Democratic Action Party

Democratic Action Party
Malay name	Parti Tindakan Demokratik ڤرتي تيندقن ديموکراتيک‎
Chinese name	民主行动党 Mínzhǔ Xíngdòng Dǎng
Tamil name	ஜனநாயக செயல் கட்சி Jaṉanāyaka Ceyal Kaṭci
Abbreviation	DAP
National Chairman	Lim Guan Eng
National Deputy Chairman	Gobind Singh Deo
National Vice-Chairmen	Chow Kon Yeow Nga Kor Ming M. Kulasegaran Teresa Kok Chong Chieng Jen
Secretary-General	Anthony Loke Siew Fook
Deputy Secretaries-General	Liew Chin Tong V. Sivakumar Tengku Zulpuri Shah
Founders	Chen Man Hin Devan Nair
Founded	11 October 1965; 59 years ago (1965-10-11)
Legalised	18 March 1966; 58 years ago (1966-03-18)
Split from	People's Action Party (Singapore)
Preceded by	People's Action Party of Malaya
Headquarters	Jalan Yew, 55100 Kuala Lumpur
Newspaper	The Rocket RoketKini
Student wing	Mahasiswa Roket
Youth wing	DAP Socialist Youth
Membership (2022)	875,584
Ideology	Social democracy[1] Multiculturalism[2] Secularism Historical: Democratic socialism[3]
Political position	Centre-left[4]
National affiliation	Gagasan Rakyat (1990–1996) Barisan Alternatif (1999–2004) Pakatan Rakyat (2008–2015) Pakatan Harapan (since 2015)
Regional affiliation	Network of Social Democracy in Asia
International affiliation	Socialist International (1987–2017) Progressive Alliance (2012–present)
Colours	Red   White   Blue
Slogan	Malaysian Malaysia and Malaysian First
Anthem	Berjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia! (Fighting for the Malaysian People!)
Dewan Negara:	4 / 70
Dewan Rakyat:	40 / 222
Dewan Undangan Negeri:	90 / 611
Chief minister of states	1 / 13
Election symbol
except DAP Sarawak DAP Sarawak only
Party flag
Website
www.dapmalaysia.org
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The Democratic Action Party (abbrev: DAP; Malay: Parti Tindakan Demokratik) is a centre-left social democratic political party in Malaysia.^[5] As one of four component parties of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition, it formed the federal government after defeating Barisan Nasional (BN) in the 2018 Malaysian general election, ending the party's 53 year-long stay in the opposition. However, before the coalition finished its first term, defections from partnering parties caused it to lose power after 22 months, culminating in the 2020 Malaysian political crisis. At the 2022 Malaysian general election, the PH coalition which the DAP was part of was returned to power again, albeit without a majority, leading it to form a unity government with political rivals. It is one of the four component parties of the Pakatan Harapan ruling coalition in Malaysia.

The DAP was founded in 1965 by Malaya–based members of the Singaporean People's Action Party (PAP), Chen Man Hin and Devan Nair, shortly after Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia. Singapore's expulsion was in part due to intense ideological differences between the federal government, led by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), which favoured the idea of Ketuanan Melayu and Malay racial nationalism for the country. In contrast, the PAP favoured a more egalitarian and civic nationalist Malaysian Malaysia, which the DAP would continue to espouse.^[3] Following the expulsion, the PAP was elected as the ruling government of a newly sovereign Singapore, and would continue to operate on a platform of civic nationalism.^[3]

The DAP draws much of its support from secular and liberal voters with a stable electorate from voters of cities, coastal regions, the middle class (comprising professionals), and the working class.^[6][7] The party's strongholds are primarily in the urban and semi-urban areas of Penang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Johor, Malacca and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur.^[7] In the 2018 Malaysian general election, the party contested in 47 federal and 104 state constituencies under the banner of its ally the People's Justice Party,^{[nb 1]} winning 42 and 102 seats respectively, except in Sarawak, where the party's state branch chose to contest under its own banner.

The party is the direct successor of the Malaysian branch of the Singapore–based People's Action Party (PAP), which was then known as the People's Action Party of Malaya. Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia led to its deregistration in 1965 by the Registrar of Societies (RoS).^[3] The deregistered party's leadership consisted of Devan Nair (secretary-general), Chen Man Hin (chairman), D. P. Xavier (assistant secretary-general), Goh Hock Guan (vice-chairman), Seeveratnam Sinnathamby (treasurer), who was the younger brother of Singapore minister S. Rajaratnam, with Zain Azahari bin Zainal Abidin, Chin Chan Sung, Michael Khong Chye Huat, Tan Chong Bee and Too Chee Cheong as committee members.^[8]

The Democratic Action Party was officially formed on 11 October 1965 by the remnants of the People's Action Party of Malaya.^[3][9] However, the registration of the party was delayed to 18 March 1966^[3] while the ruling Alliance Party laid out new conditions for the registration of political parties in the Societies Act 1966. While awaiting the party's registration, party chairman Chen Man Hin won the state constituency of Rahang, Negeri Sembilan as an independent in December 1965.^[9]

In August 1966, the official party organ, The Rocket, was first published.

