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United States presidential elections in New York

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Presidential elections in New York
Map of the United States with New York highlighted
Number of elections59
Voted Democratic26
Voted Republican21
Voted Whig2
Voted Democratic-Republican7
Voted Federalist1
Voted other1[a]
Voted for winning candidate47
Voted for losing candidate12

New York state is one the of initial 13 states of America, but due to a deadlock in the state legislature, it did not join the first presidential election in 1788–89.[1][2] However, apart from this election, New York State has participated in all 58 other elections in U.S. history.

The political landscape of New York has undergone significant changes over the years. The Democratic Party has emerged as the dominant force in the state's politics, with a substantial majority of registered voters affiliating with the party.[3] New York is recognized as one of the key Democratic strongholds, alongside California and Illinois. In the past, New York was considered a swing state, consistently backing the winning candidate in elections from 1792 to 1984, with only a few exceptions. However, since 1988, the state has consistently leaned towards the Democratic Party, often delivering them a significant majority of votes exceeding 60%.[4]

New York is a signatory of the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact, an interstate compact in which signatories award all of their electoral votes to the winner of the national-level popular vote in a presidential election, even if another candidate won an individual signatory's popular vote. As of 2023, it has not yet gone into force.[5]

Presidential elections

[edit]
Key for parties
  American Independent Party – (AI)
  American Labor Party – (ALP)
  Anti-Masonic Party – (Anti-M)
  Constitutional Union Party – (CU)
  Democratic Party – (D)
  Democratic-Republican Party – (DR)
  Free Soil Party – (FS)
  Electoral fusion
  Federalist Party – (F)
  Green Party – (G)
  Greenback Party – (GB)
  Independent candidate – (I)
  Know Nothing Party – (KN)
  Liberal Republican Party – (LR)
  Libertarian Party – (LI)
  Libertarian Party (1840) – (LI-1840)
  National Democratic Party – (ND)
  National Union Party – (NU)
  Progressive Party (1912) – (PR-1912)
  Progressive Party (1924) – (PR-1924)
  Progressive Party (1948) – (PR-1948)
  Prohibition Party – (PRO)
  Reform Party – (RE)
  Republican Party – (R)
  Socialist Party of America – (S)
  Southern Democratic Party – (SD)
  Socialist Labor Party of America – (SLP)
  Socialist Workers Party – (SWP)
  Whig Party – (W)
Note – A double dagger (‡) indicates the national winner.

1788–89 to 1820

[edit]

In elections before 1828, New York did not conduct a popular vote. The state legislature appointed each Elector.[6]

Presidential elections in New York from 1788–89 to 1820
Year Winner Runner-up EV Ref.
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes %
1788–89
 George Washington (I)‡
–
–
–
–
–
 N/A [b]
1792
 George Washington (I)‡
–
–
–
–
–
 12
[c][d][7][8]
1796
 John Adams (F)‡
–
–
 Thomas Jefferson (DR)
–
–
 12
[c][9][10]
1800
 Thomas Jefferson (DR)‡
–
–
 John Adams (F)
–
–
 12
[c][11][12]
1804
 Thomas Jefferson (DR)‡
–
–
 Charles C. Pinckney (F)
–
–
 19
[c][13][14]
1808
 James Madison (DR)‡
–
–
 Charles C. Pinckney (F)
–
–
 19
[c][15][16]
1812
 James Madison (DR)‡
–
–
 DeWitt Clinton (F)
–
–
 29
[c][17][18]
1816
 James Monroe (DR)‡
–
–
 Rufus King (F)
–
–
 29
[c][19][20]
1820
 James Monroe (DR)‡
–
–
–
–
–
 29
[d][21][22]

1824

[edit]

The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote.[23] It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become president, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.[24]This election marks the last time the New York State Legislature chose the state's electors as opposed to using some form of popular vote method.[6]

1860 Presidential election in New York
Year Winner Runner-up Runner-up Runner-up Total
EV 		Ref.
Candidate EV Candidate EV Candidate EV Candidate EV
1824 John Quincy Adams (DR)‡ 26 William H. Crawford (DR) 5 Andrew Jackson (DR) 1 Henry Clay (DR) 4 36
[25][26]

1828

[edit]

In this election, each district's election result decided the electoral college.[27]

1828 Presidential election in New York
Year Winner Runner-up Total
EV 		Ref.
Candidate Votes % EV Candidate Votes % EV
1828 Andrew Jackson (D)‡ 139,412 51.45% 20 John Quincy Adams (NR) 131,563 48.55% 16 36
[28][26][29]

