Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (BHS) is a modern linguistic category applied to the language used in a class of Indian Buddhist texts, such as the Perfection of Wisdom sutras. BHS is classified as a Middle Indo-Aryan language. It is sometimes called "Buddhist Sanskrit" or "Mixed Sanskrit".
| Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit | |
|---|---|
| BHS | |
| Region | Northern India |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | budd1234 |
| IETF | sa-bauddha[1] |
Origin
editPrior to Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit teachings used to be generally recorded in the Pali language. Pali language was common at the time of the Buddha.[2] His teachings were apparently first found in Pali language written by Theravada buddhists.[3]
Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit became the pre-eminent language for literature and philosophy in India. Buddhist monks developed this language they used to it while remaining under the influence of a linguistic tradition stemming from the proto-canonical Prakrit of the early oral tradition.[4] While there are widely differing theories regarding the relationship of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit to Pali, but it is certain that Pāli is much closer to Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit than any other languages in india .[5][6][7]
Norman K. is a scholar known for his work on Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit and Pali. His works mainly focus on understanding early Buddhist texts and their development comparing Pali, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit and Prakrit languages. According to K. R. Norman, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit could also be considered a form of pali.[8] However, Franklin Edgerton states that Pāli is in essence a Prakrit.[4]
Relation to Sanskrit and Pāli
editIn many places where BHS differs from Sanskrit it is closer to, or identical with, Pāli. Most extant BHS works were originally written in BHS, rather than being reworkings or translations of already existing works in Pāli or other languages.[9] However, earlier works, mostly from the Mahāsāṃghika school, use a form of "mixed Sanskrit" in which the original Prakrit has been incompletely Sanskritised, with the phonetic forms being changed to the Sanskrit versions, but the grammar of Prakrit being retained. For instance, Prakrit bhikkhussa, the possessive singular of bhikkhu (monk, cognate with Sanskrit bhikṣu) is converted not to bhikṣoḥ as in Sanskrit but mechanically changed to bhikṣusya.[10]
The term owes its usage and definition largely to the scholarship of Franklin Edgerton. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit is primarily studied in the modern world in order to study the Buddhist teachings that it records, and to study the development of Indo-Aryan languages. Compared to Pāli and Classical Sanskrit, comparatively little study has been made of Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, in part because of the fewer available writings, and in part because of the view of some scholars that BHS is not distinct enough from Sanskrit to comprise a separate linguistic category. Edgerton writes that a reader of a Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit text "will rarely encounter forms or expressions which are definitely ungrammatical, or at least more ungrammatical than, say, the Sanskrit of the epics, which also violates the strict rules of Pāṇini. Yet every paragraph will contain words and turns of expression which, while formally unobjectionable ... would never be used by any non-Buddhist writer."[11]
Edgerton holds that nearly all Buddhist works in Sanskrit, at least until a late period, belong to a continuous and broadly unitary linguistic tradition. The language of these works is separate from the tradition of Brahmanical Sanskrit, and goes back ultimately to a semi-Sanskritized form of the protocanonical Prakrit. The peculiar Buddhist vocabulary of BHS is evidence that BHS is subordinate to a separate linguistic tradition quite separate from standard Sanskrit (Edgerton finds other indications as well).[12] The Buddhist Brahmanical writers who used standard Brahmanical Sanskrit were small in number. This group seems to have been made up of converts who received Brahmanical training in their youth before converting to Buddhism, such as Asvaghosa.[4]
Many Sanskrit words, or particular uses of Sanskrit words, are recorded only from Buddhist works. Pāli shares a large proportion of these words; in Edgerton's view, this seems to prove that most of them belong to the special vocabulary of the protocanonical Buddhist Prakrit.[13]
Buddhist use of Classical Sanskrit
editNot all Buddhist use of Sanskrit is in a hybrid form. Some translated works, such as by the Sarvāstivādin school, were completed in classical Sanskrit. There were also later works composed directly in Sanskrit and written in a simpler style than the classical literature, as well as works of kavya in the ornate classical style such as the Buddhacarita.[10]
Parallels
editThe terms "Buddhist Hybrid Chinese"[14] and "Buddhist Hybrid English"[15] have been used to describe peculiar styles of language used in translations of Buddhist texts.
References
edit- ^ "Language Subtag Registry". IANA. 2021-03-05. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
- ^ Hazra, Kanai Lal. Pāli Language and Literature; a systematic survey and historical study. D.K. Printworld Ltd., New Delhi, 1994, page 12.
- ^ Hazra, page 5.
- ^ a b c Edgerton, Franklin. The Prakrit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, page 503.
- ^ Edgerton, Franklin. The Prakrit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, page 502. "Pāli is itself a middle-Indic dialect, and so resembles the protocanonical Prakrit in phonology and morphology much more closely than Sanskrit."
- ^ Students' Britannica India. Popular Prakashan. 2000. pp. 145–. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
- ^ Hazra, pages 15, 19, 20.
- ^ Jagajjyoti, Buddha Jayanti Annual, 1984, page 4, reprinted in K. R. Norman, Collected Papers, volume III, 1992, Pāli Text Society, page 37
- ^ Edgerton, Franklin. The Prakrit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, page 502.
- ^ a b T. Burrow (1965), The Sanskrit language, p. 61, ISBN 978-81-208-1767-8
- ^ Edgerton, Franklin. The Prakrit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, page 503. Available on JSTOR here.
- ^ Edgerton, Franklin. The Prakrit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, pages 503-505.
- ^ Edgerton, Franklin. The Prakrit Underlying Buddhistic Hybrid Sanskrit. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 8, No. 2/3, page 504.
- ^ Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Volume One), page 154
- ^ Paul J. Griffiths, Journal of the Pāli Text Society, Volume XXIX, page 102
Further reading
edit- Edgerton, Franklin, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. ISBN 81-215-1110-0.