The party adopted the Setapak Declaration at the first DAP National Congress held on 29 July 1967, declaring itself "irrevocably committed to the ideal of a free, democratic and socialist Malaysia, based on the principles of racial and religious equality, social and economic justice, and founded on the institution of parliamentary democracy", and later joined the Socialist International, participating in the organisation's International Council in Zurich, Switzerland.^[10]

In 1967, the party was involved in discussions to form a united front of opposition parties against the Alliance coalition ahead of the 1969 general election without success.^[11][12]

In March 1968, the party negotiated an agreement with the People's Progressive Party(PPP) to avoid contesting against each other in the state of Perak for the upcoming general election.^[13] The DAP sought to achieve a similar agreement with the United Democratic Party (UDP), whose stronghold was Penang, but failed to come to an understanding with its leader Lim Chong Eu, who sarcastically thanked DAP secretary-general Goh Hock Guan for "his very smug condescension."^[14] The same month, the DAP was approached by the newly formed Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia, then led by Syed Hussein Alatas, which suggested the DAP merge into the new party.^[15]

Devan Nair, who was amongst those who founded the DAP, returned to Singapore in 1969 after being withdrawn as a candidate for the 1969 general election,^[16] later becoming its president in 1981. Lee Kuan Yew, then Prime Minister of Singapore under the PAP, explained in 1981 that "the Cabinet decided that Singapore-Malaysia relations would always be bedevilled if Devan Nair remained a DAP leader. I persuaded him to come back".^[17]

The DAP contested a general election for the first time in 1969 together with both the People's Progressive Party and Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia in an electoral pact.^[18] In line with their commitment to equality, the DAP originally campaigned against Bumiputera privileges, such as those afforded to them by Article 153 of the Constitution. They also continued Lee Kuan Yew's campaign for a "Malaysian Malaysia",^[19][20] the idea of which was originally conveyed by Lee in Parliament: "Malaysia – to whom does it belong? To Malaysians. But who are Malaysians? I hope I am, Mr Speaker, Sir. But sometimes, sitting in this chamber, I doubt whether I am allowed to be a Malaysian".^[21][22]

The DAP went on to win 13 Parliamentary seats and 31 State Assembly seats, with 11.9% of all valid votes that were cast in the election; the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan) which campaigned on a similar platform also made major gains. The 1969 election marked the biggest gains ever made by an opposition party in Malaysia before 2008, and came close to seeing the ruling Alliance toppled from power. However, the racial riots sparked by provocative political rallies in the immediate aftermath of the election led to what is now known as the 13 May Incident, resulting in the suspension of parliament and the formation of the National Operations Council, which governed the country until 1971 in place of the elected government.^[23]

When parliament reconvened, it passed pieces of legislation such as the Sedition Act that criminalized the discussion of repealing certain portions of the Constitution. Most of these concerned Bumiputra privileges, such as Article 153. The DAP and the People's Progressive Party were the only parties that voted against the Act, which passed by a vote of 125 to 17.^[24] After the 1969 election, the DAP would never come close to repeating its past successes for the next 38 years. Although the DAP remained a major opposition party, the ruling coalition had clung solidly to its two-thirds parliamentary majority. The DAP, however, continued campaigning on its platform of abolishing the Bumiputra privileges, securing equal rights for all Malaysians, and establishing a democratic socialist state in Malaysia.^[25][26]

The party boycotted the National Consultative Council, a body formed in the aftermath of the 1969 racial riots to "establish positive and practical guidelines for inter-racial co-operation and social integration", in protest of the government's continued detention of its secretary-general, Lim Kit Siang, under the Internal Security Act.^[27][28]

In 1978, the party experienced a split when founding member and Penang state chairman Yeap Ghim Guan left and formed the Socialist Democratic Party after attempts by the national leadership to take over the party's state leadership. Yeap was joined by the entire state committee and member of parliament for Petaling Oh Keng Seng. They were later joined by party stalwart Fan Yew Teng, who had served as acting secretary-general while Lim was detained under the Internal Security Act^[29] and was the member of parliament for Menglembu. Those who had left the party all labelled Lim's leadership as "dictatorial".^[30]

The party suffered more defections in the lead-up to the 1978 Malaysian general election, when one of its most prominent Malay members, Daing Ibrahim Othman, left the party in protest of the leadership's decision to move him to another constituency, which was followed by a number of resignations in Negeri Sembilan for similar reasons.^[30]

In 1995, the party ran what has become widely known as the "Robocop" campaign to wrest Penang from the Barisan Nasional. Despite the hype, the campaign was a failure as the party only won one state and three parliamentary seats. The strategy backfired when Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, BN leaders and the media criticised Lim Kit Siang as a "robot" and "soulless" person.^[31]

Following the ousting of Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in September 1998, DAP co-founded the Barisan Alternatif coalition along with Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party and the newly formed People's Justice Party. However, the coalition did not work out very well for the DAP, with two of its top leaders, Lim Kit Siang and Karpal Singh losing their Parliamentary seats in the 1999 election; the DAP managed to win only 5% (10 out of 193) of the seats in Parliament. PAS became the leading opposition party in Parliament. It left the coalition in 2001 due to a disagreement with PAS over the issue of an Islamic state.^{[32][33][unreliable source?]}

In the 2004 general election, the DAP managed to capture 12 seats in Parliament, while PAS and Keadilan suffered major setbacks, with PAS losing 20 of the 27 seats it had held after the 1999 elections, and Keadilan lost all seats except one returned after a recount. The eventual outcome saw Lim Kit Siang, who had been elected in his constituency of Ipoh Timur with a majority of 10,000 votes, formally elected as the leader of the opposition in Parliament, a post he had lost to the president of PAS in 1999.^[34]

In the 2006 Sarawak state election, the Democratic Action Party won 6 of the 12 seats it contested and narrowly lost three other seats with small majorities.^[35] Up til then it was the party's best showing ever in the history of Sarawak's state elections since 1979.