1832 to 1856

[edit]
Presidential elections in New York from 1828 to 1856
Year Winner Runner-up Other candidate[e] EV Ref.
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes %
1832 Andrew Jackson (D)‡ 168,497 52.1% Henry Clay (NR) 154,896 47.9%
–
–
–
 42
[30][31][32]
1836 Martin Van Buren (D)‡ 166,795 54.63% William Henry Harrison (W) 138,548 45.37%
–
–
–
 42
[33][34][31][35]
1840 William Henry Harrison (W)‡ 226,001 51.18% Martin Van Buren (D) 212,733 48.18% James G. Birney (LI-1840) 2,809 0.64% 42
[33][36][37][38]
1844 James K. Polk (D)‡ 237,588 48.9% Henry Clay (W) 232,482 47.85% James G. Birney (LI-1840) 15,812 3.25% 36
[33][39][37][40]
1848 Zachary Taylor (W)‡ 218,583 47.94% Martin Van Buren (FS) 120,497 26.43% Lewis Cass (D) 114,319 25.07% 36
[33][41][42][43]
1852 Franklin Pierce (D)‡ 262,083 50.18% Winfield Scott (W) 234,882 44.97% John P. Hale (FS) 25,329 4.85% 35
[33][44][45][46]
1856 John C. Frémont (R) 276,004 46.27% James Buchanan (D)‡ 195,878 32.84% Millard Fillmore (KN) 124,604 20.89% 6
[33][47][48][49]

1860

[edit]

The election of 1860 was a complex realigning election in which the breakdown of the previous two-party alignment culminated in four parties each competing for influence in different parts of the country.[50] The result of the election, with the victory of an ardent opponent of slavery, spurred the secession of eleven states and brought about the American Civil War.[51]

1860 Presidential election in New York
Year Winner Runner-up EV Ref.
Candidate Votes
(%) 		Candidate Votes
(%)
1860 Abraham Lincoln (R)‡ 362,646
(53.71%) 		Stephen A. Douglas (D), John C. Breckinridge (SD) and John Bell (CU) 312,510
(46.29%) 		35
[33][52][53][54]

