Babesia microti
| Babesia microti | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Aconoidasida |
| Order: | Piroplasmida |
| Species: | B. microti
|
| Binomial name | |
| Babesia microti (França, 1912)
| |
Babesia microti is a parasitic blood-borne piroplasm transmitted by deer ticks. B. microti is responsible for the disease babesiosis, a malaria-like zoonosis which causes fever, hemolytic anemia caused by hemolysis, and enlarged spleen.[1]
Lifecycle
[edit]The lifecycle of B. microti includes two hosts: a vertebrate and an arthropod, the deer tick. When the tick bites a vertebrate, B. microti can be transmitted as sporozoites into the vertebrate host.[1] The parasite starts infecting red blood cells, where it digests hemoglobin for amino acids. After this, B. microti undergoes asexual reproduction and differentiation to male and female gametocytes. These are then ingested by the arthropod host and B. microti gametes undergo a sporogonic cycle (sexual reproduction), where new sporozoites are made. The cycle begins again when the tick bites a new vertebrate host.[2]
B. microti's usual vertebrate hosts include domesticated animals, such as cattle, dogs, and rats, and wild animals.[1][2] Humans are accidental hosts of Babesia in general, but B. microti is an important transfusion-transmitted infectious organism in humans. Between 2010 and 2014, it caused four out of 15 (27%) fatalities associated with transfusion-transmitted microbial infections reported to the US FDA (the highest of any single organism).[3] In 2018, the FDA approved an antibody-based screening test for blood and organ donors.[4]
An important difference from malaria is that B. microti does not infect liver cells or require haem iron for their metabolical processes.[1] Additionally, the piroplasm is spread by tick bites (Ixodes scapularis, the same tick that spreads Lyme disease), while the malaria protozoans are spread by mosquitoes. Finally, under the microscope, the merozoite form of the B. microti lifecycle in red blood cells forms a cross-shaped structure, often referred to as a "Maltese cross" or tetrad, in addition to intracellular "ring forms", which are also seen in the malaria parasite (Plasmodium spp.).[5]
Taxonomy
[edit]| Piroplasmida phylogeny (mtDNA)[6] |
Until 2006, B. microti was thought to belong to the genus Babesia, as Babesia microti, until ribosomal RNA comparisons placed it in the sister genus Theileria.[7][8] As of 2012[update], the medical community still classified the parasite as B. microti[9] though its genome showed it does not belong to either Babesia or Theileria.[10]
Genomics
[edit]The genome of Babesia microti has been sequenced and published.[10]
The mitochondrial genome is circular.[10]
Vaccine
[edit]In May 2010, a vaccine to protect cattle against East Coast fever reportedly had been approved and registered by the governments of Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania.[11]
A vaccine to protect humans has yet to be approved.[12]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Si, Wenwen; Fang, Chuantao; Liu, Chuang; Yin, Meng; Xu, Wenyue; Li, Yanna; Yan, Xiaoli; Shen, Yujuan; Cao, Jianping; Sun, Jun (2023-06-08). "Why is Babesia not killed by artemisinin like Plasmodium?". Parasites & Vectors. 16 (1): 193. doi:10.1186/s13071-023-05783-4. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 10249562. PMID 37291657.
- ^ a b Sojka, Daniel; Jalovecká, Marie; Perner, Jan (August 2022). "Babesia, Theileria, Plasmodium and Hemoglobin". Microorganisms. 10 (8): 1651. doi:10.3390/microorganisms10081651. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 9414693. PMID 36014069.
- ^ Fatalities Reported to FDA Following Blood Collection and Transfusion: Annual Summary for Fiscal Year 2014 (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 September 2015.
- ^ Verdun N, Malarkey MA (6 March 2018). Approval Letter -Babesia microti AFIA/Babesia microti AFIA for Blood Donor Screening (PDF) (Report). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. BLA/ STN#125589. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ^ Goldberg S (2007). Clinical Microbiology made Ridiculously Simple (4th ed.). Medmaster. ISBN 978-0-940780-21-7.
- ^ Schreeg, ME; Marr, HS; Tarigo, JL; Cohn, LA; Bird, DM; Scholl, EH; Levy, MG; Wiegmann, BM; Birkenheuer, AJ (2016). "Mitochondrial Genome Sequences and Structures Aid in the Resolution of Piroplasmida phylogeny". PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0165702. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1165702S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165702. PMC 5104439. PMID 27832128.
- ^ Uilenberg G, Goff WL (October 2006). "Polyphasic taxonomy". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1081 (1): 492–497. Bibcode:2006NYASA1081..492U. doi:10.1196/annals.1373.073. PMID 17135557. S2CID 38312613.
- ^ Uilenberg G (May 2006). "Babesia--a historical overview". Veterinary Parasitology. 138 (1–2): 3–10. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.035. PMID 16513280.
- ^ Vannier E, Krause PJ (June 2012). "Human babesiosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (25): 2397–2407. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1202018. PMID 22716978.
- ^ a b c Cornillot E, Hadj-Kaddour K, Dassouli A, Noel B, Ranwez V, Vacherie B, et al. (October 2012). "Sequencing of the smallest Apicomplexan genome from the human pathogen Babesia microti". Nucleic Acids Research. 40 (18): 9102–9114. doi:10.1093/nar/gks700. PMC 3467087. PMID 22833609.
- ^ Florin-Christensen M, Suarez CE, Rodriguez AE, Flores DA, Schnittger L (July 2014). "Vaccines against bovine babesiosis: where we are now and possible roads ahead". Parasitology. 141 (12): 1563–1592. doi:10.1017/S0031182014000961. hdl:11336/35696. PMID 25068315. S2CID 34025694.
- ^ Puri A, Bajpai S, Meredith S, Aravind L, Krause PJ, Kumar S (2021). "Babesia microti: Pathogen Genomics, Genetic Variability, Immunodominant Antigens, and Pathogenesis". Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 697669. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.697669. PMC 8446681. PMID 34539601.
External links
[edit]- Babesia microti Minnesota Department of Health