Pakatan Rakyat was formed in 2008 by DAP, PKR and PAS. In the 2008 general election, the DAP won 13% (28 out of 222) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat, with PAS and PKR making substantial gains as well with 23 seats and 31 seats respectively. In total, the taking of 82 seats (37%) by the opposition to Barisan Nasional's 140 seats (63%), makes it the best performance in Malaysian history by the opposition, and denied Barisan Nasional the two-thirds majority required to make constitutional changes in the Dewan Rakyat.^[36] DAP advisor Lim Kit Siang expressed surprise at the election results but declared it to be the true power of the voice of the Malaysian people for the leaders of the country to hear them.^[37] In addition, DAP, having secured all its contested seats in the state of Penang, formed the Penang state government with its alliance partners PKR and PAS, the Chief Minister being DAP's Lim Guan Eng, son of Lim Kit Siang.^[38]

In the 2011 Sarawak state election, DAP furthered its gains from the previous election, winning 12 out of the 70 state assembly seats, with PR winning a total of 15 state seats and 41% of the popular vote. The PR's success was further enhanced in the 2013 general election when DAP went on to win 17% (38 out of 222) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat and the PR coalition won the popular vote, giving the BN government its worst election showing since independence. In 2015, the PR alliance broke up after a PAS Muktamar (General Assembly) motion unanimously approved the breaking of ties with DAP due to disagreements over PAS's decision to propose a private member's bill to implement "hudud" (Islamic penal code).^[39] Following PAS's decision to cut ties with DAP, DAP announced that PR had "ceased to exist".^[40][41]

At the DAP election in December 2012, Vincent Wu, who was initially declared to have secured the sixth spot with 1,202 votes, dropped to 26th place because he had actually secured only 669. Zairil Khir Johari was elected to the central executive committee (CEC) with 803 votes to secure the 20th spot. The glitch, reportedly because of a vote tabulation error due to the copy-and-paste method in Microsoft Excel, had raised suspicion.^[42] The DAP admitted to the counting error after discovering the mistake. The DAP election fiasco had caused unease among party members and led to protests to the Registrar of Societies (RoS). Two dissatisfied life members of the DAP then lodged reports with the RoS on the party elections following the revelations.^[43] Following the report the RoS had informed DAP of the dispute by its members and in turn as provided for under Section 3A of the Societies Act 1966 did recognise the office-bearers of the committee formed in the party elections on 15 December 2012, the point of contention.^[44]

DAP chairperson Karpal Singh said DAP will contest under the PAS logo for the Peninsula and PKR logo in Sabah and Sarawak in the 13th general election, following the Registrar of Societies' (RoS) failure to respond on the withdrawal letter of RoS informing that it does not recognise the party's top leadership line-up. DAP had appealed to the RoS to withdraw its letter to suspend the party's existing central executive committee (CEC) but the department was silent on the matter.^[45]

On 19 April 2013, DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng informed all its 51 parliament and 103 state candidates to use the rocket symbol first during nomination tomorrow, and show the Election Commission the letter of authorisation signed by secretary-general Lim Guan Eng. If the rocket symbol is rejected, then use the letter of authorisation signed by PAS secretary-general Mustafa Ali for Peninsula Malaysia and PKR letter of authorisation for Sabah and Sarawak. This came after the DAP decided to use PAS and PKR symbols for the coming general election on 5 May.^[45] He said the DAP headquarters in Kuala Lumpur received a letter by hand from the RoS at 10 p.m. on 19 April, stating that it had no objections to the DAP using the logo, and that the Election Commission (EC) had informed all returning officers to accept nominations from the DAP.^[46]

On 29 September 2013, DAP held a special congress to vote for a new Central Executive Committee.^[47]

On 22 September 2015, the Pakatan Harapan coalition was formed by DAP, PKR and the National Trust Party to succeed Pakatan Rakyat. In the 2016 Sarawak state election, the party lost its gains from the previous election, retaining only 7 of the 12 seats it had won in 2011, while Pakatan Harapan as whole won 10 state seats and 30.16% of the popular vote.

On 12 February 2017, Kota Melaka MP, Sim Tong Him, along with three other DAP state assemblymen from Melaka, Goh (Duyong), Lim Jack Wong (Bachang), and Chin Choong Seong (Kesidang), announced their resignation from the party, citing a lack of trust in the party's leadership.^[48]

The party participated in the 2018 general election as a part of Pakatan Harapan, now a four-member coalition with the addition of Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysian (BERSATU). During the election, the coalition won 113 seats and was able to form the federal government after securing an alliance with the Sabah Heritage Party.^[49][50] The DAP won 42 seats of the 47 seats it contested, making it the second-largest party from Pakatan Harapan in the parliament's lower house behind PKR, which had won 47 seats.^[51] The party was given six ministerial portfolios and secured seven deputy minister positions in the Seventh Mahathir cabinet, with then-secretary-general of the party Lim Guan Eng being appointed Minister of Finance, becoming the first person of Malaysian Chinese descent to hold the position in 44 years since Tan Siew Sin from the Malaysian Chinese Association, who served in that capacity from 1959 until 1974.^[52][53] Other ministerial appointments included Loke Siew Fook as Minister of Transport, who eventually replaced Lim Kit Siang as DAP parliamentary leader on 11 July 2018,^[54] Kulasegaran Murugeson as Minister of Human Resources, Yeo Bee Yin as Minister of Energy, Teresa Kok as Minister of Primary Industries, and Gobind Singh Deo as Minister of Communications and Multimedia.

