Geobacter sulfurreducens
| Geobacter sulfurreducens | |
|---|---|
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| A transmission electron micrograph of Geobacter sulfurreducens cells
Credit: Anna Klimes and Ernie Carbone, UMass Amherst | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Thermodesulfobacteriota |
| Class: | Desulfuromonadia |
| Order: | Geobacterales |
| Family: | Geobacteraceae |
| Genus: | Geobacter |
| Species: | G. sulfurreducens
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| Binomial name | |
| Geobacter sulfurreducens Caccavo et al., 1994
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| Subspecies | |
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Geobacter sulfurreducens is a gram-negative metal- and sulphur-reducing proteobacterium.[1] It is rod-shaped, aerotolerant[2] anaerobe, non-fermentative, has flagellum and type four pili, and is closely related to Geobacter metallireducens. Geobacter sulfurreducens is an anaerobic species of bacteria that comes from the family of bacteria called Geobacteraceae.[3] Under the genus of Geobacter, G. sulfurreducens is one out of twenty different species. The Geobacter genus was discovered by Derek R. Lovley in 1987.[4] G. sulfurreducens was first isolated in Norman, Oklahoma, USA from materials found around the surface of a contaminated ditch.[5]
Characteristics
[edit]
Geobacter sulfurreducens is a rod-shaped microbe with a gram-negative cell wall. Geobacter is known as a type of bacteria that is able to conduct levels of electricity, and the species G. sulfurreducens is also known as “electricigens” due to their ability to create an electric current and produce electricity.[4] A study by Daniel Bond and Derek Lovley in 2003 showed that because of G. sulfurreducens’ ability to conduct electricity, there was a possibility of creating an effective and long lasting microbial fuel cell (MFC).[6] This study proved successful, as it was found that because G. sulfurreducens cells are successful at conducting electricity and changing electrons into electricity, it was also found that this made it possible to have electricity conducted for long periods of time. Due to these findings, organizations such as the World Bank have been heavily funding projects in countries such as Tanzania and Namibia in which they work to harness G. sulfurreducens to run on waste products in order to have electricity for lights and for the charging of batteries.[4]
Geobacter sulfurreducens could be useful in bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater.[7]
Genome
[edit]Geobacter sulfurreducens consists of a genome with one single circular chromosome and that single chromosome contains 3,814,139 base pairs (bp).[8] The fact that this microbe has a circular chromosome is a further indication that it is a normal prokaryote, identified as a bacterium. It is predicted that G. sulfurreducens contains 3466 coding sequences, with the average size of these coding sequences being 989 base pairs. The microbe contains a high number of c-type cytochromes, which are utilized for electron transport proteins.[8] There is a hypothesis that due to its genomic make up, G. sulfurreducens is able to identify surfaces and can construct biofilms that are able to conduct electricity by utilizing its ability to transport electrons.[9]
Overall, the genomic make up of G. sulfurreducens appears to support the current understanding of the ways in which the microbe is able to metabolize easily and transport electrons. An interesting part of the microbe's genomic makeup, is that it is missing an enzyme called formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, also referred to as FTS.[8] This is relevant, because FTS is utilized to help the metabolic process – Which is a key function of G. sulfurreducens. Because FTS is an enzyme that is missing, G. sulfurreducens instead utilizes the reverse electron transport process and completely ignores the missing FTS enzyme.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Caccavo F, Lonergan DJ, Lovley DR, Davis M, Stolz JF, McInerney MJ (October 1994). "Geobacter sulfurreducens sp. nov., a hydrogen- and acetate-oxidizing dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganism". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 60 (10): 3752–9. doi:10.1128/AEM.60.10.3752-3759.1994. PMC 201883. PMID 7527204.
- ^ Lin, W. C., Coppi, M. V., & Lovley, D. R. (2004). Geobacter sulfurreducens Can Grow with Oxygen as a Terminal Electron Acceptor. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(4), 2525–2528. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.4.2525-2528.2004
- ^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (2009). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Taxonomic Abstract for the genera". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/tx.3640.
- ^ a b c Poddar, Sushmita (2011). "Geobacter: The Electric Microbe! Efficient Microbial Fuel Cells to Generate Clean, Cheap Electricity". Indian Journal of Microbiology. 51 (2): 240–241. doi:10.1007/s12088-011-0180-8. PMC 3209890. PMID 22654173.
- ^ "Home - BioProject - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-11.
- ^ Bond, Daniel R. (2003). "Electricity Production by Geobacter sulfurreducens Attached to Electrodes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (3): 1548–1555. doi:10.1128/aem.69.3.1548-1555.2003. PMC 150094. PMID 12620842.
- ^ Cologgi, D. L.; Lampa-Pastirk, S.; Speers, A. M.; Kelly, S. D.; Reguera, G. (2011). "Extracellular reduction of uranium via Geobacter conductive pili as a protective cellular mechanism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (37): 15248–15252. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10815248C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1108616108. PMC 3174638. PMID 21896750.
- ^ a b c Methé, B. A.; Nelson, K. E.; Eisen, J. A.; Paulsen, I. T.; Nelson, W.; Heidelberg, J. F.; Wu, D.; Wu, M.; Ward, N. (2003). "Genome of Geobacter sulfurreducens: Metal Reduction in Subsurface Environments". Science. 302 (5652): 1967–1969. Bibcode:2003Sci...302.1967M. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.186.3786. doi:10.1126/science.1088727. JSTOR 3835733. PMID 14671304. S2CID 38404097.
- ^ Chan, Chi Ho; Levar, Caleb E.; Jiménez-Otero, Fernanda; Bond, Daniel R. (2017-10-01). "Genome Scale Mutational Analysis of Geobacter sulfurreducens Reveals Distinct Molecular Mechanisms for Respiration and Sensing of Poised Electrodes versus Fe(III) Oxides". Journal of Bacteriology. 199 (19): e00340–17. doi:10.1128/JB.00340-17. ISSN 0021-9193. PMC 5585712. PMID 28674067.
Further reading
[edit]- Bond DR, Lovley DR (March 2003). "Electricity production by Geobacter sulfurreducens attached to electrodes". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 69 (3): 1548–55. doi:10.1128/aem.69.3.1548-1555.2003. PMC 150094. PMID 12620842.
- Butler, Jessica E; Young, Nelson D; Aklujkar, Muktak; Lovley, Derek R (2012). "Comparative genomic analysis of Geobacter sulfurreducens KN400, a strain with enhanced capacity for extracellular electron transfer and electricity production". BMC Genomics. 13 (1): 471. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-471. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 3495685. PMID 22967216.
- Esteve-Nunez, Abraham; Rothermich, Mary; Sharma, Manju; Lovley, Derek (2005). "Growth of Geobacter sulfurreducens under nutrient-limiting conditions in continuous culture". Environmental Microbiology. 7 (5): 641–648. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00731.x. ISSN 1462-2912. PMID 15819846.
- Yang, Tae Hoon; Coppi, Maddalena V; Lovley, Derek R; Sun, Jun (2010). "Metabolic response of Geobacter sulfurreducens towards electron donor/acceptor variation". Microbial Cell Factories. 9 (1): 90. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-9-90. ISSN 1475-2859. PMC 3002917. PMID 21092215.
