Taeniodonta

Taeniodonta; Temporal range: 70.0–39.7 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Cretaceous - Middle Eocene
	species from family Stylinodontidae
	skull of Conoryctes comma
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Clade:	Eutheria
Infraclass:	Placentalia (?)
Order:	†Taeniodonta; Cope, 1876
Families
	[see classification]
Synonyms
	list of synonyms: Calamodontia (Haeckel, 1895) ; Ganodonta (Wortman, 1896) ; Stylinodontia (Haeckel, 1895) ; Stylinodontidae (Marsh, 1875) ; Taeniodontidae (Szalay, 1977) ;

Taeniodonta ("banded teeth") is an extinct order of eutherian mammals, that lived in North America and Europe from the late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to the middle Eocene.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Taeniodonts evolved quickly into highly specialized digging animals, and varied greatly in size, from rat-sized to species as large as a bear. Later species developed prominent front teeth and huge claws for digging and rooting. Some genera, like Stylinodon, had ever-growing teeth.^[6] The scarcity of taeniodont fossils can be explained by the fact that these animals probably lived in dry or arid climates unconductive to fossilization.

According to 2022 studies of Bertrand, O. C. and Sarah L. Shelley, taeniodonts are identified to be a basal placental mammal.^[7]^[8] Genera Alveugena, Ambilestes and Procerberus are the immediate outgroups to Taeniodonta.^[9]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Taxonomy

From Thomas E. Williamson and Stephen L. Brusatte (2013):^[10]

Order: †Taeniodonta (Cope, 1876)
- Genus: †Schowalteria (Fox & Naylor, 2003)
  - †Schowalteria clemensi (Fox & Naylor, 2003)
- Family: †Conoryctidae (Wortman, 1896)
  - Subfamily: †Conoryctinae (Wortman, 1896)
    - Tribe: †Conoryctellini (Schoch, 1982)
      - Genus: †Conoryctella (Gazin, 1939)
        †Conoryctella dragonensis (Gazin, 1939)
        
        †Conoryctella pattersoni (Schoch & Lucas, 1981)
    - Tribe: †Conoryctini (Wortman, 1896)
      - Genus: †Conoryctes (Cope, 1881)
        †Conoryctes comma (Cope, 1881)
      - Genus: †Huerfanodon (Schoch & Lucas, 1981)
        †Huerfanodon heilprinianus (Cope, 1882)
        
        †Huerfanodon polecatensis (Schoch & Lucas, 1981)
        
        †Huerfanodon torrejonius (Schoch & Lucas, 1981)
  - Subfamily: †Eurodontinae (Estavis & Russel, 1992)
    - Genus: †Eurodon (Estavis & Russel, 1992)
      - †Eurodon silveirinhensis (Estavis & Russel, 1992)
- Family: †Onychodectidae (Winge, 1917)
  - Genus: †Onychodectes (Cope, 1888)
    - †Onychodectes tisonensis (Cope, 1888)
      - †Onychodectes tisonensis rarus (Osborn & Earle, 1895)
      - †Onychodectes tisonensis tisonensis (Cope, 1888)
- Superfamily: †Stylinodontoidea (Marsh, 1875)
  - Family: †Stylinodontidae (Marsh, 1875)
    - Subfamily: †Stylinodontinae (Marsh, 1875)
      - Tribe: †Ectoganini (Cope, 1876)
        Genus: †Ectoganus (Cope, 1874)
        †Ectoganus bighornensis (Schoch, 1981)
        
        †Ectoganus copei (Schoch, 1981)
        
        †Ectoganus gliriformis (Cope, 1874)
        
        †Ectoganus lobdelli (Simpson, 1929)
      - Tribe: †Psittacotheriini (Schoch, 1982)
        Genus: †Psittacotherium (Cope, 1882)
        †Psittacotherium multifragum (Cope, 1882)
      - Tribe: †Stylinodontini (Marsh, 1875)
        Genus: †Stylinodon (Marsh, 1874)
        †Stylinodon mirus (Marsh, 1874)
    - Subfamily: †Wortmaniinae (Schoch, 1982)
      - Genus: †Wortmania (Hay, 1899)
        †Wortmania otariidens (Cope 1885)