On 24 February 2020, the DAP became the largest party in the Dewan Rakyat for the first time after 11 of the People's Justice Party's 50 MPs resigned during the political crisis. UMNO had also lost 16 of its 54 MPs over several months, mostly through defections to Bersatu. Though the political crisis resulted in the collapse of the Pakatan Harapan government, it retained its 42 MPs. However, over the course of the crisis, a number of state assemblymen defected to opposing coalitions. On 9 March 2020, Paul Yong and A Sivasubramaniam left the party to join the new Perikatan Nasional state government in Perak.^[55] The next day on 10 March, DAP expelled Norhizam Hassan Baktee, assemblyman for Pengkalan Batu, over his support for the new Perikatan Nasional government in Melaka.^[56] The party also expelled Sabah assemblyman Ronnie Loh for his support of Perikatan's attempt to replace Sabah state government led by Shafie Apdal and his Warisan Plus coalition.^[57]

Separately, the party's Sarawak vice-chairman and Padungan assemblyman Wong King Wei resigned on 27 July 2020, claiming the party had deviated from its objectives and citing his disillusionment with party leadership. He continued to hold his seat as an independent until his term ended in 2021.^[58]

DAP was founded by Chen Man Hin and Devan Nair, who were ethnic Chinese and Indian respectively. The majority of DAP's party membership is of ethnic Chinese and Indian heritage, with most elected positions within the party being held by Chinese or Indian members. While the party has fielded Malay candidates in every general election since 1969, only five had ever been elected by 2008.^[59] Of the five, two had been elected in 1969 as state legislative assemblymen, while the party's first Malay member of parliament was only elected in 1990.^[60][61] The DAP also only gained its first native Sabahan (Kadazandusun) legislator in the 2013, Edwin Jack Bosi, who sat in Sabah State Legislative Assembly.^[62] The lack of Malay members within the party has led to DAP being viewed as a "racist" or "anti-Malay" party by political opponents in that it is exclusively concerned with the issues of the Chinese or Indian communities.^[63]

Despite constant rebuttals by party leaders, DAP has been depicted by their political opponents, especially from UMNO, as a party that favours the Malaysian Chinese minority above others.^[64] This allegation of racial chauvinism culminated^[when?] in a two-piece television program broadcast on government-controlled TV channel Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) entitled "Bahaya Cauvinisme", which translates to "Dangers of Chauvinism". The program forced then party leader Lim Kit Siang to issue a formal media statement to counter the allegations.^[65]

On 15 November 2011, Ismail Sabri Yaakob, the Malaysian Minister for Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism, accused DAP's publicity chief, Tony Pua of racism for making repeated attacks against the Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia, a government initiative to supply cheap retail products to Malaysian consumers. Tony Pua was criticised for singling out Kedai Rakyat 1Malaysia, whose suppliers to the store generally come from the Malaysian Bumiputra community, and for not investigating the quality of products supplied by Malaysian-Chinese suppliers or making similar accusations against independent Malaysian-Chinese stores.^[66]

Allegations of racism have forced DAP party leader Lim Guan Eng to issue a formal denial in the Penang High Court.^[67]

The symbol or logo of the DAP (see above) is the rocket, which it has used since the 1969 general election. Its components are symbolised as follows:

• The red rocket symbolises the Party's aspiration for a modern, dynamic and progressive society
• The four rocket boosters represent the support and drive given to the Party objectives by the three major ethnicities (Malay, Chinese, Indian) and others
• The blue circle stands for the unity of the multi-racial people of Malaysia
• The white background stands for purity and incorruptibility

In 2008, DAP initially introduced "Rocket Kid", a rocket as the party's official mascot during the 12th Malaysian general election. This was then changed to Ubah bird, a hornbill which was designed by Ooi Leng Hang and was launched during the Sarawak state election in 2011 and also used as part of their political campaigning during the 13th Malaysian general election in 2013. DAP had adopted this bird as a symbol for change both for its unique characteristics, hardiness and representation of the unity of both East Malaysia and West Malaysia into a Malaysian nation.^[68] Its merchandise such as plush toys, buttons and car stickers were very well received by the public.^[69] The idea of the mascot came from Sarawak DAP Secretary and future state party chairman, Chong Chieng Jen, who felt a mascot would boost the spirit of the people. The name "Ubah", which means "change" in Malay, is in line with the party's aspirations in changing the ruling party of the Malaysian federal government. In addition to its original Sarawak Iban costume, "Ubah" now comes in a Malay costume for Hari Raya, Indian costume for Deepavali, Chinese costume for Chinese New Year, Santa Claus costume for Christmas, and a Superman costume that depicts the power of the people.^[70][71] On 13 July 2013, a gigantic float known as the "Ubah Inflatable Bird (Water Ubah)" was officially launched at IJM Promenade, Jelutong, Penang by DAP Secretary General Lim Guan Eng.^[68][72]

DAP's official party anthem is Berjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia (Fighting for the Malaysian People).^[73]

Other than the official party anthem, DAP has also unveiled several theme songs and music videos mostly with an Ubah theme such as "Ubah" with over 1,000,000 views, 明天 with over 500,000 views and "Ubah Rocket Style" with over 300,000 views, which is a parody of the viral YouTube hit "Gangnam Style".^[74]

The Central Executive Committee (CEC) serves as the party's executive body and its 30 members are elected by party delegates during a national congress held every three years. The CEC, in turn, elects the party's national leadership from among its own members, including the Secretary-General, in whom executive power is vested. The current Secretary-General is Minister of Transport Anthony Loke. The latest leadership structure can be found below.^[5][75][76]

