Treaty of Darin

The Darin Pact signatories

Percy Cox on behalf of Britain

The Treaty of Darin, or the Darin Pact, of 1915 was made between the United Kingdom and Abdulaziz Al Saud (sometimes called Ibn Saud), ruler of the Emirate of Nejd and Hasa, who founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.

Signing

The treaty was signed at Darin, on the island of Tarut^[1] on 26 December 1915 by Abdulaziz and Sir Percy Cox on behalf of the British Government.^[2]

Terms

The treaty made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate and attempted to define its boundaries.^[3]^[4] The British aim was to guarantee the sovereignty of Kuwait, Qatar and the Trucial States.^[5] Abdulaziz agreed not to attack British protectorates, but did not promise not to attack the Sharif of Mecca^[6] Also, he agreed to enter World War I in the Middle East against the Ottoman Empire as an ally of Britain.^[2]

Following the treaty, Abdulaziz obtained the following from the British: recognition as the ruler of Najd and its dependencies under British protection; a loan of £20,000 and a shipment of arms in June 1916; a monthly stipend of £5,000 and from the end of World War I to March 1924 an annual stipend of £60,000 in January 1917.^[7] The first article of the treaty also acknowledged the rights of Abdulaziz's sons to rule.^[8]

Significance

The treaty was the first to give international recognition to the fledgling Saudi state. For the first time in Nejdi history, the concept of negotiated borders had been introduced.^[5] Additionally, the British aim was to secure its Persian Gulf protectorates, but the treaty had the unintended consequence of legitimising Saudi control in the adjacent areas.^[5] The Treaty was superseded in 1927 by the Treaty of Jeddah.^[9]

References

^ S. Abdul-Razzak (1997). International Boundaries of Saudi Arabia. Galaxy Publications. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-7200-000-4.
^ ^a ^b Abdullah I of Jordan; Philip Perceval Graves (1950). Memoirs. p. 186.
^ John C. Wilkinson (1993). Arabia's Frontiers: the Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert. pp. 133–139.
^ Malik Dahlan (2018). The Hijaz: The First Islamic State. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-19-093501-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kiren Aziz Chaudhry (1997). The Price of Wealth: Economics and Institutions in the Middle East. Cornell University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8014-8430-8.
^ Khaldoun Hasan Al-Naqeeb (1991). Society and State in the Gulf and Arab Peninsula: A Different Perspective. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-415-04162-1.
^ Gerd Nonneman (2002). "Saudi��European relations 1902–2001: a pragmatic quest for relative autonomy". International Affairs. 77 (3): 638. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.00211.
^ Gamal Hagar (1981). Britain, Her Middle East Mandates and the Emergence of Saudi Arabia, 1926-1932: A Study in the Process of British Policy-making and in the Conduct and development of Britain's Relations with Ibn Saud (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Keele. p. 28. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
^ Butera, Anita C. (2021). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Through the Eyes of Saudi Women. Lexington Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-7936-0725-6.

[1] S. Abdul-Razzak (1997). International Boundaries of Saudi Arabia. Galaxy Publications. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-7200-000-4.

[Abdullah_I_of_Jordan_1950_186-2] Abdullah I of Jordan; Philip Perceval Graves (1950). Memoirs. p. 186.

[3] John C. Wilkinson (1993). Arabia's Frontiers: the Story of Britain's Boundary Drawing in the Desert. pp. 133–139.

[4] Malik Dahlan (2018). The Hijaz: The First Islamic State. Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-19-093501-6.

[Chaudhry-5] Kiren Aziz Chaudhry (1997). The Price of Wealth: Economics and Institutions in the Middle East. Cornell University Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8014-8430-8.

[6] Khaldoun Hasan Al-Naqeeb (1991). Society and State in the Gulf and Arab Peninsula: A Different Perspective. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-415-04162-1.

[7] Gerd Nonneman (2002). "Saudi��European relations 1902–2001: a pragmatic quest for relative autonomy". International Affairs. 77 (3): 638. doi:10.1111/1468-2346.00211.

[8] Gamal Hagar (1981). Britain, Her Middle East Mandates and the Emergence of Saudi Arabia, 1926-1932: A Study in the Process of British Policy-making and in the Conduct and development of Britain's Relations with Ibn Saud (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Keele. p. 28. Retrieved 15 May 2021.

[9] Butera, Anita C. (2021). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Through the Eyes of Saudi Women. Lexington Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-7936-0725-6.

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