Russian Canadians

Russian Canadians
Русские канадцы
	Russian Canadians as percent of population by province/territory
Total population
	548,140; (by ancestry, 2021 Census)
Regions with significant populations
	Saskatchewan, Alberta, Yukon Territory, Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver
Languages
	Canadian English; Russian; French;
Religion
	Christianity (mainly Orthodox) Irreligion;
Related ethnic groups
	Russian people; Russian Americans; Ukrainian Canadians; Belarusian Canadians;

Russian Canadians comprise Canadian citizens of Russian heritage or Russians who immigrated to and reside in Canada. According to the 2021 Census, there were 548,140 Canadians who claimed full or partial Russian ancestry.^[1] The areas of Canada with the highest percentage population of Russian Canadians are the Prairie Provinces.

Number of Russian Canadians

Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[3]

	Percent
Newfoundland and Labrador	0.2%
Prince Edward Island	0.4%
Nova Scotia	0.5%
New Brunswick	0.3%
Quebec	0.7%
Ontario	1.7%
Manitoba	4.7%
Saskatchewan	3.7%
Alberta	2.7%
British Columbia	2.9%
Yukon	2.3%
Northwest Territories	1.2%
Nunavut	0.3%

Data from this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[2]

Total: 622,445.
Single response: 120,165.
Multiple response: 502,280.

Provinces and CMAs (census metropolitan areas^[4]) with Russian Canadian populations over 10,000

Quebec

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[5]

Total: 55,230
Single response: 15,800
Multiple response: 39,435

Montréal (CMA)

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[6]

Total: 49,275
Single response: 14,315
Multiple response: 34,960

Ontario

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[7]

Total: 220,850
Single response: 53,175
Multiple response: 167,675

Toronto (CMA)

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[8]

Total: 139,915
Single response: 40,570
Multiple response: 99,340

Ottawa-Gatineau (CMA - Ontario part)

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[9]

Total: 15,620 (represents ~90% of total Ottawa-Gatineau CMA)
Single response: 3,205
Multiple response: 12,415

Manitoba

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[10]

Total: 58,225
Single response: 9,510
Multiple response: 48,720

Winnipeg (CMA)

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[11]

Total: 29,575
Single response: 3,580
Multiple response: 26,000

Saskatchewan

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[12]

Total: 39,390
Single response: 3,645
Multiple response: 35,745

Saskatoon (CMA)

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[13]

Total: 13,280
Single response: 1,360
Multiple response: 11,925

Alberta

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[14]

Total: 107,800
Single response: 14,320
Multiple response: 93,480

Calgary (CMA)

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[15]

Total: 37,955
Single response: 6,125
Multiple response: 31,830

Edmonton (CMA)

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[16]

Total: 28,275
Single response: 3,325
Multiple response: 24,945

British Columbia

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[17]

Total: 131,060
Single response: 22,145
Multiple response: 108,910

Vancouver (CMA)

Data in this section from Statistics Canada, 2016.^[18]

Total: 58,535
Single response: 11,145
Multiple response: 47,395

Many British Columbians of Russian descent are Doukhobors, historically concentrated in the West Kootenay and Boundary Country regions.

List of notable Russian Canadians

^[19]

Arts, entertainment and literature

Harvey Atkin – voice-over actor
Alex Battler – writer
Arnold Belkin – painter
Sasha Clements – actress, Majority Rules!
Ludmilla Chiriaeff – ballet dancer, choreographer and company director
Victor Garber – actor, Titanic, Argo, Star Trek
Natalie Glebova – Miss Universe 2005, Miss Universe Canada 2005
Anais Granofsky – actress, Degrassi Junior High
Michelle Gurevich – singer, formerly known as "Chinawoman"
Boris Hambourg – cellist
Melissa Hayden – ballet dancer
Julia Ivanova - documentary filmmaker
Jessica Parker Kennedy – actress, The Secret Circle, Smallville, Black Sails
Nadia Litz – actress
Elena Lobsanova – ballet dancer
George London – singer
Eli Mandel – poet
Catherine Manoukian – violinist
Niall Matter – actor, Eureka, Stargate Atlantis, Melrose Place, 90210
Sophie Milman – jazz musician
Zara Nelsova – cellist^[20]
Greta Onieogou - actress
Alex Ozerov - actor
Kim Yaroshevskaya - actress, voice-over, story-teller and writer
Sarah Polley – actress and film director, Order of Canada
Duncan Regehr – writer and actor, Star Trek
Sasha Roiz – actor
Aleksei Serebryakov – actor
Elena Semikina – Miss Universe Canada 2010
Socalled – musician
Ksenia Solo – actress, Black Swan^[21]
Madeline Sonik – writer
Jessica Trisko – Miss Earth 2007
Boris Volkoff - ballet master, choreographer, "the father of Canadian ballet"
Watts – produced for Method Man, Redman, and Snoop Dogg^[22]
Adele Wiseman – author
Chloe Stroll - singer-songwriter

