BACH motif

In music, the BACH motif is the motif, a succession of notes important or characteristic to a piece, B flat, A, C, B natural. In German musical nomenclature, in which the note B natural is named H and the B flat named B, it forms Johann Sebastian Bach's family name. One of the most frequently occurring examples of a musical cryptogram, the motif has been used by countless composers, especially after the Bach Revival in the first half of the 19th century.

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The BACH motif

Origin

Johann Gottfried Walther's Musicalisches Lexikon (1732) contains the only biographical sketch of Johann Sebastian Bach published during the composer's lifetime. There the motif is mentioned thus:^[1]

...all those who carried the name [Bach] were as far as known committed to music, which may be explained by the fact that even the letters b a c h in this order form a melody. (This peculiarity was discovered by Mr. Bach of Leipzig.)

This reference work thus indicates Bach as the inventor of the motif.

Usage in compositions

In a comprehensive study published in the catalogue for the 1985 exhibition "300 Jahre Johann Sebastian Bach" ("300 years of Johann Sebastian Bach") in Stuttgart, Germany, Ulrich Prinz lists 409 works by 330 composers from the 17th to the 20th century using the BACH motif.^[2] A similar list is available in Malcolm Boyd's volume on Bach: it also contains some 400 works.^[3]^{[page needed]}

Johann Sebastian Bach

Johann Sebastian Bach used the motif in a number of works, most famously as a fugue subject in the last Contrapunctus of The Art of Fugue. The motif also appears in other pieces.^[4] Later commentators wrote: "The figure occurs so often in Bach's bass lines that it cannot have been accidental."^[5]

Instances of B–A–C–H appearing in Johann Sebastian Bach's compositions and arrangements:

Fugue from his BWV 898
Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, BWV 1047 (the continuo part at bar 109)
Gigue from his English Suite No. 6 for keyboard
The subject of the Sinfonia in F minor BWV 795 "incorporates"^[6] a version of the motif. This five-note version appears transposed: a♭'–g' (rest) g'–b♭'–a'. Eventually, in measure 17, the piece makes its way to a passage in which the five-note version of the motif starts on B♭: as B–A–(rest)–A–C–H.
His arrangement of a motet for SSATB singers

Excerpt of the Tristis est anima mea motet attributed to Kuhnau (F minor)

Bach's E minor arrangement of the same passage: B–A–C–H appears in the alto voice

Near the end of the Augmentation Canon of Bach's Canonic Variations on "Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her", BWV 769:^[4]

B–A–C–H (and its inversion) in the last bars of the Augmentation Canon of BWV 769

Near the end of Contrapunctus IV of The Art of Fugue:^[7]

B–A–C–H in the tenor part of the last bars of Contrapunctus IV of The Art of Fugue

As first four notes of the third and last subject of the final unfinished fugue of The Art of Fugue:^[8]

B–A–C–H opening the third and last subject of the unfinished fugue of The Art of Fugue

Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht goes as far as to reconstruct Bach's putative intentions as an expression of Lutheran thought, imagining Bach to be saying, "I am identified with the tonic and it is my desire to reach it ... Like you I am human. I am in need of salvation; I am certain in the hope of salvation, and have been saved by grace,"^[9] through his use of the motif rather than a standard changing tone figure (B♭–A–C–B♭) in the final measures of the fourth fugue of The Art of Fugue.^[8]^[10]^[11]

Other composers

BACH motif followed by transposed version from Schumann's Sechs Fugen über den Namen B–A–C–H, Op. 60, No. 4, mm. 1–3^[12]

Note that C and H are transposed down, leaving the spelling unaffected but changing the melodic contour.