Phylogeny

Placentalia

Atlantogenata

Boreoeutheria

†Palaeoryctida

†Ambilestes

†Procerberidae

†Alveugena

†Taeniodonta

†Schowalteria	†Schowalteria clemensi

†Conoryctidae

†Conoryctinae

†Conoryctini

†Conoryctes	†Conoryctes comma

	†Huerfanodon polecatensis

†Huerfanodon heilprinianus

†Huerfanodon

†Huerfanodon torrejonius

†Conoryctellini

†Conoryctella

	†Conoryctella dragonensis

	†Conoryctella pattersoni

†Eurodontinae

†Eurodon	†Eurodon silveirinhensis

†Onychodectidae

†Onychodectes

†Onychodectes tisonensis

	†Onychodectes tisonensis rarus

	†Onychodectes tisonensis tisonensis

†Stylinodontoidea

†Stylinodontidae

†Wortmaniinae

†Wortmania	†Wortmania otariidens

†Stylinodontinae

†Psittacotheriini

†Psittacotherium	†Psittacotherium multifragum

†Stylinodontini

†Stylinodon	†Stylinodon mirus

†Ectoganini

†Ectoganus

	†Ectoganus bighornensis

	†Ectoganus copei

	†Ectoganus gliriformis

	†Ectoganus lobdelli

References

^ "Taeniodonta". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2021-08-13.
^ Cope, E. D. (1876.) "On the Taeniodonta, a new group of Eocene mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Philadelphia 28:39.
^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ganodonta". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 454.
^ Cox, Barry; Savage, R.J.G.; Gardiner, Brian; Dixon, Dougal (1988). "Early rooters and browsers". Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. Macmillan London Limited. ISBN 978-0-333-48699-3.
^ McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
^ Cox et al. 1988, p. 237
^ Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). "Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction". Science. 376 (6588): 80–85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584. hdl:20.500.11820/d7fb8c6e-886e-4c1d-9977-0cd6406fda20. PMID 35357913.
^ Sarah L. Shelley (2022.) "The phylogeny of Paleocene mammals and the evolution of Placentalia", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"
^ Rook, Deborah L.; Hunter, John P. (2013). "Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21: 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9.
^ Williamson, T. E.; Brusatte, S. L. (2013). Viriot, Laurent (ed.). "New Specimens of the Rare Taeniodont Wortmania (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Comments on the Phylogeny and Functional Morphology of "Archaic" Mammals". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75886. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875886W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075886. PMC 3786969. PMID 24098738.

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[pbdb-1] "Taeniodonta". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2021-08-13.

[2] Cope, E. D. (1876.) "On the Taeniodonta, a new group of Eocene mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Philadelphia 28:39.

[EB1911-3] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ganodonta". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 454.

[Cox1988-4] Cox, Barry; Savage, R.J.G.; Gardiner, Brian; Dixon, Dougal (1988). "Early rooters and browsers". Macmillan Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. Macmillan London Limited. ISBN 978-0-333-48699-3.

[McKenna_&_Bell-5] McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Retrieved 16 March 2015.

[6] Cox et al. 1988, p. 237

[7] Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022). "Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction". Science. 376 (6588): 80–85. Bibcode:2022Sci...376...80B. doi:10.1126/science.abl5584. hdl:20.500.11820/d7fb8c6e-886e-4c1d-9977-0cd6406fda20. PMID 35357913.

[8] Sarah L. Shelley (2022.) "The phylogeny of Paleocene mammals and the evolution of Placentalia", in "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"

[9] Rook, Deborah L.; Hunter, John P. (2013). "Rooting Around the Eutherian Family Tree: the Origin and Relations of the Taeniodonta". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 21: 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10914-013-9230-9.

[WortmaniaRev-10] Williamson, T. E.; Brusatte, S. L. (2013). Viriot, Laurent (ed.). "New Specimens of the Rare Taeniodont Wortmania (Mammalia: Eutheria) from the San Juan Basin of New Mexico and Comments on the Phylogeny and Functional Morphology of "Archaic" Mammals". PLOS ONE. 8 (9): e75886. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...875886W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075886. PMC 3786969. PMID 24098738.

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