No.	Portrait	Life Advisor (Lifespan) Office	Term of office & mandate (Duration in years and days)
1		Chen Man Hin (1924–2022) MP for Seremban, 1974–1982 & 1983–1990 MP for Seremban Timor, 1969–1974 MLA for Rahang, 1965–1982	3 December 1999	17 August 2022	13th (1999)
			22 years, 257 days		14th (2004)
					15th (2008)
					16th (2012, 2013, 2017)
					17th (2022)

No.	Portrait	Advisor (Lifespan) Office	Term of office & mandate (Duration in years and days)
1		Tan Kok Wai (born 1957) MP for Sungai Besi, 1986–1995 MP for Cheras, since 1995	20 March 2022	Incumbent	17th (2022)
			2 years, 270 days

No.	Portrait	Mentor (Lifespan) Office	Term of office & mandate (Duration in years and days)
1		Lim Kit Siang (born 1941) MP for Bandar Melaka, 1969–1974 MP for Kota Melaka, 1974–1978 & 1982–1986 MP for Petaling, 1978–1982 MP for Tanjong, 1986–1999 MP for Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013 MP for Gelang Patah, 2013���2018 MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022 MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982 MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990 MLA for Padang Kota, 1990–1995	20 March 2022	12 April 2022	17th (2022)
			23 days

No.	Portrait	National Chairman (Lifespan) Office	Term of office & mandate (Duration in years and days)			National Deputy Chairman
1		Chen Man Hin (1924–2022) MP for Seremban, 1974–1982 & 1983–1990 MP for Seremban Timor, 1969–1974 MLA for Rahang, 1965–1982	18 March 1966	3 December 1999	1st (1967)
			33 years, 260 days		2nd (1969)
					12th (1995)
2		Lim Kit Siang (born 1941) MP for Bandar Melaka, 1969–1974 MP for Kota Melaka, 1974–1978 & 1982–1986 MP for Petaling, 1978–1982 MP for Tanjong, 1986–1999 MP for Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013 MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018 MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022 MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982 MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990 MLA for Padang Kota, 1990–1995	3 December 1999	4 September 2004	13th (1999)
			4 years, 276 days
3		Karpal Singh (1940–2014) MP for Jelutong, 1978–1999 MP for Bukit Gelugor, 2004–2014	4 September 2004	29 March 2014	14th (2004)	Tan Kok Wai (–2014)
			9 years, 206 days		15th (2008) 16th (2012, 2013)
4		Tan Kok Wai (born 1957) MP for Sungai Besi, 1986–1995 MP for Cheras, since 1995	29 March 2014	20 March 2022	– 16th (2017)	Gobind Singh Deo (since 2017)
			7 years, 356 days
5		Lim Guan Eng (born 1960) MP for Kota Melaka, 1986–1999 MP for Bagan, since 2008 MLA for Air Putih, since 2008	20 March 2022	Incumbent	17th (2022)
			2 years, 270 days

No.	Portrait	Secretary-General (Lifespan) Office	Term of office & mandate (Duration in years and days)			Deputy Secretary-General
1		Devan Nair (1923–2005) MP for Bangsar, 1964–1969	18 March 1966	30 July 1967	–	D. P. Xavier
			1 year, 134 days
2		Goh Hock Guan (1935–2018) MP for Bangsar, 1969–1974	30 July 1967	1 October 1969	1st (1967)
			2 years, 63 days
3		Lim Kit Siang (born 1941) MP for Bandar Melaka, 1969–1974 MP for Kota Melaka, 1974–1978 & 1982–1986 MP for Petaling, 1978–1982 MP for Tanjong, 1986–1999 MP for Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013 MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018 MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022 MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982 MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990 MLA for Padang Kota, 1990–1995	1 October 1970	3 December 1999	2nd (1969)	Lim Guan Eng (1995–2004)
			29 years, 63 days		12th (1995)
4		Kerk Kim Hock (1956–2017) MP for Pasir Pinji, 1990–1999 MP for Kota Melaka, 1999–2004 MLA for Durian Daun, 1986–1990	3 December 1999	5 May 2002	13th (1999)
			2 years, 153 days
			22 September 2002	28 March 2004
			1 year, 188 days
5		Lim Guan Eng (born 1960) MP for Kota Melaka, 1986–1999 MP for Bagan, since 2008 MLA for Air Putih, since 2008	4 September 2004	20 March 2022	14th (2004)	Chong Eng (–2017)
						Ramasamy Palanisamy (–2017)
						Ngeh Koo Ham (–2017)
						Nga Kor Ming (2017–2022)
					15th (2008)
					16th (2012 & 2013 & 2017)	Teresa Kok Suh Sim (2017–2022)
			17 years, 197 days			V. Sivakumar (since 2017)
6		Anthony Loke Siew Fook (born 1977) MP for Rasah, 2008–2013 MP for Seremban, since 2013 MLA for Lobak, 2004–2013 MLA for Chennah, since 2013	20 March 2022	Incumbent	17th (2022)
			2 years, 270 days			Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji (since 2022)
						Liew Chin Tong (since 2022)