1864 to present

[edit]
Presidential elections in New York from 1864 to present
Year Winner Runner-up Other candidate[f] EV Ref.
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes %
1864
 Abraham Lincoln (NU)‡ 368,735 50.46% George B. McClellan (D) 361,986 49.54%
–
–
–
 33
[55][56][57][58]
1868
 Horatio Seymour (D) 429,883 50.59% Ulysses S. Grant (R)‡ 419,888 49.41%
–
–
–
 33
[55][59][60][61]
1872
 Ulysses S. Grant (R)‡ 440,738 53.23% Horace Greeley (LR) 387,282 46.77%
–
–
–
 35
[55][62][63][64]
1876
 Samuel J. Tilden (D) 521,949 51.4% Rutherford B. Hayes (R)‡ 489,207 48.17% Green Smith (PRO) 2,369 0.23% 35
[55][65][66][67]
1880
 James A. Garfield (R)‡ 555,544 50.32% Winfield S. Hancock (D) 534,511 48.42% James B. Weaver (GB) 12,373 1.12% 35
[55][68][69][70]
1884
 Grover Cleveland (D)‡ 563,154 48.25% James G. Blaine (R) 562,005 48.15% John St. John (PRO) 25,006 2.14% 36
[55][71][72][73]
1888
 Benjamin Harrison (R)‡ 650,338 49.28% Grover Cleveland (D) 635,965 48.19% Clinton Fisk (PRO) 30,231 2.29% 36
[55][74][75][76]
1892
 Grover Cleveland (D)‡ 654,868 48.99% Benjamin Harrison (R) 609,350 45.58% John Bidwell (PRO) 38,190 2.86% 36
[55][77][78][79]
1896
 William McKinley (R)‡ 819,838 57.58% William Jennings Bryan (D) 551,369 38.72% John McAuley Palmer (ND) 18,950 1.33% 36
[80][81][82]
1900
 William McKinley (R)‡ 822,013 53.1% William Jennings Bryan (D) 678,462 43.83% John G. Woolley (PRO) 22,077 1.43% 36
[83][84][85]
1904
 Theodore Roosevelt (R)‡ 859,533 53.13% Alton B. Parker (D) 683,981 42.28% Eugene V. Debs (S) 36,883 2.28% 39
[86][87][88]
1908
 William Howard Taft (R)‡ 870,070 53.11% William Jennings Bryan (D) 667,468 40.74% Eugene V. Debs (S) 38,451 2.35% 39
[89][90][91]
1912
 Woodrow Wilson (D)‡ 655,573 41.27% William Howard Taft (R) 455,487 28.68% Theodore Roosevelt (PR-1912) 390,093 24.56% 45
[92][93][94]
1916
 Charles Evans Hughes (R) 879,238 51.53% Woodrow Wilson (D)‡ 759,426 44.51% Allan L. Benson (S) 45,944 2.69% 45
[95][96][97]
1920
 Warren G. Harding (R)‡ 1,871,167 64.56% James M. Cox (D) 781,238 26.95% Eugene V. Debs (S) 203,201 7.01% 45
[98][99][100]
1924
 Calvin Coolidge (R)‡ 1,820,058 55.76% John W. Davis (D) 950,796 29.13% Robert M. La Follette (PR-1924) 474,913 14.55% 45
[101][102][103]
1928
 Herbert Hoover (R)‡ 2,193,344 49.79% Al Smith (D) 2,089,863 47.44% Norman Thomas (S) 107,332 2.44% 45
[104][105][106]
1932
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 2,534,959 54.07% Herbert Hoover (R) 1,937,963 41.33% Norman Thomas (S) 177,397 3.78% 47
[107][108][109]
1936
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 3,293,222 58.85% Alf Landon (R) 2,180,670 38.97% Norman Thomas (S) 86,897 1.55% 47
[110][111][112]
1940
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 3,251,918 51.5% Wendell Willkie (R) 2,180,670 47.95% Norman Thomas (S) 18,950 0.3% 47
[113][114][115]
1944
 Franklin D. Roosevelt (D)‡ 3,304,238 52.31% Thomas E. Dewey (R) 2,987,647 47.3% Edward A. Teichert (SLP) 14,352 0.23% 47
[116][117][118]
1948
 Thomas E. Dewey (R) 2,841,163 45.99% Harry S. Truman (D)‡ 2,780,204 45.01% Henry A. Wallace (PR-1948) 509,559 8.25% 47
[119][120][121]
1952
 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)‡ 3,952,815 55.45% Adlai Stevenson II (D) 3,104,601 43.55% Vincent Hallinan (ALP) 64,211 0.9% 45
[122][123][124]
1956
 Dwight D. Eisenhower (R)‡ 4,345,506 61.24% Adlai Stevenson II (D) 2,458,282 34.64% Write-ins 2,521 0.04% 45
[125][126][127]
1960
 John F. Kennedy (D)‡ 3,830,085 52.53% Richard Nixon (R) 3,446,419 47.27% Farrell Dobbs (SWP) 14,319 0.2% 45
[128][129][130]
1964
 Lyndon B. Johnson (D)‡ 4,913,156 68.56% Barry Goldwater (R) 2,243,559 31.31% Eric Hass (SLP) 6,085 0.5% 43
[131][132][133]
1968
 Hubert Humphrey (D) 3,378,470 49.76% Richard Nixon (R)‡ 3,007,932 44.3% George Wallace (AI) 358,864 5.29% 43
[134][135][136]
1972
 Richard Nixon (R)‡ 4,192,778 58.54% George McGovern (D) 2,951,084 41.21% Evelyn Reed (SWP) 7,797 0.11% 41
[137][138][139]
1976
 Jimmy Carter (D)‡ 3,389,558 51.87% Gerald Ford (R) 3,100,791 47.46% Roger MacBride (LI) 12,197 0.19% 41
[140][141][142]
1980
 Ronald Reagan (R)‡ 2,893,831 46.66% Jimmy Carter (D) 2,728,372 43.99% John B. Anderson (I) 467,801 7.54% 41
[143][144][145]
1984
 Ronald Reagan (R)‡ 3,664,763 53.84% Walter Mondale (D) 3,119,609 45.83% David Bergland (LI) 11,949 0.18% 36
[146][147][148]
1988
 Michael Dukakis (D) 3,347,882 51.62% George H. W. Bush (R)‡ 3,081,871 47.52% Ron Paul (LI) 20,497 0.32% 36
[149][150][151]
1992
 Bill Clinton (D)‡ 3,444,450 49.73% George H. W. Bush (R) 2,346,649 33.88% Ross Perot (I) 1,090,721 15.75% 33
[152][153][154]
1996
 Bill Clinton (D)‡ 3,756,177 59.47% Bob Dole (R) 1,933,492 30.61% Ross Perot (RE) 503,458 7.97% 33
[155][156][157]
2000
 Al Gore (D) 4,113,791 60.22% George W. Bush (R)‡ 2,405,676 35.22% Ralph Nader (G) 244,398 3.58% 33
[158][159]
2004
 John Kerry (D) 4,314,280 58.37% George W. Bush (R)‡ 2,962,567 40.08% Ralph Nader (I) 99,873 1.35% 31
[160][161]
2008
 Barack Obama (D)‡ 4,804,945 62.88% John McCain (R) 2,752,771 36.03% Ralph Nader (I) 41,249 0.54% 31
[162][163]
2012
 Barack Obama (D)‡ 4,485,741 63.35% Mitt Romney (R) 2,490,431 35.17% Gary Johnson (LI) 47,256 0.07% 29
[164]
2016
 Hillary Clinton (D) 4,556,124 59.38% Donald Trump (R)‡ 2,819,534 36.75% Gary Johnson (LI) 176,598 2.3% 29
[165]
2020
 Joe Biden (D)‡ 5,244,886 60.87% Donald Trump (R) 3,251,997 37.74% Jo Jorgensen (LI) 60,383 0.7% 29
[166]
2024
 Kamala Harris (D) 4,619,195 55.12% Donald Trump (R)‡ 3,578,899 42.71% Write-ins 182,364 2.18% 28