Schumann, Sechs Fugen for organ, Op. 60, No. 5, mm. 1–4

The motif may be used in different ways: here it is only the beginning of an extended melody.^[13]

Charles Ives, 3-Page Sonata (1905), first mvt., first fugal complex

The BACH motif from The Art of Fugue Contrapunctus XIXc is the "1st Theme'/fugue subject" of Ives' combined sonata-allegro and fugal procedures.^[14]

Webern's String Quartet, Op. 28, tone row, composed of three tetrachords: P I RI, with P = the BACH motif, I = it inverted, and RI = it inverted and backwards.^{[citation needed]}

The motif was used as a fugue subject by Bach's son Johann Christian, and by his pupil Johann Ludwig Krebs. It also appears in a work by Georg Philipp Telemann.^[15]

The motif's wide popularity came only after the start of the Bach Revival in the first half of the 19th century.^[4] A few mid-19th century works that feature the motif prominently are:

1845 – Robert Schumann: Sechs Fugen über den Namen: Bach, for organ, pedal piano, or harmonium, Op. 60^[12]^[16]
1855 – Franz Liszt: Fantasy and Fugue on the Theme B-A-C-H, for organ (later revised, 1870, and arranged, 1871, for piano)^[17]
1856 – Johannes Brahms: Fugue in A-flat minor for organ, WoO 8^[16]
1878 – Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov – Valse, Intermezzo, Scherzo, Nocturne, Prelude et Fugue (Six Variations) sur le thème B–A–C–H

Composers found that the motif could be easily incorporated not only into the advanced harmonic writing of the 19th century, but also into the totally chromatic idiom of the Second Viennese School; so it was used by Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern, and their disciples and followers. A few 20th-century works that feature the motif prominently are:

1926–28 – Arnold Schoenberg: Variations for Orchestra, Op. 31^[18]
1937–38 – Anton Webern: String Quartet (the tone row is based on the BACH motif)^[19]
1942 – Charles Koechlin: Offrande musicale sur le nom de Bach, Op.187^[20]
1951–55 – Luigi Dallapiccola:
- 1951–55: "Canti di liberazione"^[21]^{[page needed]}
- 1952: Quaderno musicale di Annalibera for piano ^[21]^{[page needed]}
- 1954: Variazioni ("Variations" 1942, orchestral version of Quaderno musicale di Annalibera)^[21]^{[page needed]}
1966 – Krzysztof Penderecki: St Luke Passion
1968–81 – Alfred Schnittke:
- 1968:
  - The Glass Harmonica soundtrack (repeated motif)^[22]
  - Quasi Una Sonata (repeated motif borrowed from The Glass Harmonica, one reviewer, "noting that B–A–C–H is the victor of the composition")^[23]
- 1981: Symphony No. 3 – used alongside the monograms of several other composers.^[24]
1971–2000 – Bertold Hummel:
- 1971: Metamorphoses on B-A-C-H for Organ and winds op. 40
- 2000: Aphorisms on B-A-C-H for Percussion solo and Strings, op. 105
1974 – Jon Lord and Eberhard Schoener: Continuo On B.A.C.H. on the album Windows
1992 – Ron Nelson: Passacaglia (Homage on B–A–C–H) for wind ensemble

In the 21st century, composers continue writing works using the motif, frequently in homage to Johann Sebastian Bach.^[4]