Business and other

Bluma Appel – philanthropist, recipient of the Order of Canada and Order of Ontario
Charles Bronfman – billionaire, member of the Bronfman family
Edgar Bronfman, Sr. – billionaire, member of the Bronfman family
Saidye Rosner Bronfman – billionaire, member of the Bronfman family, founder of the Seagram Company
Samuel Bronfman – billionaire, member of the Bronfman family
Arcadi Gaydamak – businessman
Ben Hatskin – founder of the Winnipeg Jets
Gregory Lekhtman – inventor of exercise boots
Sonia Scurfield – owner of the Calgary Flames in the 1980s and 1990s
Alex Shnaider – co-founder of the Midland Group, partner in the Trump International Hotel and Tower (Toronto)
Lawrence Stroll – businessman, part-owner and executive chairman of Aston Martin, and the owner of the Aston Martin F1 Team

Politics

Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia – Russian Princess and youngest sister of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
Alex Atamanenko – Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada
Vasile Balabanov – Imperial Russian émigré
Martin Dobkin – mayor of Mississauga
Catherine Doherty – Imperial Russian émigré, social activist, recipient of the Order of Canada
Siegfried Enns – member of the House of Commons of Canada
Lois Hole – Lieutenant Governor of Alberta
George Ignatieff – Canadian diplomat
Michael Ignatieff – author, journalist, academic, politician
Ted Lipman – diplomat, ambassador to North Korea, and South Korea
Tim Moen – former leader of the Libertarian Party of Canada^[23]
Tom Nevakshonoff – Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
Reynold Rapp – Member of the House of Commons of Canada
John Tory – mayor of Toronto^[24]
Peter Vasilevich Verigin – Doukhobor leader
Pyotr Verzilov – activist
Roman Baber – Member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario

Science

Gregory Chamitoff – NASA astronaut and engineer
Michel Chossudovsky – writer and professor of economics at the University of Ottawa
Andrew Donskov – professor of modern languages at the University of Ottawa; world-renowned Leo Tolstoy expert
Israel Halperin – mathematician
Martin Kamen – physicist, member of the Manhattan Project (first nuclear bomb); discovered the synthesis of the isotope carbon-14
Harry Medovy – pediatrician and academic, Order of Canada
Pierre Milman – mathematician, Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
Sergei Plekhanov – Professor of Political Science at York University; former deputy director of the Institute for US and Canadian Studies in Russia
Louis Slotin – physicist, member of the Manhattan Project (first nuclear bomb)
George Volkoff, OC, MBE, FRSC – physicist who helped discover the existence of neutron stars
Leonid Ivanovich Strakhovsky - professor, pioneered Slavic studies at the University of Toronto^[25]

Sports

Nik Antropov – hockey player with the Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL) and the KHL
Ivan Babikov – Olympic cross-country skier
Artur Beterbiev – professional boxer
Patricia Bezzoubenko – rhythmic gymnast
Boris Blumin – chess grandmaster
Mark Bluvshtein – chess grandmaster
Debbie Brill – high-jumper^[26]
Édouard Carpentier – professional wrestler
Joshua Ho-Sang – hockey player with the OHL
Mike Chernoff – ice hockey^[26]
Rob Chernoff – swimmer^[26]
Tim Cheveldae – ice hockey^[26]
Kevin Cheveldayoff – ice hockey
Yelena Davydova – gymnastics
Shawn Horcoff – ice hockey
Igor Ivanov – chess grandmaster
Pete Knight – rodeo bronc rider^[26]
Lioudmila Kortchaguina – marathon runner
Crazy Leo – rally driver
Andrei Markov – NHL hockey player
Olga Ovtchinnikova – Olympic fencer
Andrei Rogozine – world champion figure skater
Mikhail "Misha" Goikhberg – racing driver
Bobbie Rosenfeld – Olympic gold medalist
Denis Shapovalov – tennis player
Igor Tikhomirov – Olympic champion in fencing
Marina Zoueva – ice dancing coach and choreographer
Lance Stroll – racing driver competing in Formula One racing for McLaren.