No.	Portrait	Acting Secretary-General (Lifespan) Office	Term of office & mandate (Duration in years and days)			Deputy Secretary-General
1		Fan Yew Teng (1942–2010) MP for Kampar, 1969–1974 MP for Menglembu, 1974–1978 MLA for Petaling Jaya, 1974–1978	1 October 1969	1 October 1970	– 2nd (1969)
			1 year, 0 days
2		Chong Eng (born 1957) MP for Bukit Mertajam, 1999–2013 MLA for Batu Lancang, 1995–1999 MLA for Padang Lalang, 2013–2023	5 May 2002	22 September 2002	– 13th (1999)
			140 days
3		M. Kulasegaran (born 1957) MP for Teluk Intan, 1997–1999 MP for Ipoh Barat, since 2004	28 March 2004	4 September 2004
			184 days

Note: The Acting Secretary-General is appointed when the Secretary-General is incapable of carrying out their duties or if the position is vacated before an election can be held.. Lim Kit Siang was elected as Secretary-General in October 1969 while detained under the ISA and Fan Yew Teng was Acting Secretary-General. Chong Eng took over for Kerk Kim Hock while the latter sought treatment for rectal cancer. M. Kulasegaran was Acting Secretary-General after Kerk Kim Hock lost his seat in parliament and resigned before Lim Guan Eng was elected Secretary-General.

No.	Portrait	Chairman of Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission (Lifespan) Office	Term of office & mandate (Duration in years and days)
1		Lim Kit Siang (born 1941) MP for Bandar Melaka, 1969–1974 MP for Kota Melaka, 1974–1978 & 1982–1986 MP for Petaling, 1978–1982 MP for Tanjong, 1986–1999 MP for Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013 MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018 MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022 MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982 MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990 MLA for Padang Kota, 1990–1995	4 September 2004	Incumbent	14th (2004)
			20 years, 102 days		15th (2008)
					16th (2012, 2013, 2017)
					17th (2022)

Note: Chairman of the Central Policy and Strategic Planning Commission is a newly created position on 2004 when Lim Kit Siang refused to be re-elected as Chairman of DAP.

No.	Portrait	Parliamentary Leader (Lifespan) Office	Term of office & mandate (Duration in years and days)
1		Lim Kit Siang (born 1941) MP for Bandar Melaka, 1969–1974 MP for Kota Melaka, 1974–1978 & 1982–1986 MP for Petaling, 1978–1982 MP for Tanjong, 1986–1999 MP for Ipoh Timor, 2004–2013 MP for Gelang Patah, 2013–2018 MP for Iskandar Puteri, 2018–2022 MLA for Kubu, 1974–1982 MLA for Kampong Kolam, 1986–1990 MLA for Padang Kota, 1990–1995	5 March 2008	11 July 2018	15th (2008) 16th (2012, 2013, 2017)
			10 years, 128 days
2		Anthony Loke Siew Fook (born 1977) MP for Rasah, 2008–2013 MP for Seremban, since 2013 MLA for Lobak, 2004–2013 MLA for Chennah, since 2013	11 July 2018	20 March 2022	– 16th (2012, 2013, 2017)
			3 years, 252 days
3		Nga Kor Ming (born 1972) MP for Taiping, 2008–2018 MP for Teluk Intan, since 2018 MLA for Pantai Remis, 1999–2013 MLA for Kepayang, 2013–2018, since 2022 MLA for Aulong, 2018–2022	20 March 2022	Incumbent	17th (2022)
			2 years, 270 days

DAP has 40 members in the House of Representatives.

State	No.	Parliament Constituency	Member	Party
Penang	P043	Bagan	Lim Guan Eng		DAP
	P045	Bukit Mertajam	Steven Sim Chee Keong		DAP
	P046	Batu Kawan	Chow Kon Yeow		DAP
	P048	Bukit Bendera	Syerleena Abdul Rashid		DAP
	P049	Tanjong	Lim Hui Ying		DAP
	P050	Jelutong	Sanisvara Nethaji Rayer Rajaji Rayer		DAP
	P051	Bukit Gelugor	Ramkarpal Singh		DAP
Perak	P060	Taiping	Wong Kah Woh		DAP
	P064	Ipoh Timor	Howard Lee Chuan How		DAP
	P065	Ipoh Barat	Kulasegaran Murugeson		DAP
	P066	Batu Gajah	Sivakumar Varatharaju Naidu		DAP
	P068	Beruas	Ngeh Koo Ham		DAP
	P070	Kampar	Chong Zhemin		DAP
	P076	Teluk Intan	Nga Kor Ming		DAP
Pahang	P080	Raub	Chow Yu Hui		DAP
	P089	Bentong	Young Syefura Othman		DAP
Selangor	P102	Bangi	Syahredzan Johan		DAP
	P103	Puchong	Yeo Bee Yin		DAP
	P106	Damansara	Gobind Singh Deo		DAP
	P110	Klang	Ganabatirau Veraman		DAP
Kuala Lumpur	P114	Kepong	Lim Lip Eng		DAP
	P117	Segambut	Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan		DAP
	P120	Bukit Bintang	Fong Kui Lun		DAP
	P122	Seputeh	Teresa Kok Suh Sim		DAP
	P123	Cheras	Tan Kok Wai		DAP
Negeri Sembilan	P128	Seremban	Loke Siew Fook		DAP
	P130	Rasah	Cha Kee Chin		DAP
Malacca	P138	Kota Melaka	Khoo Poay Tiong		DAP
Johor	P142	Labis	Pang Hok Liong		DAP
	P145	Bakri	Tan Hong Pin		DAP
	P152	Kluang	Wong Shu Qi		DAP
	P162	Iskandar Puteri	Liew Chin Tong		DAP
	P163	Kulai	Teo Nie Ching		DAP
Sabah	P172	Kota Kinabalu	Chan Foong Hin		DAP
	P186	Sandakan	Vivian Wong Shir Yee		DAP
Sarawak	P192	Mas Gading	Mordi Bimol		DAP
	P195	Bandar Kuching	Kelvin Yii Lee Wuen		DAP
	P196	Stampin	Chong Chieng Jen		DAP
	P211	Lanang	Alice Lau Kiong Yieng		DAP
	P212	Sibu	Oscar Ling Chai Yew		DAP
Total	Penang (7), Perak (7), Pahang (2), Selangor (4), F.T. Kuala Lumpur (5), Negeri Sembilan (2), Malacca (1), Johor (5), Sabah (2), Sarawak (5)