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ George Washington, 1792.
  2. ^ Washington effectively ran unopposed nationally, but New York did not participate due to a deadlock in the state legislature.[1][2]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Electors were appointed by state legislature.
  4. ^ a b Ran unopposed
  5. ^ For purposes of these lists, other national candidates are defined as those who won at least one electoral vote, or won at least ten percent of the vote in multiple states.
  6. ^ For purposes of these lists, other candidates are defined as those who were in third place in New York.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Merrill Jensen, Gordon DenBoer (1976). The Documentary History of the First Federal Elections, 1788-1790. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 196–197.
  2. ^ a b Ratcliffe, Donald (2013). "The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787-1828". Journal of the Early Republic. 33 (2): 225–229. doi:10.1353/jer.2013.0033. S2CID 145135025.
  3. ^ "Enrollment by County | New York State Board of Elections". Elections.ny.gov. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
  4. ^ "New York Presidential Election Voting History". 270toWin. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
  5. ^ "Status of National Popular Vote Bill in Each State". National Popular Vote Inc. November 11, 2016. Archived from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
  6. ^ a b Moore, John L., ed. (1985). Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, Inc. pp. 254–56.
  7. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 837.
  8. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 24.
  9. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 838.
  10. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 25.
  11. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 839.
  12. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 26.
  13. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 840.
  14. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 27.
  15. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 841.
  16. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 28.
  17. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 842.
  18. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 29.
  19. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 843.
  20. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 30.
  21. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 844.
  22. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 31.
  23. ^ "Why the Election of 1824 Was Called 'The Corrupt Bargain'". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  24. ^ Morgan, William G. (1967). "John Quincy Adams Versus Andrew Jackson: Their Biographers And The 'Corrupt Bargain' Charge". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 26 (1): 43–58. ISSN 0040-3261. JSTOR 42622916. Archived from the original on July 18, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  25. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 755.
  26. ^ a b Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 87.
  27. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 10.
  28. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 756.
  29. ^ "1828 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  30. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 757.
  31. ^ a b Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 88.
  32. ^ "1832 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g Burnham 1955, p. 248.
  34. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 758.
  35. ^ "1836 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  36. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 759.
  37. ^ a b Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 89.
  38. ^ "1840 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 28 May 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  39. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 760.
  40. ^ "1844 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  41. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 761.
  42. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 90.
  43. ^ "1848 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  44. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 762.
  45. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 91.
  46. ^ "1852 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  47. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 763.
  48. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 92.
  49. ^ "1856 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 14 November 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  50. ^ Egerton, Douglas (2010). Year of Meteors: Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the Election That Brought on the Civil War. Bloomsbury Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-59691-619-7.
  51. ^ Walther, Eric H. (2006). William Lowndes Yancey and the coming of the Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 262. ISBN 9780807830277. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  52. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 764.
  53. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 93.
  54. ^ "1860 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h Burnham 1955, p. 249.
  56. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 765.
  57. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 94.
  58. ^ "1864 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  59. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 766.
  60. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 95.
  61. ^ "1868 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  62. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 767.
  63. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 96.
  64. ^ "1872 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  65. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 768.
  66. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 97.
  67. ^ "1876 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  68. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 769.
  69. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 98.
  70. ^ "1880 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  71. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 770.
  72. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 99.
  73. ^ "1884 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  74. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 771.
  75. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 100.
  76. ^ "1888 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  77. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 772.
  78. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 101.
  79. ^ "1892 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  80. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 773.
  81. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 102.
  82. ^ "1896 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  83. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 774.
  84. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 103.
  85. ^ "1900 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  86. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 775.
  87. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 104.
  88. ^ "1904 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  89. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 776.
  90. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 105.
  91. ^ "1908 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  92. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 777.
  93. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 106.
  94. ^ "1912 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  95. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 778.
  96. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 107.
  97. ^ "1916 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  98. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 779.
  99. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 108.
  100. ^ "1920 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  101. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 780.
  102. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 109.
  103. ^ "1924 Presidential General Election Results - New York". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  104. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 781.
  105. ^ Presidential elections, 1789–1996, p. 110.
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  107. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections 2010, p. 782.
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Works cited

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