, Xin; Qian, Nancy; Yared, Pierre (2015). "The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961" (PDF). Review of Economic Studies. 82 (4): 1568–1611. doi:10.1093/restud/rdv016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- ^ Branigan, Tania (2013-01-01). "China's Great Famine: the true story". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
- ^ "Documenting China's lost history of famine". BBC News. 2012-05-08. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
- ^ Wemheuer, Felix (2011). Dikötter, Frank (ed.). "SITES OF HORROR: MAO'S GREAT FAMINE [with Response]". The China Journal (66): 155–164. doi:10.1086/tcj.66.41262812. ISSN 1324-9347. JSTOR 41262812. S2CID 141874259.
- ^ Peng Xizhe (彭希哲), "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (1987), 639–70.
For a summary of other estimates, please refer to this link - ^ Van der Eng, Pierre (2012) "All Lies? Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s?" Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine, Asian Historical Economics Conference, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo (Japan), September 13–15, 2012.
- ^ Smith, Martin (1991). Burma: Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 225. ISBN 9780862328689.
- ^ Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow. May 13, 1974. TIME
- ^ a b c d e f Ó Gráda 2009, p. 24
- ^ "Famine - Entitlement, Causes, Effects | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-08-27. Retrieved 2024-10-01.
- ^ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979". Forced Migration and Mortality. National Academies Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 9780309073349.
Food supply remained deficient for most of 1979 and the famine could not be completely avoided. The most dramatic estimates of its toll are around 500,000 deaths (Ea, 1987; Banister and Johnson, 1993; Sliwinski, 1995) but those are again contested as much too high (Kiernan, 1986).
- ^ "Lasting legacy of Ethiopia's famine". 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
- ^ De Waal, Alexander (1991). Evil days : thirty years of war and famine in Ethiopia. New York: Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-038-3. OCLC 24504262.
- ^ "A 'Silent' Famine Spreads Death in Southern Sudan : Africa: Bitter civil war, homelessness and disease in the remote area bring misery rivaling that of Somalia. - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. 10 April 1993.
- ^ "Online NewsHour Forum: The North Korea Famine -- August 26, 1997". PBS. Archived from the original on 1999-11-12.
- ^ [8] Archived June 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Bruce Cumings: We look at it and see ourselves". Lrb.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
- ^ "Niger: An evidence base for understanding the current crisis - Niger | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2005-07-26. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
- ^ "Amnesty International Report 2006 - Niger". Refworld. 23 May 2006. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
- ^ "UN Seeks $240 Mln of Food Aid for West Africa". archive.globalpolicy.org. January 16, 2006. Retrieved 2024-11-22.
- ^ "United Nations News Centre – UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia". Un.org. 2011-08-03. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
- ^ "Sahel Famine Crisis". UNICEF. Archived from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
- ^ Karasz, Palko (November 21, 2018). "85,000 Children in Yemen May Have Died of Starvation". The New York Times.
- ^ "Famine declared in South Sudan". The Guardian. 2017-02-20.
- ^ "Tigray war has seen up to half a million dead from violence and starvation, say researchers". The Globe and Mail. 2022-03-14. Retrieved 2024-09-05.
- ^ "UN experts declare famine has spread throughout Gaza strip". United Nations. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
- ^ "The Human Toll: Indirect Deaths from War in Gaza and the West Bank, October 7, 2023 Forward | Costs of War". The Costs of War. Retrieved 2024-11-13.
- ^ SudanTribune (2024-10-17). "Famine tightens grip on Sudan's Nuba Mountains, hundreds dead". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2024-10-21.
Bibliography
[edit]- Alfani, Guido; Ó Gráda, Cormac (2017). Famine in European History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-84123-5.
- Alfani, Guido; Mocarelli, Luca; Strangio, Donatella (January 2016). "Italian Famines: An overview (ca. 1250-1810)". Dondena Centre, Bocconi University.
- Dyson, Tim (1991). "On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I". Population Studies. 45 (1): 5–25. doi:10.1080/0032472031000145056. JSTOR 2174991. PMID 11622922.
- Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: a short history. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3.
External links
[edit]- Media related to famines at Wikimedia Commons