State	No.	Parliament Constituency	No.	State Constituency	Member	Party
Kedah	P009	Alor Setar	N13	Kota Darul Aman	Teh Swee Leong		DAP
Penang	P043	Bagan	N07	Sungai Puyu	Phee Syn Tze		DAP
			N08	Bagan Jermal	Chee Yeeh Keen		DAP
			N09	Bagan Dalam	Kumaran Krishnan		DAP
	P045	Bukit Mertajam	N13	Berapit	Heng Lee Lee		DAP
			N15	Padang Lalang	Daniel Gooi Zi Sen		DAP
	P046	Batu Kawan	N16	Perai	Sundarajoo Somu		DAP
	P047	Nibong Tebal	N19	Jawi	Jason H'ng Mooi Lye		DAP
	P048	Bukit Bendera	N22	Tanjong Bunga	Zairil Khir Johari		DAP
			N23	Air Putih	Lim Guan Eng		DAP
			N25	Pulau Tikus	Joshua Woo Sze Zeng		DAP
	P049	Tanjong	N26	Padang Kota	Chow Kon Yeow		DAP
			N27	Pengkalan Kota	Wong Yuee Harng		DAP
			N28	Komtar	Teh Lai Heng		DAP
	P050	Jelutong	N29	Datok Keramat	Jagdeep Singh Deo		DAP
			N30	Sungai Pinang	Lim Siew Khim		DAP
			N31	Batu Lancang	Ong Ah Teong		DAP
	P051	Bukit Gelugor	N32	Seri Delima	Connie Tan Hooi Peng		DAP
			N33	Air Itam	Joseph Ng Soon Siang		DAP
			N34	Paya Terubong	Wong Hon Wai		DAP
Perak	P060	Taiping	N17	Pokok Assam	Ong Seng Guan		DAP
			N18	Aulong	Teh Kok Lim		DAP
	P062	Sungai Siput	N22	Jalong	Loh Sze Yee		DAP
	P064	Ipoh Timor	N25	Canning	Jenny Choy Tsi Jen		DAP
			N26	Tebing Tinggi	Abdul Aziz Bari		DAP
			N27	Pasir Pinji	Goh See Hua		DAP
	P065	Ipoh Barat	N28	Bercham	Ong Boon Piow		DAP
			N29	Kepayang	Nga Kor Ming		DAP
			N30	Buntong	Thulsi Thivani Manogaran		DAP
	P066	Batu Gajah	N31	Jelapang	Cheah Poh Hian		DAP
			N32	Menglembu	Chaw Kam Foon		DAP
			N33	Tronoh	Steven Tiw Tee Siang		DAP
	P068	Beruas	N37	Pantai Remis	Wong May Ing		DAP
			N38	Astaka	Jason Ng Thien Yeong		DAP
	P70	Kampar	N41	Malim Nawar	Bhavani Veraiah		DAP
			N42	Keranji	Angeline Koo Haai Yen		DAP
	P076	Teluk Intan	N55	Pasir Bedamar	Woo Kah Leong		DAP
	P077	Tanjong Malim	N57	Sungkai	Sivanesan Achalingam		DAP
Pahang	P078	Cameron Highlands	N1	Tanah Rata	Ho Chi Yang		DAP
	P080	Raub	N07	Tras	Tengku Zulpuri Shah Raja Puji		DAP
	P088	Temerloh	N30	Mentakab	Woo Chee Wan		DAP
	P89	Bentong	N33	Bilut	Lee Chin Chen		DAP
			N34	Ketari	Thomas Su Keong Siong		DAP
	P090	Bera	N36	Triang	Leong Yu Man		DAP
Selangor	P093	Sungai Besar	N04	Sekinchan	Ng Suee Lim		DAP
	P094	Hulu Selangor	N06	Kuala Kubu Baharu	Pang Sock Tao		DAP
	P100	Pandan	N22	Teratai	Yew Jia Haur		DAP
	P102	Bangi	N27	Balakong	Wayne Ong Chun Wei		DAP
	P103	Puchong	N28	Seri Kembangan	Wong Siew Ki		DAP
	P104	Subang	N30	Kinrara	Ng Sze Han		DAP
			N31	Subang Jaya	Michelle Ng Mei Sze		DAP
	P105	Petaling Jaya	N34	Bukit Gasing	Rajiv Rishyakaran		DAP
	P106	Damansara	N35	Kampung Tunku	Lim Yi Wei		DAP
			N36	Bandar Utama	Jamaliah Jamaluddin		DAP
	P110	Klang	N45	Bandar Baru Klang	Quah Perng Fei		DAP
			N47	Pandamaran	Tony Leong Tuck Chee		DAP
	P111	Kota Raja	N50	Kota Kemuning	Preakas Sampunathan		DAP
	P112	Kuala Langat	N52	Banting	Papparaidu Veraman		DAP
	P113	Sepang	N56	Sungai Pelek	Lwi Kian Keong		DAP
Negeri Sembilan	P126	Jelebu	N01	Chennah	Anthony Loke Siew Fook		DAP
	P127	Jempol	N08	Bahau	Teo Kok Seong		DAP
	P128	Seremban	N10	Nilai	Arul Kumar Jambunathan		DAP
			N11	Lobak	Chew Seh Yong		DAP
			N12	Temiang	Ng Chin Tsai		DAP
	P130	Rasah	N21	Bukit Kepayang	Nicole Tan Lee Koon		DAP
			N22	Rahang	Siau Meow Kong		DAP
			N23	Mambau	Yap Yew Weng		DAP
			N24	Seremban Jaya	Gunasekaren Palasamy		DAP
	P132	Port Dickson	N30	Lukut	Choo Ken Hwa		DAP
	P133	Tampin	N36	Repah	Veerapan Superamaniam		DAP
Malacca	P137	Hang Tuah Jaya	N16	Ayer Keroh	Kerk Chee Yee		DAP
	P138	Kota Melaka	N19	Kesidang	Allex Seah Shoo Chin		DAP
			N20	Kota Laksamana	Low Chee Leong		DAP
			N22	Bandar Hilir	Leng Chau Yen		DAP
Johor	P140	Segamat	N2	Jementah	Ng Kor Sim		DAP
	P144	Ledang	N10	Tangkak	Ee Chin Li		DAP
	P145	Bakri	N12	Bentayan	Ng Yak Howe		DAP
	P150	Batu Pahat	N23	Penggaram	Gan Peck Cheng		DAP
	P152	Kluang	N28	Mengkibol	Chew Chong Sin		DAP
	P159	Pasir Gudang	N42	Johor Jaya	Liow Cai Tung		DAP
	P160	Johor Bahru	N45	Stulang	Andrew Chen Kah Eng		DAP
	P161	Pulai	N46	Perling	Liew Chin Tong		DAP
	P162	Iskandar Puteri	N48	Skudai	Marina Ibrahim		DAP
	P163	Kulai	N52	Senai	Wong Bor Yang		DAP
Sabah	P172	Kota Kinabalu	N19	Likas	Tan Lee Fatt		DAP
			N21	Luyang	Phoong Jin Zhe		DAP
	P174	Penampang	N25	Kapayan	Jannie Lasimbang		DAP
	P186	Sandakan	N56	Tanjong Papat	Frankie Poon Ming Fung		DAP
Sarawak	P195	Bandar Kuching	N09	Padungan	Chong Chieng Jen		DAP
			N10	Pending	Violet Yong Wui Wui		DAP
Total	Kedah (1), Penang (19), Perak (18), Pahang (6), Selangor (15), Negeri Sembilan (11), Malacca (4), Johor (10), Sabah (4), Sarawak (2)