References

^ Johann Gottfried Walther Musicalisches Lexicon oder Musicalische Bibliothec, p. 64. Leipzig, W. Deer. 1732.
^ Ulrich Prinz, Joachim Dorfmüller and Konrad Küster (1985). Die Tonfolge B–A–C–H in Kompositionen des 17. bis 20. Jahrhunderts: ein Verzeichnis, in: 300 Jahre Sebastian Bach (exhibition catalogue), pp. 389–419. ISBN 3-7952-0459-3
^ Malcolm Boyd (1999). Bach. Oxford University Press. 2006 edition: ISBN 0-19-530771-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Boyd, Malcolm (2001). "B–A–C–H". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.‎
^ Marshall, Robert (2003). Eighteenth-Century Keyboard Music, p. 201 and p. 224n18. ISBN 0-415-96642-6. See Godt 1979.
^ Schulenberg, David (2006). The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach, p. 197. ISBN 0-415-97399-6.
^ Cumming 2000, p. 256.
^ ^a ^b Brandstätter 1990.
^ Eggebrecht 1985, p. 15 (in German), or Eggebrecht 1993, p. 8 (translated), cited in Brandstätter 1990, p. 163, Kivy 2000, p. 380, and Cumming 2000, p. 256.
^ Kivy 2000, "The Solution", pp. 380–381.
^ Cumming 2000, pp. 256–257.
^ ^a ^b Christopher Alan Reynolds (2003). Motives for Allusion: Context and Content in Nineteenth-Century Music, p. 31. ISBN 0-674-01037-X.
^ Daverio, John (1997). Robert Schumann: Herald of a "New Poetic Age", p. 309. ISBN 0-19-509180-9.
^ Crist, Stephen (2002). Bach Perspectives: Vol. 5: Bach in America, p. 175. ISBN 0-252-02788-4. "The reference could not be more clear."
^ Jones, Ben. "B–A–C–H motif in Oboe Concerto, TWV 51:D6 (Telemann, Georg Philipp)". IMSLP. Retrieved 1 October 2019. there is a clear B.A.C.H. motif at the beginning of the Adagio
^ ^a ^b Platt, Heather Anne (2003). Johannes Brahms, p. 243. ISBN 0-8153-3850-3.
^ Arnold, Ben (2002). The Liszt Companion, p. 173. ISBN 0-313-30689-3.
^ Stein, Erwin (ed.). 1987. Arnold Schoenberg letters, p. 206. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06009-8
^ Bailey, Kathryn. 2006. The Twelve-note Music of Anton Webern: Old Forms In a New Language, p. 24. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54796-3
^ Orledge, Robert (1989). Charles Koechlin (1867–1950) : his life and works. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers. ISBN 3-7186-4898-9. OCLC 18833927.
^ ^a ^b ^c Fearn, Raymond (2003). The Music of Luigi Dallapiccola. 2005: ISBN 1-58046-078-X.
^ Schmelz, Peter J (2009). Such Freedom, If Only Musical: Unofficial Soviet Music During the Thaw. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 255.
^ Schmelz, Peter J. (2009). Such Freedom, If Only Musical, p. 255–256. ISBN 0-19-534193-7.
^ Ivashkin, Alexander (2009) Liner notes to BIS complete symphony cycle, BIS-CD-1767-68

Sources

Brandstätter, Ursula [in German] (1990). "Hans Heinrich Eggebrechts deutung der 'Kunst der Fuge' von J. S. Bach" [Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht's interpretation of 'The Art of Fugue' by J. S. Bach]. Musik im Spiegel der Sprache: Theorie und Analyse des Sprechens über Musik [Music reflected in language: theory and analysis of the discourse about music] (in German) (eBook ed.). Springer (published 2017). pp. 163–180. ISBN 9783476044600.
Cumming, Naomi (2000). "8. Culturally Embedded Signs", subsection "2. Skeptical Issues", part "a. Humpty Dumpty and the New Musicology". The Sonic Self: Musical Subjectivity and Signification. Indiana University Press. pp. 254–258. ISBN 0253337542.
Eggebrecht, Hans Heinrich (1985) [1984]. Bachs Kunst der Fuge: Erscheinung und Deutung (in German) (4th ed.). Noetzel (published 1998). ISBN 379590725X.
Eggebrecht, Hans Heinrich (1993). J.S. Bach's The Art of Fugue: The Work and Its Interpretation. Translated by Prater, Jeffrey L. Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0813814898.
Kivy, Peter (2000). "'Absolute Music' and the 'New Musicology'". In Greer, David; Rumbold, Ian [at Wikidata]; King, Jonathan (eds.). Musicology and Sister Disciplines: Past, Present, Future. Oxford University Press. pp. 378–388. ISBN 0198167342.
Orledge, Robert. Charles Koechlin (1867-1950) His Life and Works. Harwood Academic Publishers pp. 197-198. ISBN 3-7186-0609-7.

