Gasterosteus

Gasterosteus; Temporal range: Middle Miocene–present PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Gasterosteus microcephalus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Perciformes
Family:	Gasterosteidae
Genus:	Gasterosteus; Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
	Gasterosteus aculeatus; Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms
	Obolarius Tilesius, 1811 ; Gasteracanthus Pallas, 1814 ; Leiurus Swainson, 1839 ; Gladiunculus Jordan & Evermann, 1927 ;

Gasterosteus is a genus of ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Gasterosteidae, the sticklebacks. These fishes are found in freshwater, brackish water and marine habitats in the Holarctic region.

Species

There are currently 6 recognized species in this genus:

Additionally there are a number of fossil species including:

†Gasterosteus abnormis Gretchina, 1981 (middle Miocene of Sakhalin, Russia)^[2]
†Gasterosteus doryssus (Jordan, 1907) (=Merriamella doryssa Jordan, 1907, G. apodus Mural, 1973) (late Miocene of Nevada, USA)^[3]^[4]
†Gasterosteus kamoensis Nazarkin, Yabumoto & Urabe, 2013 (Late Miocene of Japan)^[2]
†Gasterosteus orientalis Sychevskaya, 1981 (middle Miocene of Kamchatka, Russia)^[2]

Fossils of essentially modern three-spined sticklebacks, assigned to G. aculeatus, are known from the mid-late Miocene of California, USA.^[5]

^ Higuchi, M., Sakai, H. & Goto, A. (2014): A new threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus nipponicus sp. nov. (Teleostei: Gasterosteidae), from the Japan Sea region. Ichthyological Research, (61) 4: 341-351.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nazarkin, Mikhail V.; Yabumoto, Yoshitaka; Urabe, Atsushi (2013). "A New Miocene Three-Spined Stickleback (Pisces: Gasterosteidae) from Central Japan". Paleontological Research. 16 (4): 318–328. doi:10.2517/1342-8144-16.4.318. ISSN 1342-8144.
^ Mural, Richard J. (1973). "The Pliocene Sticklebacks of Nevada with a Partial Osteology of the Gasterosteidae". Copeia. 1973 (4): 721–735. doi:10.2307/1443072. ISSN 0045-8511.
^ Stuart, Yoel E.; Travis, Matthew P.; Bell, Michael A. (2020). "Inferred genetic architecture underlying evolution in a fossil stickleback lineage". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (11): 1549–1557. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-01287-x. ISSN 2397-334X.
^ Bell, Michael A.; Stewart, J. D.; Park, Peter J. (2009-06-12). "The World's Oldest Fossil Threespine Stickleback Fish". Copeia. 2009 (2): 256–265. doi:10.1643/CG-08-059. ISSN 0045-8511.

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