State	Leader type	Member	Party		State Constituency
Penang	Chief Minister	Chow Kon Yeow		DAP	Padang Kota

State	Leader type	Member	Party		State Constituency
Penang	Deputy Chief Minister II	Jagdeep Singh Deo		DAP	Datok Keramat

Election	Total seats won	Seats contested	Total votes	Share of votes	Outcome of election	Election leader
1964 (as PAP)	1 / 144	11	42,130	2.0%	1 seats; Opposition	Lee Kuan Yew
1969	13 / 144	24	286,606	12.1%	12 seats; Opposition	Goh Hock Guan
1974	9 / 144	46	387,845	18.3%	4 seats; Opposition	Lim Kit Siang
1978	16 / 154	53	664,433	19.1%	7 seats; Opposition	Lim Kit Siang
1982	9 / 154	63	815,473	19.6%	7 seats; Opposition	Lim Kit Siang
1986	24 / 154	64	968,009	21.0%	15 seats; Opposition	Lim Kit Siang
1990	20 / 180	57	985,228	17.13%	4 seats; Opposition coalition (Gagasan Rakyat)	Lim Kit Siang
1995	9 / 192	50	712,175	12.0%	11 seats; Opposition coalition (Gagasan Rakyat)	Lim Kit Siang
1999	10 / 193	47	830,870	12.53%	1 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif)	Lim Kit Siang
2004	12 / 219	44	687,340	9.9%	2 seats; Opposition	Kerk Kim Hock (Secretary-general) Lim Kit Siang (Chairman, Central Policy & Strategic Planning Commission)
2008	28 / 222	47	1,118,025	13.77%	16 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat)	Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general) Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader)
2013	38 / 222	51	1,736,601	15.71%	10 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat)	Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general) Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader)
2018	42 / 222	47	2,040,068	18.48%	4 seats; Governing coalition, later Opposition coalition (Pakatan Harapan)	Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general) Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader)
2022	40 / 222	55	2,422,577	15.61%	2 seats; Governing Coalition (Pakatan Harapan)	Lim Guan Eng (Chairman) Anthony Loke (Secretary-general)

• List of political parties in Malaysia
• Pakatan Harapan
• Politics of Malaysia

• James Chin. The Sarawak Chinese Voters and their support for the Democratic Action Party (DAP), Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1996, pp 387–401
• James Chin. The Malaysian Chinese Dilemma: The Never Ending Policy (NEP), Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Vol 3, 2009

• Zhang, Kevin; Choo, John; Fong, Sok Eng (2022). The Democratic Action Party in Johor. ISEAS Publishing. ISBN 978-981-5011-11-1.

• Official website
• DAP RoketKini.com (DAP Malay Language News)
• DAP Penang home page
• DAP Sarawak home page