References

^ ^a ^b "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, 2021". statcan.gc.ca.
^ ^a ^b "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". statcan.gc.ca. 25 October 2017.
^ "2016 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2020-01-11.
^ "CMA and CA: Detailed definition". 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Quebec". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Montréal (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Ontario". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Toronto (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Ottawa-Gatineau (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Manitoba". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Winnipeg (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Saskatoon (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Alberta". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Calgary (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Edmonton (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, British Columbia". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Vancouver (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
^ References for the descent and/or birthplace of each individual can be found in their respective articles.
^ "Zara Nelsova" Archived May 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Ksenia Solo". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
^ "Austin "Watts" Garrick [Interview]". Hiphopcanada.com. 2007-08-07. Archived from the original on 2015-05-09. Retrieved 2014-04-24.
^ https://www.reddit.com/r/canada/comments/3k3ng4/comment/cuuhnjt/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=mweb3x&utm_name=mweb3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
^ "John Tory Is Jewish, Claims Israeli Press". Huffingtonpost.ca. 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
^ Bowman, H. E. (1964-01-01). "Leonid Ivanovich Strakhovsky (1898-1963)". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 6 (1): 97–98. doi:10.1080/00085006.1964.11417879. ISSN 0008-5006.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chernoff, Peter F. (1998). Tarasoff, Koozma J. (ed.). "Doukhobor stars in the Sports world". Spirit-Wrestlers' Voice: Honoring Doukhobors on the Centenary of Their Migration to Canada in 1899. Legas: 79–92.

External links

Simon Fraser University Digitized Newspapers website – digitized issues of Vestnik (Herald) newspaper, 1941–1993
Richard A. Pierce – Russians in Canada

[statcan21-1] "Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, 2021". statcan.gc.ca.

[statcan1-2] "Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". statcan.gc.ca. 25 October 2017.

[3] "2016 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada. 2020-01-11. Retrieved 2020-01-11.

[4] "CMA and CA: Detailed definition". 2018-09-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[5] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Quebec". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[6] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Montréal (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[7] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Ontario". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[8] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Toronto (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[9] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Ottawa-Gatineau (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[10] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Manitoba". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[11] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Winnipeg (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[12] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[13] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Saskatoon (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[14] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Alberta". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[15] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Calgary (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[16] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Edmonton (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[17] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, British Columbia". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[18] "Data tables, 2016 Census: Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data, Vancouver (CMA)". Statistics Canada. 2019-06-17. Retrieved 2022-04-26.

[19] References for the descent and/or birthplace of each individual can be found in their respective articles.

[20] "Zara Nelsova" Archived May 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine

[21] "Ksenia Solo". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-09-30.

[22] "Austin "Watts" Garrick [Interview]". Hiphopcanada.com. 2007-08-07. Archived from the original on 2015-05-09. Retrieved 2014-04-24.

[23] ttps://www.reddit.com/r/canada/comments/3k3ng4/comment/cuuhnjt/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=mweb3x&utm_name=mweb3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button

[24] "John Tory Is Jewish, Claims Israeli Press". Huffingtonpost.ca. 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2016-09-30.

[25] Bowman, H. E. (1964-01-01). "Leonid Ivanovich Strakhovsky (1898-1963)". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 6 (1): 97–98. doi:10.1080/00085006.1964.11417879. ISSN 0008-5006.

[Chernoff-26] Chernoff, Peter F. (1998). Tarasoff, Koozma J. (ed.). "Doukhobor stars in the Sports world". Spirit-Wrestlers' Voice: Honoring Doukhobors on the Centenary of Their Migration to Canada in 1899. Legas: 79–92.

[1]