Boneghazi

In 2015, neopagan witchcraft was experiencing a surge in popularity among youth in the LGBTQ community; according to reporting from Vice, the spike stemmed from witchcraft representing "a powerful identity that celebrates the freedom to choose who you are".^[2] The Queer Witch Collective is^[update] one such group of neopagan witches, a Facebook group that had over 2,000 members at its peak. In order to protect practitioners of African-derived witchcraft traditions, sometimes (controversially) referred to as black magic, the group prohibited users from shaming particular witchcraft practices.^[3][4]

On December 8, 2015, Ender Darling, a 24- or 25-year-old^[1] witch living New Orleans, Louisiana, posted to the Queer Witch Collective that they^[a] had been gathering human bones "for curse work and general spells that require bone", as they found them preferable to animal bones. Darling said that the bones came from "poor man's graveyard" where bones often rose to the surface when it rains. In New Orleans, which is below sea level, this risk is usually mitigated by above-ground entombment, but many who cannot afford it are interred below-ground instead.^[3][4] Darling offered to sell bones from the graveyard to other group members for the cost of shipping. They said that all bones they took were above-ground when they found them and that they gathered them as part of a pact with their personal goddess: "She provides the bones if I only take what the earth gives, and I leave offerings" of drink, honey, and flowers.^[4]

At first, other members reacted positively, although with some concern about the legality of Darling's actions. Soon, however, some members began accusing Darling of disturbing the dead or desecrating graves. Moderators defended Darling—who, while white-passing, is described by Vice as a "witch of color"—under their anti-shaming rule. One member identified the unnamed graveyard as likely being Holt Cemetery, a potter's field for the indigent—which Darling initially denied—but Darling's critics argued that the bones they were collecting were disproportionately of poor, non-white people. One user wrote, "you are implementing white supremacist and colonialist tactics to do your bidding". The moderators attempted to foster discussion of the racial aspects of the dispute, but some users still left in disgust.^[4]

On December 12, a New Orleanian shared a screenshot of the post on her Facebook, which called Darling a "little shithead" and a "fucking cultural vulture" and warned them to "stay the fuck out of Holt Cemetery or [their] bones might get broken". The post made its way around social media, and local news outlets began to pick up the story.^[5][6] On December 17, a Tumblr made a call-out post accusing Darling's Tumblr blog, littlefuckinmonster, of bone-stealing; then, another user publicized screenshots of the Facebook thread, noting that littlefuckinmonster's profile picture was of Darling, the same picture used on their Facebook account. The call-out post had received over 31,000 notes by the next morning.^[3][4][5] Boneghazi quickly became the subject of memes, many reflecting on the situation's absurdity. One Tumblr user publicly cursed Darling. Another contacted the police.^[4] By the next day, state authorities said they had begun investigating.^[5]

The littlefuckinmonster blog was deactivated, but a new account, fuckinheathen, also claiming to be Darling, made a lengthy post titled "No I am not digging up fucking graves jfc".^[3][4] They said that they had begun collecting bones after seeing an old man dig up plots with a shovel and a backhoe, scattering bones onto the street.^[4]

The controversy was covered in BuzzFeed News^[5] and Intelligencer^[3] on December 18, the latter characterizing Tumblr users' response as "either outraged or amused".^[4] The name "Boneghazi" emerged;^[4] the suffix -ghazi, derived from the 2012 attack in Benghazi, Libya,^[7] denotes an overblown or unimportant scandal.^[8][9]

The office of the Attorney General of Louisiana began investigating Darling in mid-December^[5] based on Darling's Facebook post and images they sent to customers indicating that Holt Cemetery was the source of the bones. Investigators surveilled Darling's home for just under a week in January, and subpoenaed all correspondence from their Facebook account. They received more than 12,000 pages of information in response.^[10] After the surveillance,^[11] agents searched the home on January 28, 2016, seizing 11 bones and 4 teeth. Darling was not charged immediately, but they and their roommates did receive summonses for possession of marijuana, an illegal drug at the time. In an interview with The New Orleans Advocate three months later, Darling called the search a "waste of time" and defended themself as "car[ing] more than you [New Orleanians] care about your dead", in reference to the state of the cemetery. They said of the bones that were seized:^[10]

I had them on an altar... It was just a bunch of little shards of bones and pieces of teeth I had picked up off the ground. I said [to the agents], "Here you go. There's probably human bones in there, but I know better than to give you that answer."

Some detractors expressed joy at the news of the raid, with one Facebook user writing "I hope their life is utterly destroyed". Others emphasized the context of gentrification in New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. A friend defended Darling as having been targeted by a modern witch hunt for their beliefs, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and appearance. She told The Washington Post, "Everything about [Darling’s] identity questions the status quo, and that’s what we love about them".^[2]

Amidst the online controversy, Darling left New Orleans for fear of their daughter's safety.^[10] On July 15, Darling was arrested in Tampa, Florida, after laboratory testing confirmed that the remains were human. They were extradited back to New Orleans two weeks later and jailed on charges of burglary and trafficking in human parts, with a bond set to $8,500 (equivalent to $10,791 in 2023).^[1] On September 9, they pled guilty to burglary from Holt Cemetery and marijuana possession, receiving a five-year suspended sentence for the former and 15 days in prison with credit for time served, meaning that they were released immediately.^[11]

Alex Mar, the author of the book Witches of America, concluded based on discussions with witches in New Orleans that Darling was inexperienced with witchcraft. She said that while Darling's practice of witchcraft may have stemmed from an interest in African diaspora religions like Palo, it was not consistent with that religion's practices, nor was Darling's taking of strangers' bones consistent with any tradition Mar knew of.^[4]

Many Tumblr users reacted positively to the memes about Boneghazi, with one writing that it ended the "meme drought" Tumblr had been experiencing at the time. Others criticized the discourse around the incident, deriding the fact that Tumblr users' reaction to bone-stealing was a call-out post and discourse about race and class. One blogger called it "peak Tumblr". Diana Tourjée echoed that analysis in Vice, writing that Tumblr and the Queer Witch Collective both had a tendency to analyze every issue with discourse and identity politics.^[4]

Darling left the Queer Witch Collective shortly after the controversy began, but the aftermath badly damaged the group. In an apology post, the group's founder said that they^[b] had never agreed with Darling but that they had perceived "a [person of color] being attacked for their practice, even if it’s something I did not understand or would never do myself." They left the group after criticism of their actions continued. A new moderation team suggested that white witches stop participating in the discourse, and eventually removed everyone from the group except for themselves, requiring an application to re-join. As of 2016^[update], there were only 77 members left in the Queer Witch Collective.^[4]

The Louisiana State Legislature, meanwhile, responded to Boneghazi with the Human Remains Protection and Control Act, looking to stop the illegal trade of human remains. Removing human remains from a cemetery was already illegal under state law, but the new law clarified the relevant definitions and contained stronger penalties for violating the law.^[11][12] It was signed into law by the governor on June 17, 2016.^[13]

The controversy received renewed interest in 2021, amidst a separate controversy concerning a TikToker with a large collection of bones.^[14] TikTokers, many of whom had migrated from Tumblr, made explicit reference to "Boneghazi"; Shawn Graham et al. in Open Archaeology highlight use of the #boneghazi hashtag, alongside #controversy, #anthropology, and #history, as self-aware meta-commentary.^[7]

• Online shaming
• Witch hunt