External links

List of compositions with the theme "B–A–C–H": Scores at the International Music Score Library Project

[1] Johann Gottfried Walther Musicalisches Lexicon oder Musicalische Bibliothec, p. 64. Leipzig, W. Deer. 1732.

[2] Ulrich Prinz, Joachim Dorfmüller and Konrad Küster (1985). Die Tonfolge B–A–C–H in Kompositionen des 17. bis 20. Jahrhunderts: ein Verzeichnis, in: 300 Jahre Sebastian Bach (exhibition catalogue), pp. 389–419. ISBN 3-7952-0459-3

[3] Malcolm Boyd (1999). Bach. Oxford University Press. 2006 edition: ISBN 0-19-530771-2.

[grove-4] Boyd, Malcolm (2001). "B–A–C–H". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.‎

[5] Marshall, Robert (2003). Eighteenth-Century Keyboard Music, p. 201 and p. 224n18. ISBN 0-415-96642-6. See Godt 1979.

[6] Schulenberg, David (2006). The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach, p. 197. ISBN 0-415-97399-6.

[FOOTNOTECumming2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrXLXEhrBFLcCpgPA256_256]-7] Cumming 2000, p. 256.

[FOOTNOTEBrandstätter1990-8] Brandstätter 1990.

[9] Eggebrecht 1985, p. 15 (in German), or Eggebrecht 1993, p. 8 (translated), cited in Brandstätter 1990, p. 163, Kivy 2000, p. 380, and Cumming 2000, p. 256.

[FOOTNOTEKivy2000"The_Solution",_pp.&nbsp;[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpgnLU09qaEYCpgPA380_380]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidpgnLU09qaEYCpgPA381_381]-10] Kivy 2000, "The Solution", pp. 380–381.

[FOOTNOTECumming2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrXLXEhrBFLcCpgPA256_256]–[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrXLXEhrBFLcCpgPA257_257]-11] Cumming 2000, pp. 256–257.

[Reynolds-12] Christopher Alan Reynolds (2003). Motives for Allusion: Context and Content in Nineteenth-Century Music, p. 31. ISBN 0-674-01037-X.

[13] Daverio, John (1997). Robert Schumann: Herald of a "New Poetic Age", p. 309. ISBN 0-19-509180-9.

[14] Crist, Stephen (2002). Bach Perspectives: Vol. 5: Bach in America, p. 175. ISBN 0-252-02788-4. "The reference could not be more clear."

[15] Jones, Ben. "B–A–C–H motif in Oboe Concerto, TWV 51:D6 (Telemann, Georg Philipp)". IMSLP. Retrieved 1 October 2019. there is a clear B.A.C.H. motif at the beginning of the Adagio

[Platt-16] Platt, Heather Anne (2003). Johannes Brahms, p. 243. ISBN 0-8153-3850-3.

[17] Arnold, Ben (2002). The Liszt Companion, p. 173. ISBN 0-313-30689-3.

[18] Stein, Erwin (ed.). 1987. Arnold Schoenberg letters, p. 206. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06009-8

[19] Bailey, Kathryn. 2006. The Twelve-note Music of Anton Webern: Old Forms In a New Language, p. 24. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54796-3

[20] Orledge, Robert (1989). Charles Koechlin (1867–1950) : his life and works. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers. ISBN 3-7186-4898-9. OCLC 18833927.

[Fearn-21] Fearn, Raymond (2003). The Music of Luigi Dallapiccola. 2005: ISBN 1-58046-078-X.

[22] Schmelz, Peter J (2009). Such Freedom, If Only Musical: Unofficial Soviet Music During the Thaw. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 255.

[23] Schmelz, Peter J. (2009). Such Freedom, If Only Musical, p. 255–256. ISBN 0-19-534193-7.

[24] Ivashkin, Alexander (2009) Liner notes to BIS complete symphony cycle, BIS-CD-1767-68

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